Conversion

Waste to Energy
 CONTENT

• Intro
• Wastes Characterization
• Incineration
• Other Thermal Technologies
• Non-Thermal Technologies
 2IST CENTURY

• 3 MAJOR ISSUES

CLEAN
TECHNOLOGIES

RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
 Waste and Biomass

• Wastes Characterization
- different methods for the
conversion of energy
• haz vs non-haz wastes
• solid, liquid, gas
- not prime product for the
producer and have no further
use in the process as such
and are required to be
discarded/recovered
 SOLID WASTES

• acc to source
municipal, industrial, agro-
based

• acc to usability
organics, inert, recyclable

 biodegradable:compostable
 high HHV, suitable for Energy
production
SOLID WASTES

• THERMAL ROUTE
- for very HHV

• BIOLOGICAL ROUTE
- for very high MC
 WASTEWATER
• SOURCES:
domestic, industrial, leaching or landfill
leachates, oil spilling, storm drains, sea
water ingress

• BI0LOGICAL ROUTE
- for low BOD/COD

SLUDGE: for
energy production
WASTEWATER

• DIGESTION FOR BI0GAS

PRODUCTION
- for very high BOD/COD

acidogenic phase - high MW organic

cpds to lower MW acidogenic
compounds
 BIO GAS PRODUCTION (high amt. of
metals)

methanogenic phase - acids to methane

CONVERSION ROUTES
THERMAL ROUTES
 INCINERATION

% MC

% COMBUSTIBLES
% ASH
 INCINERATION
HEAT DRYING H2O
• incineration vapor
waste treatment process
that involves the
combustion of organic HEAT,
PYROLYSIS
volatile
EXPOSED gases (light
substances content in waste PORES HC's)
materials
there is volume reduction: HEAT, 5-50% SOx, NOx,
ash X'S AIR, 45-60 COMBUSTION CO2, H2O
mins, 980°C,
 waste management cost TURBULENCE
reduction ,smaller
 high -T gas (heat application) MATERIALS
ASH
 INCINERATION
• phase-wise feeding of biomass and air
REDUCE REQUIREMENT
ACHIEVE GOOD MIXING
REDUCED POLLUTANTS CONCENTRATION
2-PHASE COMBUSTION

CO + 0.5 O -> CO
OXIDATION H + 0.5 O 2 -> H 2O
2 2 2
homogenous rxn

REDUCTION

C + CO2 -> 2 CO
C + H2O -> CO + H2
C + 0.5 O2 -> CO
heterogenous rxn
 INCINERATION FLOW SHEET

PRETREATMENT COMBUSTION HEAT RECOVERY

• SORTING • INCINERATOR • WATER TUBES

• HOMOGENIZATION • REFRACTORY UNITS
• SIZE REDUCTION

ash flue
gases

SWM GAS CLEAN OFF

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
 GASIFICATION
• COAL GASIFICATION
 old process
 a commerical process
used to produce liquid
fuels like diesel and
gasoline from coal
 coal is less reactive
• GASIFICATION OF
WASTES AND BIOMASS
 a relatively newer
concept
 biomass and wastes are
relatively more reactive

... hence the difference in the avoding conditions

GASIFICATION
• SYNGAS, PRODUCER GAS
 3 THERMAL ROUTES
• CONTROLLED OXYGEN

x's O2

controlled
O2

no O2
GASIFICATION
• MAJOR AND MINOR RXNS

MINOR
SYNGAS VS PRODUCER GAS

COMPONENT SYNGAS PRODUCER GAS

H2 20-30% 13-19%
CO 40-60% 18-22%
CO2 5-15% 9-12%

CH4 0-5% 1-5%

HEAVY HC's - 0.2-0.4%
N2 0.5-4.1% 45-55%
H2O 8-12% ~4%
ΔH 9.3-14.9 MJ/m3 4.5-6 MJ/m3
 Syngas Production and Efficiency
Gasification is a high-T process, so it is governed by equilibrium.
Through equilibrium modeling and its simulation, we can predict the
compositions of syngas and production rate.

LHV (kJ / m3) xfue lg asproduction(m3 / kg ) thermal power plant: 30-40%

 (single cycle steam power plant)
Allotherma lpower (kW )
LHWwastetr eated (kJ / kg )  up to 60% (combined cycle gas
wasteflowrate(kg / s) turbine power plant)
 ADVANTAGES

 CO2 emission reduction

 requires compact equipment with relatively
small footprint, accurate mbustion control and
high efficiency
 H2S,COS

CYCLONE

600-900C
 SYNGAS QUALITY REQUIREMENTS

UTILIZATION SULFUR CO2 CO

POWER PLANT 10<S<15 ppm any value any value

HYDRO- S<1 ppm <0.1% <50 ppm wet-

PROCESSING basis
CHEMICAL 0.01<S<1 ppm 0.05-2% depends on the
SYNTHESIS process
TYPES OF GASIFIERS
PYROLYSIS
• S,L,G FUELS
PYROLYSIS REACTOR
• 400-500°C
• less 1s
PYROLOSIS TECHNOLOGIES

major
product
 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

no
O2
 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
• ON PRODUCT YIELD

there are primary degradation then further secondary cracking of the of the
 PROCESS FLOW

HEATING
GAS

PYROLYSIS CHAR RECOVERY COOLING H2O

• PYROLYZER • SEPARATION • DIRECT (i.e.

• carrier gas UNIT SPRAYING)
• vacuum • INDIRECT

CHAR

BIO-OIL
BIO-OIL
BIO-OIL VS DIESEL
reduced acidity, viscosity
and oxygen content

CATALYTIC
PYROLYSIS
 NEXT MEETING
NON-THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES
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