2nd Year Chapter#1: Homeostasis

Give the short answers

1- How do bony fishes osmoregulation in marine water?

They constantly lose water from their hypotonic body fluids to hypertonic environment

 These fishes have adopted themselves to drink large amount of water

 These fishes excrete concentrated urine

2-what is uricotely? Give example

Uricotely:

 The phenomenon of removing uric acid by cells/organisms is called uricotely.

 Animals excreting uric acid are called uricotelic.
 Only 1ml water is required to remove 1g of nitrogen in the form of uric acid

Examples; birds, insects, many reptiles and land snails

3-what is hyperoaxlaria? How it is caused?

It is higher level of oxalates in blood. This is major cause of formation of calcium oxalate stones.

Oxalate is present in green vegetables and tomatoes.

4-define anhydrobiosis
Terrestrial animals can tolerate dehydration and it differs in various animals. This characteristic is known is
anhydrobiosis

Examples kangaroo rat and human beings show phenomenon of anhydrobiosis

5-what is ectotherm? Give two examples

Ectotherm:

These are the animals that produce metabolic heat at low levels and also exchange quickly with
environment, absorb heat from their surroundings.

Examples; invertebrates, fishes, amphibians and reptiles

6-define poikilotherm. Give one example

Pikilotherm: *(cold blooded animals)

These are the animals in which body temperatures fluctuates more or less with changing air and
water temperatures/

Examples; invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles

7-what are pyrogens.

Pyrogens:

In bacterial and viral infection leukocytes white blood cells increase in number. These pathogens
and blood cells produce chemicals called pyrogens.
0
Pyrogens displace the set point of hypothalamus above the normal point of 37 C

8-define homeostasis give importance

Homeostasis

The maintenance and protection of internal environment from the harms and fluctuation in
external environment is called homeostasis.

 It is necessary for normal body functions

 It enables the organisms to live in changing environment
 The organisms wit better homeostasis system will survive and adopt in changing conditions
 It is important in evolutionary process

9-explain process of painting with example

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It is evaporating cooling through respiratory tract.

It can be observed in dogs and many carnivores

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 10-what is ADH and how it functions?
ADH: (Antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressin)

ADH: (Antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressin) is released from posterior pituitary gland. It actively

transports water from filtrate in collecting tubules back to blood.

In excess supply of water ADH is inhibited result in large volume of dilute urine.

11-what is counter current mechanism?

Counter current mechanism

The descending and ascending limbs of loop of henle of long juxtamedullary nephron and
overlying vasa recta form counter current multiplier.

 This mechanism cause gradual osmotic out flow of water from filtrate back to blood as it passes
downward in descending loop of Henle.

+
The ascending loop of henle does not allow outflow of water instead actively transport Na ions
into kidney interstitium to maintain its high concentration.

12-distinguish b/w hypotonic and hypertonic environment

Hypotonic Environment Hypertonic environment
1-if extracellular environment has more diluted 1-if extracellular environment has more
solution as compared to cell concentration is called concentrated solution as compared to cell
Hypotonic Environment concentration is called Hypertonic Environment
2-water enters into cell (endocytosis) and cell 2- exocytosis take place, cell will shrink
solution is diluted, cell will became turgid. (plasmolysis)
13-What is meant by Shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis?
Shivering thermogenesis non shivering thermogenesis
The increase in rate of heat production by increase The hormone trigger fine heat production as do
muscles contraction by movement or shivering is thyroid hormones is called non shivering
called Shivering thermogenesis thermogenesis
14- Differentiate osmoconformers and osmoregulaters
Osmoconformers Osmoregulaters
1-the body fluid of these animals is kept isotonic to The animals whose body fluid concentration differ with
external environment (even in marine/salt outside environment such animals are known as
environment) such animals are known as osmoregulaters
osmoconformers.
2-these animals do not need to adjust their external 2- These animals need to adjust their external osmotic
osmotic state actively. state actively.
3- Examples marine invertebrates, hag 3-example; all chordates , protists (amoeba, paramecium)
fishes(chordate) except hag fishes
15-differ ureotely and uricotely
uricotely Ureotely
1- The phenomenon of removing uric acid by 1- The phenomenon of removing urea by
cells/organisms is called uricotely. cells/organisms is called ureotely.

2-Animals excreting uric acid are called uricotelic. 2-Animals excreting urea are called ureotelic.
3-Only 1ml water is required to remove 1g of 3-Only 50ml water is required to remove 1g of
nitrogen in the form of uric acid nitrogen in the form of urea
4-Examples; birds, insects, many reptiles and land Examples; Mammals, insects, many reptiles and
snails land snails
16- What is lithotripsy?
It is technique to breakup stones without surgery that form in the kidney, ureter or gall bladder

 There are several ways to do it

 However most common is extracorporeal wave lithotripsy. The shock waves break the stones into
tiny pieces or turn it into sand which is passed out of the body in urine.
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17-what is peritoneal dialysis? Waseem DN: CN=Waseem Abbas,

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Peritoneal dialysis works on same principle except that abdomen has peritoneal cavity lined by thin
epithelium, called peritoneum.

 Peritoneal cavity is filled with dialysis fluid that enters the body through catheter
 Excess water and waste pass through peritoneum into dialysis fluid

18-skin does not come within the definition of excretory organ comment!
Removal of salts with water by sweat glands and sebum by sebaceous glands seems to be excretory in
nature but
Removal of salts and water in the form of sweat from sweat glands is thermoregulation.

Similarly sebum which is oily secretion of sebaceous glands on the skin is

 Protection against microorganisms

 Lubricate for hair and skin

Therefore skin does not come within the definition of excretory organ.

19-what are juxtamedullary nephrons? What is their role?

Juxtamedullary nephrons

The nephrons which are arranged along the border of cortex and medulla with their tube
system looping deep in the inner medulla are called juxtamedullary nephrons.

 juxtamedullary nephrons are very helpful in production of concentrated urine

20-what is uremia?
Uremia: (high degree renal failure)

High degree renal failure is also called uremia or end stage of renal disease.

i. In this case dialysis is done continuously

ii. The only permanent treatment is surgical transplantation of a matching donor kidney.

21- Give the adaptations of marine fishes for its survival.

Most cartilaginous fishes maintain lower salt concentration than that of sea water. For osmoregulation

a) Their kidneys excrete salts

b) Salts are excreted through gills actively
c) They also have salt excreting organs such as rectal glands.
d) Some fishes have urea and tri-methyl-amine oxide in their bodies to have relatively low salts in
body fluids, yet remain isotonic to environment.

22-Explain structure of nephrons.

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Structure of nephron contain following parts

i. Bowman’s capsule
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ii.
iii.
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23- How most plants adapted to survive in heat stress?

Most plants survive in heat stress. The cells of these plants synthesize large quantities of special
proteins called heat-shock proteins.

These proteins embrace enzymes and other proteins and help to prevent denaturation.

The plants use evaporating cooling.

As a result their can lower down their high temperature and plants of temperate regions face the
stress of 40Co and above temperature.

24- Distinguish b/w protonephridium and metanephridium

Proto-nephridium Meta-Nephridium
A protonephridium is a network of closed tubules The tubular excretory of earthworm system has
without internal openings(just external opening- internal ciliated opening called nephrostome.
nephridiopores)
Tubular system is spread throughout the body. Each From nephrostome, nephridium becomes a tube.
branch ends in a cellular setup called flame cell. This tube loops about the complicated way. Then it
ends into bladder.
Each flame cell a tuft of cilia The bladder opens to exterior by a pore called
nephridiopore.
The beating of cilia looks like flickering flame;
therefore these cells are called flame cells.
Protonephridium is found in rotifers, some annelids, Found in earthworm
larva of Mollusca and lancelets
25: What is hemodialysis?
Hemodialysis means cleaning the blood. In this procedure blood is circulated through a machine which
contains a dialyzer also called artificial kidney.
Dialyzer has two spaces separated by thin membrane. Blood passes from one side of the membrane and
dialysis fluid on other. The waste and excess water pass from the blood through membrane into dialysis
fluid.

26-Define homeotherms.
Homoeothermic :( Warm blooded animals)
These are the animals in which body temperature is maintained in the changing air or
water temperature.

Examples: all mammals and birds are present in this group.

27-Differentiate b/w ureter and urethra.

ureter urethra
Urine leaves the kidney through a duct called Urine leaves the body during urination from bladder
ureter. through a tube called the urethra
The ureters of both kidneys drain into urinary Urethra empties near vagina in females or through
bladder through urethral orifice penis in females
28-What is feedback mechanism?
The detection of change by the receptors and sending signals by control system to the effectors for
response is called feedback mechanism.

There are two types of feedback mechanism

i. Positive feedback mechanism

ii. Negative feedback mechanism

29-what do you mean by excretophores?

Plants produce certain organic and inorganic wastes which are stored in different organs. The leaves are
major organs for this purpose

The falling of yellow leaves occurs in autumn. This is because that the autumn season is the best time for
the plants to get rid of the accumulated wastes. Because of this reasons leaves are called excretophores.

30-what is deamination?
Deamination: *(Catabolism of amino acids)

The release of amino group (-NH2) from amino acids is called deamination.

2H2N-CH2-COOH+3O2 2NH3 +4CO2+2H2O

The amino group is transferred to another molecule for removal or reuse.

31-what are causes of renal failure?

Various factors of pathological and chemical nature may progressively destroy the nephrons, particularly
its glomerulus part

 As a result the level of urea and other nitrogenous wastes increase in blood plasma.
 Rise in urea cause increase in blood pressure and anemia etc.

32-how endothermy evolved in birds and mammals?

Mammals including man maintain their high body temperature due to endothermy within narrow range of
o
36-38C . due to origin of endothermy in mammals and birds they have:

1-high metabolic rate 2-availability of energy round the clock

3-wider diversity due to greater ability of adaptations. 4-present in almost all regions of earth

33-What is advantage of fever?

Fever or high temperature or hyper-pyrexia helps in stimulate the protective mechanisms against the
pathogens.

34- Write formula of ammonia, urea and uric acid?

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35-whatis meant by pelvis and hilus?
Pelvis:
After the filtration of blood and further processing through tubular system, urine is collected in
central cavity of the kidney called as pelvis

Hilus:
It is a deep depression or invagination at the concave side of the kidney through which the blood
vessels and ureter enter the kidney.

36- Write some physiological adaptations in animals.

These may be:
i. Regulation of the blood flow to the skin especially greater blood flow in hot surrounding to
disperse heat (vasodilation) and lower in colds to save heat lose (vasoconstriction).
ii. The activation of certain muscles causes plumage fluffing.
iii. Activation of sweat glands is done for evaporating cooling.

37- Draw feedback mechanism for high temperature.

o
If body temperature is above 37 C, certain warm temperature sensitive thermo-receptors in skin send
signals to hypothalamus and other parts of nervous system.

Hypothalamus sends the signals to system to increase the blood flow to the skin (vasodilation). It also
causes sweat glands activation and sweat is evaporating cooling.

38- Write synthetic functions of lever.

Functions Major effects on Homeostasis
Nitrogenous wastes, NH3, urea, uric acid Support kidney in waste disposal
Plasma proteins; Like prothrombin, fibrinogen and Blood clotting;
albumin etc. Maintain osmotic balance of blood
Bile Emulsifies fats in small intestine
Lipids, cholesterol, lipoproteins Regulate blood chemistry, store energy to maintain
cell membrane
39-What is role of stem in excretion?
Some trees deposit strange chemicals in their branches and trunks, especially in old xylem which is no
longer used for water transport. This take place in ebony which produce very black wood in the center. Its
color is black due to accumulation of wastes.

Bluebell that leaves the bulb underground containing wastes.

40-what are objections on old classification?

Following difficulties arise with this terminology/classification

a) Deep sea fishes maintain their body temperature due to constant natural surroundings.
b) Lizards regulate their body temperature.
c) Many birds and mammals vary their body temperature, Humming birds and bats etc.

41-describe two metabolic stages of cause of kidney.

Hypercalcemia:
It is high level of circulating calcium in blood because of other disease or diet.

Hyperoxalaria:
It is higher level of oxalates in blood. This is major cause of formation of calcium oxalate stones.

Oxalate is present in green vegetables and tomatoes. Therefore they be source of the formation of calcium
oxalates stones

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