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Index

√aaxar, √uxraa 248–49 of manner 173, 281–87, 369–70 (bi-), 374–75

academies, Arabic 7–8, 95–96 (ka-maa), 376 (fii)
accusative case 172–82 numerical adverbials 295
absolute negation 179–80, 645–46 as speech acts 297
adverbial use 165, 173–74, 276–97, 282–83, 289 Afro-Asiatic 1
in apposition 225 agreement 57, 59, 64, 65–66
of astonishment 181 adjectives 239–40, 241–44
circumstantial (Haal) 112–113, 174–75, 283–85, gender polarity (or reverse agreement) 334–39,
454 341–43, 345–46
cognate accusative (maffiuul muTlaq) 79, 83, quantifier agreement 235–36
174, 285–86 √alif 25–29
coverters to accusative (nawaasix) 176–79, spelling variants 26
422–28, 645–46 maqSuura 28–29
direct object (maffiuul fii–hi) 172–73, 207 otiose 28 (footnote), 443 (verbs)
of purpose or cause (maffiuul li–√ajl–i–hi) 175, 296 qaSiira 28
of specification (tamyiiz) 175, 225, 249, 295–96, Tawiila 26–28
340–44 (with counted nouns), 402 (with with accusative ending 163
kam) alphabet 10–12
of time 292–93 fiamal (governance, regime) 57–58
verbs with double accusative 308 √anna 425–26
with teens numbers 180, 339, 341–42 annexation structure (see also √iDaafa) 81,
fiadam 217–18, 650 205–24
adjectives 239–75 apposition 224–27, 286
adjective √iDaafa 221–23, 253–54, 274, 649–650 aspect 51 (see also verbs)
agreement features 241 assimilated roots/verbs 431 (see also verbs: root
attributive 239–40 types)
colors 270–73 assimilation 24–25
compound 274–75, 649–50 of laam of definite article 40–41, 157
comparative244–50 of taa√ in Form VIII verbs 570
derivation 254–58 progressive 566
inflectional categories of 241–53 regressive 567
nisba, or relative adjective 261–69 auxiliary verbs 176–77, 446–49,
non-gendered 244 636–37
participles as adjectives 103, 105–07, 258–61 √ayy(see also specifiers) 237–38, 402
predicative 240
as substantives 240–41 bafiD(see also quantifiers) 231
superlative 244, 250–53 bal 651
with nonhuman plurals 243 biDfi(see also quantifiers) 232
adverbs 276–97 biliteral roots 47
circumstantial (Haal) 283–85 borrowed words 51, 95–96, 123, 204
of degree 277–81 nisbas from 266–67
locative (Zuruuf makaan and Zuruuf zamaan) plural 134, 138, 148–49
172–73, 289–95, 366–67, 386–400 as quadriliterals 599, 601

701

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702 Index

case 54, 56, 165–204 √inna-maa / wa-√inna-maa ‘but,’ ‘but more-

accusative 172–82; 276, 278, 282, 286, 289 over,’ ‘but also,’ ‘rather’ 412
(adverbials), 339, 341–42 (teens numerals) disjunctives 417–18
genitive 171–72, 212, 366–67 explanatory 412
nominative 169–71 √ay ‘that is,’ ‘i.e.’ 412
case markers 167, 183–84 fa- ‘and so,’ ‘and then,’ ‘yet,’ ‘and thus’
case and mood 56 410–11
circumfix 441 resultive 412
citation form √idh ‘since,’ ‘inasmuch as’ 412
of nouns 119, 171 √idhan ‘therefore,’ ‘then,’ ‘so,’ ‘thus,’ ‘in that
of verbs 435, 437 (see also verbs) case’ 412–13
Classical Arabic 2–4 Hattaa ‘until’ 413
comparative adjective (see also adjective) 245–50 sentence-starting 419–21
periphrastic comparative 249–50, 296 wa- ‘and’ waaw al-fiaTf 409–10
compound or complex words 50, 99–101, 268, consonants 12–16
274–75, 293–94, 339, 341–43, 345–46, 348, construct phrase (see annexation structure and
446–48, 599–601, 647 √iDaafa)
concord (see agreement) copula pronoun 61–62, 300–301, 319
conditional sentence 449, 671–76
apodosis (jawaab) 671 Damma 31 (see also vowels, short)
contrary to fact 675–76 on adverbs 170, 277, 289 (Hayth-u), 291 (bafid-u)
with maa 674–75 as indicative mood marker 441, 607
particles 671–72 as nominative case marker 183
protasis (sharT) 671 as stem vowel 457
conjunctions 411–17 days of the week 159, 362–63
adverbial 413–17 declensions of nouns 54 (see also case), 167–68,
contrastive 411–12 182–204
coordinating 410 declension one (triptote) 183–87
explanatory 412 declension two (see also dual) 187–89
resultative 412–13 declension three (sound masculine plural)
subordinating 177 (see √inna and her sisters 189–91
422–28) declension four (sound feminine plural)
connectives 407–21 191–92
adverbial 413–17 declension five (diptote) 192–97
bayn-a-maa ‘while,’ ‘whereas’ 414 declension six (defective) 197–99
bafid-a-maa ‘after’ 414 declension seven (indeclinable) 199–200
bafid-a √an ‘after’ 415 declension eight (invariable) 200–204
bafid-a √idhan ‘after that,’ ‘then,’ ‘subsequently’ defective roots/verbs 432 (see also verbs: Forms
415 I–X: root types)
Hasab-a-maa ‘according to,’ ‘in accordance definite article 40–42, 156–60
with,’ ‘depending on’ 417 generic use 158
Hayth-u ‘where’ 413 definiteness 54–55, 156–60
Hiin-a-maa, Hiin-a ‘when,’ ‘at the time when’ and adjective inflection 241
415 definite marker, spelling and pronunciation
fiind-a- √idhan ‘then,’ ‘at that point in time,’ 40–42
‘at that time’ 416 indefinite marker, nunation 42–43, 161–65
ka-maa ‘just as,’ ‘similarly,’ ‘likewise,’ ‘as’ 416 through annexation 160
mithl-a-maa ‘like,’ ‘just as,’ ‘as’ 416 through pronoun suffix 160–61
qadr-a-maa ‘as much as,’ ‘just as,’ ‘as . . . as’ demonstrative pronoun 214–15, 315–21
417 of distance (“that”/“those”) 316
rubb-a-maa ‘perhaps,’ ‘maybe,’ ‘possibly’ 417 haa ‘this’ 320
thumm-a ‘then,’ ‘and then,’ ‘subsequently’ in √iDaafa 212, 214–15, 317–18
416 locative demonstratives (hunaa, hunaaka,
contrastive 411–12 humaalika) 320–21
bal ‘rather,’ ‘but actually’ 411, 651 of proximity (“this”/“these”) 315

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Index 703

desinential inflection 165–66 (see also case and markers of the genitive 183–84
mood) with prepositions and semi-prepositions 171,
dhaat 313, 320 289, 367
dhuu 312 on second term of √iDaafa 172, 212
dialects (see vernacular Arabic) ghayr 223–224, 274–75, 648–650
dictionary government (fiamal) 57–58
organization 49–50
use 435, 677–81 Haal 112–13, 174–75, 283–85, 454
diglossia 5–6 hamza 13, 16–21
diphthongs 33 chair/seat rules (spelling) 16–21
diptote 122, 167, 279 (√ajmafi-a) in definite article 40, 156
broken plural patterns 150–55, 164 hamzat al-waSl 19–21, 322 (relative pronouns),
comparative adjective 247 322 (on ithnaan)
declension 187, 192–97 imperative 623–25
defective 197–99 insertion in plurals 152, 154
words not taking nunation 164 in nisba adjective 262, 266
disjunctives 417–18 hamzated root/verbs 431 (see also verbs: Forms
doubling (of consonant) 24–25, 40, 48, 105, 154, I–X: root types)
157 (sun letters), 430 (in geminate verb/root) Harakaat (see vowels: short)
dual 53–54, 129–31 Hayth-u 289
dual quantifiers “both” 230, 334 helping vowels (see also vowels: short), 32–33, 303
in counting 332–33 (plural pronoun suffix), 306 (second person
plural helping vowel)
Educated Spoken Arabic (Formal Spoken Arabic) 6, 8 hollow root/verb 431 (see also verbs: Forms I–X:
elative 195 (see also comparative adjective), 244–53 root types)
equational sentence (see also nominal sentence) humanness 125–29
59–63 as an agreement feature 125–27
ergative 669 hunaa/hunaaka 288, 320–21 (locative and
exceptive expressions 181–82, 650–56 existential)
exclamations 171, 181, 518–19
existential ‘there’ 61, 288–89, 321 √ifiraab (case and mood marking) 53–54, 56
√iDaafa 205–24 (see also annexation structure)
fatHa 31, 33 (see also short vowels) adjective √iDaafa (“false” or “unreal” √iDaafa)
as accusative case marker 184 221–23, 253–54
as subjunctive mood marker 608–609 complex (multi-term) 215–16
fafial- as model root 436 compositional 209
contents 209–10
geminate (doubled) root 430 (see also verbs: demonstrative pronoun in 214–15, 317 (in
Forms I–X: root types) second term), 317–18 (in first term)
gemination/consonant doubling 24–25, 40, 48, ghayr as first term of √iDaafa 223–24
105, 154, 157, 430 joint annexation 217–18
gender 53, 119–25 modification of 213–14, 221
adjectives 241–44 partitive 206–207
of cities 122 possessive 206
of countries 120, 122 purpose 210
cryptofeminine 124 rules for first term 211–12, 130–31, 141 (the
cryptomasculine 120–21 five nouns), 186–87, 289, 317–18
feminine 120–24 rules for second term 172, 212–13
masculine 120–21 verbal noun in 207–208
in nouns 119–25 fiidda 226, 232–33
in pronouns 298 (personal), 315 (demonstrative) √illaa 651–653
322 (relative) imperative mood 444–45, 622–33
in verbs 438 negative imperative 632, 645
genitive case 54 (see also case), 171–72, 289–90 (in permissive imperative 632
relation to adverbs) imperfect/imperfective aspect 53, 439–42

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indefiniteness 54, 156, 161–65, 324–28 (with rela- differences from Classical Arabic 4
tive clauses/pronouns) definitions 8
indefinite marker (nunation) 42–43 pronunciation styles 34
indicative mood 606–608 mood 53, 444–45 (see also verbs: moods)
inflection (overview) 51–55 mundh-u 385–86, 447–48
inflectional classes 55–56 muTaabaqa (see agreement)
√inna and her sisters 177–78, 422–28 muTaawifi 530, 555, 565, 657, 669
√anna ‘that’ 425–26
buffer pronoun (Damiir al-sha√n) 424 nafs 226, 236–37, 312
√inna ‘indeed,’ ‘truly,’ ‘verily’ 425 naHt 50, 99–100
lafialla ‘perhaps,’ ‘maybe’ 428 names 97–99
laakinna ‘but’ 427 apposition 224
li-√anna ‘because’ 427–28 days of the week 159
overt noun subject 423 demonstratives with proper names 318
reduplicated pronoun subject 423–24 female proper 122, 138, 196
separated subject 423 masculine proper 120–21, 164, 197
intransitive verbs 64 months 139
iyyaa- 308 non–Arabic proper 196, 204
place names (with definite article) 158
jamiifi 229–30 professions 143
jussive mood 53, 444–45, 616–22 nawaasix (converters to accusative) 176–79,
422–28 (see also √inna and her sisters)
kaan-a and her sisters 176–77, 446–49 (compound negation 641–56
verbs), 634–40 fiadam 217–18, 650
kam ‘how much/how many’ 180, 296, 402–403 exceptive expressions 181, 650–56
kasra 30–31 ghayr 648–50
as genitive case marker 183–84 laa 644–647, of absolute negation 179–80,
as helping vowel 32 645–46 (see also accusative case)
kilaa 230, 334 lam 622, 647
kull 228–29 lan 648
lays-a 641–44
laa of absolute negation 179–80, 645–46 maa 647
laakinna (see √inna and hers sisters) 427 neither . . . nor 646
lafialla (see √inna and hers sisters) 428 nominal sentence 58–59
lays-a 637, 641–644 equational sentence 58–63
law-laa 655–56 nominative case 169–171
letters (of the alphabet) 10–12 nouns
moon letters 40–41, 157 abstract with /–iyya/90–92, 121, 126
names and shapes 11–12 biliteral 92
sun letters 40–41, 157 borrowed 95–96 (see also borrowed words)
transliteration 42 cases 165–204
li-√anna (see √inna and hers sisters) 427–28 collective 94, 121
loanwords 51, 95–96, 123, 204 (see also borrowed common noun (ism) 121
words) complex 90–101
compound, complex 99–101, 218–19, 268,
maa 227, 325–28 (relative pronoun), 374–75, 274–75, 647
403–404, 647 (negative) diminutive 90
man 325–26 (relative pronoun) “five nouns,” the 92–93, 186–87, 305 (with -ii)
maSdar (see also verbal noun) 75–83; for maSdars generic (ism al-jins) 85, 89–90
of specific verb forms (I–X, XI–XV, geographical names 96
quadriliterals) see verbs: Forms not derived from verb roots 92
maziid min 234 of instance 89–90, 121
mediopassive 530, 669 of instrument 87–88, 151, 154
mimmaa 328, 380 of intensity, repetition, profession 88, 143
Modern Standard Arabic 7 of place 86–87

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Index 705

participles as nouns 103–105 “second” through “tenth” in pattern of

active and passive 83–86 active participle 356
personal names 97–99 passive 85–86, 113–18
plurals 128, 132–56 passive voice 657–70
primitive 92 derivational 668–70
proper 96–99 internal/inflectional passive 658–68
quadriliteral 93–94, 154–55, participles from mention of agent 659, 668
111–12, 604–605 with potential meaning 668
quinquiliteral 94, 152 verb-preposition idioms 666–67
unit nouns 94–95 pattern
verbal noun 75–83 (see also maSdar and verbs: definition 48–49
verbal noun) root–pattern system 45–57
number (inflectional category) 53, 129–56 verb derivation (√awzaan al-fifil) 433–37
numbers and numerals 329–65 ten-form template 434
cardinal 329–53 perfect/ perfective aspect 439–40 (see also verbs)
1 330–31 person 52
2 (see also dual) 332–34; kilaa and kiltaa ‘both’ in pronouns, personal 298
230, 334 in verbs 438–39
3–10 334–39 pluperfect 448, 637
11–12 339–41 plurals 132–56
13–19 180, 341–43 broken plural 144–55, 193–95
20–99 343–46 plural declensions 189–92
hundred(s) 346–49 plural of paucity 148
thousands 350–51 sound feminine plural 132–40
millions and billions 353 adjectives 243–44
fractions 360–61 declension 191–92
number adjectives 363–64 and two-way inflection 187–88
ordinals 354–60 sound masculine plural 128, 140–44
first 354–55 adjectives 242
2nd–10th 356–58 declension 189–91
11th–19th 358–59 pronoun suffixes 303–304, -ii ‘my’ 304
20th–99th 359–60 and two-way inflection 187–88, 191–92
100th 360 possession 61
‘last’/final 364–65 through √iDaafa 206
percent 347 fiind-a 399–400
telling time 361–62 laam al-milk 371–72 (li-)
years/dates 351–53 ladaa 392–93
nunation 42–43 (see also indefiniteness), 161–65 mafi-a 394
and √iDaafa 211–12 pronoun suffixes 301
nuun-deletion 130–31, 141, 189, 191, 310, 333 predicate 59
adjective √iDaafa as 223, 254
object complex 446–54
of a locative adverb 172 of equational sentence 59–63
of a preposition 171 of kaan-a 635–36
of a verb 172–73 of lays-a 637, 643–44
“operative” particles 409 predicate adjective 240
optative expressions 636, 676 prepositions 287, 290, 297, 366–400
objects of 171, 301, 305, 308
participles 83–86, 102–18 true prepositions (Huruuf al-jarr) 366–86
active 84–85, 103–13 one-letter prepositions (bi-, li-, and ka-)
as first term of i√Daafa 209 367–75
circumstantial accusative in 112–13, 174–75 two-letter prepositions (fii, min, fian)
(see also accusative, circumstatial Haal) 375–81
from verb Forms 1–X, XI–XV, and quadriliter- three-letter prepositions (fialaa, √ilaa, Hattaa,
als, see verbs: Forms: participles mundh–u) 381–87

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prepositions (Continued) participles active 111–12, 604–605; passive 117,

Zuruuf makaan wa-Zuruuf zamaan (derived 142–43, 605
prepositions - locative adverbs - semi- roots 599–601
prepositions) 366, 386–400: √amaam-a verbs 429, 432, 599–605
386–87; bayn-a 387–88; bafid-a 388–89; denominals 433, 602
daaxil-a 390; Didd-a 390; Dimn-a 390; imperative 631–32
duun-a 390–91; fawq-a 391; fawr-a 391; verbal nouns 135–36, 604
Hasab-a 391; Hawl-a 391–92: Hawaalii 392; quantifiers 228–38
√ibaan-a 392; √ithr-a 392; √izaa√-a 392; agreement features 235–36
ladaa 392–93; mafi-a 393–94; mithl-a all, every, each (kull) 228–30
394–95; naHw-a 395; q-b-l roots 395–96. bafiD ‘some’ 231
qabl-a 395; qubayl-a 396; qubaalat-a 396; biDfi 232
muqaabil-a 396; min qibal-i 396; both (kilaa and kiltaa) 334
q-r-b roots 396; quraabat-a 396; qurb-a 396; fiidda 226, 232
siwaa 397; taHt-a 397; Tiwaal-a 397; tujaah-a mufiZam, akthar 234–35
397; waraa√-a 397; wasT-a 398; xalf-a 398; shattaa, muxtalif, fiadad min, kathiir min 233
xaarij-a 398; xilaal-a 398; fiabr-a 398; question words 401–406
fiaqib-a 398; fiind-a 399–400 √ayn-a (where) 401–402
present tense 285, 439–42 √ayy-un (which, what) 402
negation of 644 hal, √a- (interrogative markers) 405–406
passive 663, 665–66 kam (how many, how much) 402–403
pronouns kayf-a (how) 403
buffer 424 li-maadhaa (why, what for) 403
demonstrative 281–82, 315–21, 333 (see also maa, maadhaa (what) 403–404
demonstrative) mataa (when) 405
dhaak-a 319 quinquiliteral
dhaat-a 320 adjectives 266
of distance (“that”/“those”) 316 nouns 94, 152
functions 316–19
haa ‘this’ 320 raghm 654–655
in √iDaafa 212, 214–15, 317–18 reflexive expressions 312 (nafs ⫹ pronoun)
with possessed nouns 318 relative adjectives (nisbas) 261–69
with proper names 318 functioning as nouns 143–44
of proximity (“this”/“these”) 315 relative clause 322–28
locative 288, 320–21 definite 323
personal pronouns 298–314 indefinite 324
object pronouns (suffixed) 305–12 resumptive pronoun in 324–25
possessive (suffixed) 301–305: vowel relative pronouns 322–28
shift 302; with noun and adjective definite 322
303 indefinite 325 (maa and man)
subject (independent) 298–301: dhuu ⫹ noun maa (in apposition) 227
312–14 resultative 657
relative 322–28 root, lexical 429, 434
pro-drop 438 definition 47–48
pronunciation (see also consonants and root-pattern system 45–47
vowels) root types 430–433
case endings 166–67
full form 34 semi-consonant 29–30
pause form 34–35 semi-prepositions (Zuruuf makaan wa-Zuruuf
styles 34–35 zamaan) or locative adverbs 289, 366–67,
386–400 (see also prepositions: Zuruuf )
qad 448–51 Semitic languages 1
quadriliteral 364 semivowel/semi-consonant 29, 429
adjectives 258 waaw 30
nouns 152, 154–55 yaa√ 30

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Index 707

sentence derivation 433–34

basic structures 57–73 Forms 434, 437
complex, components 72–73 I 455–90, participles 470–74, roots 456–65,
conditional sentence (see conditional) verbal nouns in 465–70
equational (see also nominal sentence) 58–63 II basic characteristics 491–92, root types
verbal (see also verbal sentence) 58, 63–65 492–94, verbal nouns 494–96, participles
shadda 24–25 496–98, conjugation tables 498–502
“sisters” (see √inna and her sisters 422–28) III basic characteristics 503, root types
of √inna 177–78, 422–28 503–506, verbal nouns 506–508, partici-
of kaan-a 176–77, 634–40 ples 508–509, conjugation tables 510–14
siwaa 653–54 IV basic characteristics 515–16, root types
solid stems 50–51 516–18, exclamatory 518–19, verbal nouns
specifiers 228–38 519–21, participles 521–23, conjugation
√ayy ‘any’ 237–38 tables 524–29
nafs ‘same; self’ 236–37, 312 V basic characteristics 530–31, root types
stress (word stress) 36–39, 307 531–33, verbal nouns 533–34, participles
subject 534–39, conjugation tables 536–42
of equational sentence 59–63 VI basic characteristics 543, root types
overt noun subject 422 (√inna and her sisters) 543–45, verbal nouns 546–47, participles
separated subject 423 (√inna and her sisters) 547–49, conjugation tables 550–54
of verbal sentence 63–64 VII basic characteristics 555–58, participles
subjunctive mood 444–45 (see verbs), 606, 608–15 558–60, conjugation tables 561–64
and auxiliary verb 636 VIII basic characteristics 565–70, verbal
and negation 644–45, 648 noun 570–71, participles 571–73, conjuga-
subordinating conjunctions (see √inna and her sis- tion tables 574–78
ters 422–28) IX basic characteristics 584–86; verbal noun
buffer pronoun (Damiir al-sha√n) 424–25 586–87; participles 587–89; conjugation
√inna and her sisters (see √inna) 425–28 tables 590–95
reduplicated pronoun subject 423–24 X basic characteristics 579–80; verbal noun
with √an 611–15 580–81; participles 581; conjugation tables
sukuun 31–32, 277 582–83
superlative adjectives 244–45, 250–53 XI–XV 596–98
syllables 35–36 gender marking 438
inceptive verbs 453
taa√ marbuuTa 21–24 inflection 438–46
pronunciation in √iDaafa 24, 212 inflectional categories 51–52, 438–46
tashdiid 24–25 intransitive verbs 64
tense (see also verbs) 51–52, 439–44 model root: faa√ - fiayn - laam 435–36
thammat-a 289 moods 53, 444–45
transitive verbs 64–64 imperative 445, 622–33
doubly transitive 69–72 indicative (see indicative mood) 445, 606–608
triliteral jussive (see jussive mood) 445, 616–22
root 429–32 subjunctive (see subjunctive mood) 445, 608–15
triptote 183–87 number marking 439
person marking 439
verbal noun (maSdar) 75–83, sound feminine quadriliteral 432, 599–605
plural 135, in cognative accusative 174, root types 430–33
285–86 (see also under verbs: Forms) strong(sound) 430
verbal sentence 58, 63–70 weak430; assimilated 431
verbs 429–640 defective 432; doubly weak 432;
agreement markers 438–39 geminate 430; hamzated 431; hollow 431
of appropinquation 452 of ‘seeming’ 640
citation form 435, 437 stem vowel 437, 455–57 (Form I)
compound verbs 446–49 tenses/aspects 52–53, 439–40
of continuation 453–54 future tense 442, 608: future perfect 449

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verbs (continued) vocative 170–71

past perfect/pluperfect 448–49, 637: voice 52–53, 445–46
past progressive 446–47, 637 vowels 25–34
past tense 285, 442–44: in conditional helping 32–33
clauses 673 long 25–30
present tense 441–42 phonemic chart 25
transitive verbs 64–64 short 30–34
doubly transitive verbs 69–72
verb strings 285, 451–54 waaw al-mafiiyya 308
voice 52–53, 445–46, 658–59 waHd-a ⫹ pronoun 286–87
passive 445–46, 657–70 word order 66–69
vernacular Arabic 5–6 writing system 10–34

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