CHEMISTRY REVIEW – MIDTERM

UNIT 1:
1. (CLO 1.3) Perform calculations to convert between temperature units of degrees Celsius
and Kelvin:

 If you have celsius, you need to add +273 in order to convert to Kelvin (K = C +
273)
 If you need to obtain celsius, you need to subtract -273 from Kelvin in order to
convert to celsius (C = K -273)
2. (CLO 1.4) Explain the direct and indirect relationships between pressure, volume and
temperature of gases:

 Boyle’s Law: This law is because pressure and volume have an inverse
relationship with one another. For example, when pressure goes up, volume
decreases. When volume goes up, pressure decreases.
 T remains constant
 Boyle’s Law = P1V1 = P2V2
 Charles’s Law: This law states that gases have a direct relationship with
volume and temperature. (NOTE: TEMP MUST BE IN KELVIN)
 P remains constant
 Charles’s Law = V1 = V2
T1 = T2
 The combined gas law allows you to compare pressure, volume, and temperature
at the same time.
 Combined Gas Law: P1V1 = P2V2T2
T1 = T2
 Ideal Gas Law: This law allows us to factor in moles. It can solve for a variety of
variables including moles.
 Units MUST always be L, ATM, M, and K.
 Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT

 Moles conversation + ideal gas law. There may be situations where you need to
determine the amount of molecules (or mass) from moles. In this case, solve for
moles first and then once moles are discovered – convert moles to the desired unit to
answer the final part of the question.
COMPLETE
(CLO 1.5) Given their respective formulas, perform calculations based on Boyle’s law and
Charles’ law
(CLO 1.6) Given their respective formulas, perform calculations based on the combined gas law
and ideal gas law
(CLO 1.7) Examine the relationship between gas law chemistry and health of human body
(CLO 1.2) Perform unit analysis calculations to convert between pressure units of kPa, mmHg
and atm
(CLO 1.1) Given the density formula, perform calculations based on the property of gas density
UNIT 2: SOULTIONS

Demonstrate an understanding of the terms related to solubility including solute,

solvent, soluble, insoluble, miscible, immiscible, saturated, unsaturated and
supersaturated.

o Solute: A solute is present in a solution but in a lesser amount. It becomes dissolved. A

solute can be a liquid, gas, or solid.
o Solvent: A solvent is present in a solution but in a greater amount. It does the
dissolving. It can be a solid, liquid, or gas.
o Solution: A solution is a stable, homogenous mixture of two or more components. The
particles in a solution cannot be seen. Solutions can be gases, liquids, or solids. Examples
include water, brass (solids), and gases (air). A solution will be transparent.
o Solubility: Solubility refers to how much a specific solute can be dissolved in a specific
amount of solvent (at a specific temperature and pressure). Higher solubility means more
of the solute is dissolved. It is typically measured in Mol/L or G/L or G/100 g(solute)
o Saturated: A solution becomes saturated when a solute is unable to dissolve beyond a
certain point.
o Insoluble: This occurs when a solute is unable to dissolve.
o Supersaturated: When temperature and pressure increase, a solute can be dissolved in a
solution more than it can handle. This results in a supersaturated solution.
o Immiscible: immiscible is when two liquids do not mix (i.e., water and oil). Immiscible
solutions occur if the dipole of the solution is much stronger than the solvents. In this
case, the solute particles will stay attracted to each other. This is what happens when a
polar solute is placed in a non-polar solvent.
o Miscible: miscible is when two liquids mix (i.e., alcohol and water)
o Molarity: Describes the number of moles of solute contained in 1 litre of solution
o Percent: the amount of solute in 100 parts of solution

Classify mixtures as solutions or non-solutions based on their appearance

o Solution: A solution is a stable, homogenous mixture of two or more components. The

particles in a solution cannot be seen. Solutions can be gases, liquids, or solids. Examples
include water, brass (solids), and gases (air). A solution will be transparent.
o If is not a solution, the liquid, solid, or gas will not be the same way through. Examples
would include heterogeneous liquids, gases, and solids.

Demonstrate the importance of water as the universal solvent

o Water is known as the universal solvent because it is able to dissolve the most variety of
solutes.
o This is because water is a polar molecule, which can dissolve polar or ionic substances.
Describe the dissolving process for ionic and covalent solutes in solvents
o You can predict the solubility of ionic compounds in water by using a solubility table. A
solubility table indicates: (aq) for aqueous: substance dissolves in water or (s) for solid:
substances does not dissolve in water.
o You can predict the solubility for covalent compounds by using the like dissolves like
rule. In this case, non-polar substances will dissolve in non-polar solutes. Polar or ionic
solutes will dissolve in polar solvents.

Compare the effect of temperature changes on the solubility of solids, liquids and gases:
o The solubility of liquids and gases increases as temp. Increases, resulting in a direct
relationship.
o The solubility of gases decrease as temperature increases (i.e., pop left out). This is an
inverse relationship.

Rate of solubility:
o You can increase the rate of how fast something dissolves by:
o Crushing the solute: Small particles dissolve more rapidly in than larger
particles.
o Adding heat: Solvent molecules move faster and have more frequent collisions
with solute at higher temperatures.
o Stirring/Agitating solution: Stirring removes locally saturated solution from the
vicinity of the solute and allows unsaturated solvent to take its place.

MOLARITY:

1. When solving this, convert mL to L.

2. If moles are not expressed (i.e., 9.45 g), convert g to moles – then solve.

PERCENT:
SOLVE FOR VOLUME:

SOULTION PREPERATION:

STEP 1:
1. The formula is M x liters of solution = moles.
2. Convert mL to L
3. Then, Molarity x Liters of Solution = moles.
4. Convert moles to mass.
STEP 2:
1. Convert moles to G.

Solution Preparation: DILUTION

o The formula is: CcVc = CdVd
o C represents any appropriate concentrations
o Subscript c represents concentration
o Subscript d represents dilute solutions
o V is for volume
o C is for M.
Unit 3: Acids and Bases

The pH Scale
o A pH value expresses the acidity or basicity of a solution
o Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7 (as a solution becomes more acidic, pH decreases)
o Basic solutions have a pH greater than 8 (as a solution becomes more basic, pH
increases)
o STRONGLY ACIDIC: pH less than 2.
o WEAKLY ACIDIC: pH between 2-7.
o Neutral solution: pH 7.
o WEAKLY BASIC: pH between 7 and 12.
o STRONGLY BASIC: pH over 12.
Acid-Base Neutralization
o A neutralization reaction is a reaction in which an acid and base react completely, leaving
a solution that contains only salt and water.
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
o An Arrhenius acid is a substance that ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions
o An Arrhenius base is a substance that ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions