Grammar Helper

Units 5 & 6
Relative Pronouns
 Os relative pronouns são usados para ligar uma frase a outra.

Pronoun Refers to Examples

Crick and Watson were the scientists who
who people
discovered the structure of DNA.
Isaac Newton was the scientist that discovered the
law of gravity.
people, animals A virus is an organism that invades another
that
and things organism.
The survivors were grateful to the dog that saved
their lives.
animals and The dog which bit the girl had no owner.
which
things The game which I want to buy is very expensive.

things that I know the students whose pen was stolen.

belong to The horse whose owner is a biologist won the race.
whose
people, animals The foundation whose project won the Nobel Prize
and things is American.

where places This is the lab where my father works.

Articles
 Indefinite Articles
O artigo indefinido a é usado:
• antes de substantivos contáveis no singular que começam com
som de consoante;

Paul is a doctor.
My neighbor is a lawyer.

• antes de uma vogal com som de consoante.

It’s a university.
France is a European country.
 Indefinite Articles
O artigo indefinido an é usado:

• antes de substantivos contáveis no singular que começam com

som de vogal;
My sister is an engineer.
This is an ice cream.

• antes de h que não tem som.

It’s an hour.

Não use a e an:

• antes de substantivos incontáveis.

Green tea makes me feel better.

 Definite Articles
O artigo definido the é usado em frases no singular e plural,
referindo-se a pessoas e coisas conhecidas ou facilmente identificáveis
pelo interlocutor.

The man I met yesterday is here.

The apple pie that you made was delicious.

Observe que na última frase usou-se o pronome relativo that para

especificar o substantivo em questão.
 Definite Articles
O artigo definido the NÃO é usado:

• quando falamos sobre pessoas ou coisas genericamente;

Believe me, I like to play cards.

• quando nomes contáveis e incontáveis são usados em sentido geral;

I like cake with milk and chocolate.

• antes de nomes próprios (nomes de pessoas e lugares).

Rome is the capital of Italy.

Present Perfect
O Present Perfect é usado para expressar uma ação iniciada no passado
que teve certa duração, ou que ainda se estende até o momento presente,
ou cujas consequências ainda não acabaram.

Esse tempo verbal também pode ser usado para expressar uma ação
que se repetiu várias vezes em um momento passado indeterminado.

I have eaten Mexican food.

Have you fallen in love?
O Present Perfect é formado com o verbo auxiliar have/has mais o
particípio passado do verbo principal.

Forma afirmativa:
sujeito + have/has + particípio passado do verbo principal + complemento

Paul has gone to this club since last year.

Forma interrogativa:
have/has + sujeito + particípio passado do verbo principal + complemento

Has she arrived from Japan?

Forma negativa:
sujeito +have/has + not + particípio passado do verbo principal
+ complemento

I haven’t cleaned my bedroom.

As regras para a formação do particípio passado dos verbos regulares
são as mesmas de formação do passado (acrescenta-se d, ed ou ied).

Observe na tabela ao lado a semelhança das formas contratas

she is = she’s (Simple Present) e she has = she’s (Present Perfect)

Contracted
Forms
I have I've

You have You've

He has He's
She has She's
It has It's
We have We've

You have You've

They have They've

 Adverbs
Observe o uso de advérbios que acompanham as estruturas
com Present Perfect:
• ever é usado para perguntar se alguém já fez algo;

Have you ever studied French?

• already é usado para afirmar que algo já foi feito ou perguntar se

alguém já fez algo;

Has he already known the truth?

 Adverbs
• never indica que alguém nunca fez algo;

No, I’ve never studied French.

• yet indica que alguém ainda não fez algo, mas tem a intenção
de fazê-lo;

No, they haven’t gone to school yet.

• just indica uma ação que acabou de ser realizada.

Yes, he has just known the truth.

 Short Answers

Interrogative Affirmative Negative

Form Form Form
I I I
Have have. haven't.
you you you
he ever he he
Has she swam in she has. she hasn't.
Yes, No,
it the it it
we ocean? we we
Have you you have. you haven't.
they they they
Wh-questions + Present
Perfect
What has Jim done?
He has done his English test.

Where have they gone yesterday?

They have gone to the zoo.

When have you taken your son to school?

I have taken him to school three hours ago.

Why have you cooked a special meal?

Because it was my birthday.

Who has he called?

He has called Leo.