Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Requirements of JIT:
Before implementing JIT system, certain changes to
the factory and the way it is managed must occur
before benefits of JIT are realized.
i- Stabilize production schedule
ii- Make the factories focused.
iii- Increase the production characteristics of
manufacturing centres.
iv- Improve Product quality.
v- Cross train workers so that they are multi
skilled and competent in several jobs.
Vi Reduce equipment breakdowns through
preventive maintenance.
vi- Develop long term supplier relationship that
avoids interruptions in material flows.
3) Discuss the need for automation and the work piece
transport systems in FMS.
FMS is a manufacturing cell or system consisting of
one or more CNC machines, connected by automated
material handling system, pick-and-place robots and
all operated under the control of a central computer.
It also has auxiliary sub-systems like component
load/unload station, automatic tool handling system,
tool pre-setter, component measuring station, wash
station etc. Each of these will have further elements
depending upon the requirement as given below:
A. Workstations
o CNC machine tools o Assembly equipment
o Measuring Equipment
Optiz system:
1) This is the most common and widely used coding
system .
2) It is generally a 9 digit code with 5 forming the
primary code while the last 4 are secondary code.
3) It represents one of the pioneering efforts in GT
and is probably the best known, if not the most
frequently used, of the parts classification and
coding systems.
4) It is intended for machine parts.
5) The Optiz coding scheme uses the following digit
sequences.
12345 6789 ABCD
6) The basic code consists of nine digits, which can
be extended by adding four more digits.
7) The first nine are intended to convey both design
and manufacturing data.
8) The interpretation of the first nine digits is defined.
9) The first five digits, 12345 are called the form
code. This describes the primary design attributes
of the part. Such as external shape (For example,
rotational vs rectangular) and machined features
(for example, holes, threads, gear teeth, and so
forth)
10) The next four digits ,6789, constitute the
supplementary code , which indicates some of the
attributes that would be useful in manufacturing.
(for example, dimensions, work material, starting
shape, and accuracy.)
11) The extra four digits ,ABCD, are referred to as
secondary code and are intended to identify the
production operation type and sequence.
MI CLASS:
1) The MICLASS ( Metal Institute Classification)was
developed by organisation for Applied Scientific
Research in Netherlands in 1960s and 1970s to
develop a system for both design and manufacture
needs for OIR (Organisation for Industrial
Research).
2) The various functions MICLASS was developed
for are
• Standardise engineering drawings
o Retrieve drawings based on classification
o Standardise process routing
o Automate process planning
3) MICLASS is an expandable hybrid code system of
up to 30 digits, while the first 12 digits have been
standardised
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Basic form primary dimensions
tolerance material
4) The system can be enlarged to thirty digits to
cover any classification attribute desired by the
user.
5) Computer software is provided by OIR for
deriving the part code after the user goes through
series of questions and answers them interactively.
6) The built in logic is in the form of decision tree.
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
lot size secondary dimension general mfg
process supplementary design and mfg
22 23 24
Coding system:
1) This is a code developed by the Japan Society
for the promotion of the Machine industry
(JSPMI) and was presented first in 1976.
2) Manufacturing Data Systems, Incorporated
(MDSI) has developed this classification and
coding system called CODE.
It is an 8 digit hybrid code used primarily to classify and
code mechanical piece parts.
5 Discuss in detail the FMS design criteria, Modeling
and simulation of FMS.
FMS design criteria, having analysed a few of
designer problems. Let us see what the major design
criteria are in the case of FMS.
1) The FMS data processing system should be linked to
the company’s overall distribution information
management system, incorporating the CAD/CAM
data bases, and should be used not only as large and
fast information centre, but also a decision making
machine operating in real time.
2) Both the mechanical and electrical hardware has to
be modular and compatible, otherwise further
developments will have higher capital investment
effects, or be impossible.
3) The control software, the production planning
system, the stock control system, the FMS part
programming aids and the data base management
system (DBMS)should also be modular to provide
potential for further development and relatively
simple software debugging.
4) the FMS machining stations should provide
automated tools and parts changing facilities and the
necessary standard interface to other material
handling systems. Other FMS stations must also be
capable of integration with the all over data
processing and material handling system.
5) The material storage system should communicate
with the material handling and data processing
system. It should be able to store rough materials,
semi finished and finished work pieces, tools fixtures
adn clamping devices and the other necessary
components, together with separate parts.
6) Sensor based diagnostic feedback system should be
operate in each cell providing a real time facility,
analysis and error recovery in case of brake downs.
Each cell should be able t report the failures
automatically to one of the integrated nodes of the
computer network.
7) The part programme and scheduling system should
enable the FMS part programmers alternative routes
of manufacturing, inspection and assembly.
Simulation of FMS:
1) The reason for using simulation is that direct
experimentation with FMS is impossible either
because it does not yet exist or else it is too
expensive and time consuming or even dangerous
2) Simulation techniques used for complex materials
handling and machining systems identify queue
build –ups in the buffer stores or in the automated
ware house their by indicating the required
capacities of various FMS modules.
3) In some cases, the capacities of individual pieces of
equipment may seen adequate consider that as a
single system but when integrated into FMS they
can produce bottle like points. Simulation should
avoids such occurrence.
4) The FMS simulation should be dynamic because the
system behaviour and the results are time
dependent. Parameters which build-up FMS
simulation models are either deterministic or
stochastic.
5) Stochastic variables such as material failures,
machine break downs, tool breakages, the demand
for spare parts etc..., rely on probability calculations.
However, statistical relationships can often be found
and at the vary least, their minimum and maximum
values and an experimental or assumed distribution
can be determined
The FMS simulation model is always an abstract and
simplified representation of real system. It is therefore,
important that is sufficiently complete.
UNIT 3&4
Objectives of Database
1. A database serves the following objectives:
2. • Reduce or eliminate redundant data
3. • Integrate existing data
4. • Provide security
5. • Share data among users
6. • Incorporate changes quickly and effectively
7. • Exercise effective control over data
8. • Simplify the method of using data
9. • Reduce the cost of storage and retrieval of data
10. • Improve accuracy and integrity of data
Applications of DBMS in FMS:
1. FMS tooling system
2. CNC & DNC part program not only for machining
but for all other necessary operations, such as
inspection, robotized welding, etc…
3. Information required by the FMS process control
system.
2) Describe what distributed system is and discuss in
detail the components of a distributed DBMS in
FMS.
DDBMS components:
1. Computer workstations (sites or nodes) that form the
network system.
2. Network hardware and software components that reside
in each workstation.
3. Communications media that carry the data from one
workstation to another.
4. The transaction processor (TP), which is the software
component found in each computer that requests data.
The transaction processor receives and processes the
application’s data requests (remote and local). The TP
is also known as the application processor (AP) or the
transaction manager (TM).
Types of AGV’s:
Driverless trains:
• It consists of a towing vehicle that pulls one or
more trailers to form a train.
• This type is applicable in moving heavy pay
loads over large distance in warehouses or
factories with or without intermediate pickup and
drop off points along the route.
• It consists of 5-10 trailers and is an efficient
transport system.
• Bus Topology:
In the bus topology, the computers are connected
through a common communication media. A special
type of central wire is used as communication media.
This central wire is called Bus. The computer are
attached through the bus the ends of the bus are
closed with the terminator .The terminators are used
to absorb signals.
• Star Topology:
The star topology uses a separate cable for each work
station. The cable connects the work station to a
central device typically a HUB. The configuration
provides a more reliable network that is easily
expended. With star there is no central point of
failure in the cable .
• Ring Topology:
Every computer is connected to the next computer in
the ring and each transmits what it receives from the
previous computer. The messages flow around the
ring in one direction.
• Mesh Topology:
A mesh network or mesh topology uses separate
cable to connect each device to every other device on
the network, providing a straight communication
path.
• Tree Topology
A tree topology is a special type of structure in which
many connected elements are arranged like the
branches of a tree.
• Hybrid Topology :
Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or
more topologies in such a way that the resulting
network does not exhibit one of the standard
topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.).
The seven layers are:
Application Layer
Presentation Layer Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Link Layer
Physical Layer