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324 BOTANICAL GAZETTE (OCTOBER

The view of BAUR is sustainedthroughout, that these two "grafthybrids"

consistof a core of Crataegustissue overlaid by a mantle of Mespilus.
In Crataegomespilus Asnieresiithe mantleis the singleepidermallayer,while
in C. Dardari the firstsubepidermallayer is also of Mespilus tissue. By
periclinaldivisionsthis subepidermallayer may come to be representedby
a numberof cell layers,Mespilus chromosomeshaving been identifiedas
deep as the eighthcell layerin one case. As the initiationof lateral branch-
ing resultsfrompericlinaldivisions in the second subepidermallayer, the
authorargues that no chimerawouldbe able to maintainitselfas a chimera
in whichthemantleshouldconsistof morethan two layers. Several "rever-
sions" to one or the othercomponentspecies, and changes fromone of the
chimerasto the other,are describedand easily explained,and one sectorial
branch is figuredand described.-G. H. SHULL.

Albinismin maize.-The importantstudiesofEMERSON2on theinheritance

of albinismand partial albinismin maize have been continuedby one of his
students.3 Two differentformsof albinism are found,one in which the
seedlingsare purewhite,theotherin whichtheyare yellowishwhite,thelatter
turningslightlygreenishas theygrowolderand sometimesdevelopingenough
chlorophyllto reach maturity. Both of these sortsof albinismprove to be
simpleMendelianrecessivesto the normalgreenstains. The pure whiteseed-
lingscould not be used in breeding,but the yellowishwhite suppliedseveral
matureplantswhichwereselfedand whichgave progeniesconsistingentirely
of yellowishwhiteseedlings. When plants heterozygousforthe pure white
werecrossedwithplantsheterozygous foryellowishwhite,all of the offspring
were green,showingthat the normalgreenplants possess two determiners,
theabsenceofone ofwhichgivesriseto purewhiteseedlings,whiletheabsence
of the othergivesyellowishwhiteseedlings. In confirmation of thisinterpre-
tation, the second generationfromthese crosses betweenthe heterozygous
plantsconsistedoffourdifferent kindsof families: (a) all green; (b) greenand
pure whitein the ratio3: I; (c) greenand yellowishwhitein the ratio 3: 1;
and (d) green,yellowishwhite,and pure white in the ratio 9:3:4. These
resultsdemonstratethe existenceof the same genotypicsituationin maize
that NILSSON-EHLE4 assumed to be presentin rye in whichpure whiteand
yellowishwhitealbinoswerealso found.
A continuation of the workon yellowishgreen(chlorina)plantsdescribed
by EMERSON confirmedthat investigator'sconclusionsthat the yellowish
2 EMERSON, R. A., The inheritanceof certainformsof chlorophyllreductionin
corn leaves. Rep. Nebr. Agric.Exp. Sta. 25:89-i05. I9I2.

3 MILES, F. C., A genetic and cytologicalstudy of certaintypes of albinismin

maize. Jour.Genet.4:I93-2I4. P1. I. I9I5.
4 H., Einige Beobachtungen tiber erbliche Variationen der
NILSSON-EHLE,
bei den Getreidearten. Zeitschr. Ind. Abstamm. Vererb.
Chlorophylleigenschaft
9:289-300. I9I3.
I9I5] CURRENT LITERATURE 325

greenis a simpleMendelian recessiveto the normal,and a similarresultwas

obtained in crosses between the striped formsknown as Zea japonica, in
crosseswith the normalgreenstrains,the stripedbeing recessiveto normal,
thoughin the lattercross thereis some confusionwhencertaindifferences in
aleuronecolorsare also involvedin the same cross. The exact natureof this
relationbetweenaleuronecolorsand leaf colorswas not workedout. Crosses
betweenstripedplants and chlorina,and betweenstripedand yellowishwhite
yielded in each case normalgreenplants,owingto the bringingtogetherof
complementary factors.
MILES also made a study of the chloroplastsin the several strainswith
whichhe worked. He could findno plastidsin the pure whiteseedlings,and
onlya fewsmallplastidsin theyellowishwhite,whichbecamemorenumerous
and largeras theplantsgrewolder,untiltheyresembled,in thebetterdeveloped
individuals,the normalcondition. In the case of striped-leafed plants, the
arrangementof the plastids showeda sharp distinctionbetweenthe cells of
the greenportionsof the plantsand thoseof the whitestripes.-G. H. SHULL.
The physiologyof pollen.-In his work on the physiologyof pollen,
TOKUGAWA5 dealt with three main points of interest: factors determining
germination, factorsdetermining the directionof the pollen tube, and factors
determining therateand extentofthegrowthofthepollentube. The investi-
gatoradds evidenceagainst the viewsof MOLISCH and of BURCH that specific
substanceson thestigmagenerallydetermine whetherthepollenwillgerminate
or not. Alreadymanycases have been foundin whichthephysicalconditions
are the importantones in determining germination.JOST showedforvarious
speciesin severalfamiliesthat restricted watersupplyis the main requirement
forthe germination of the pollen. He securedthis conditionby germination
of the pollen in a saturated atmosphereor on leaf epidermisor parchment
paper. TOKUGAWAadds manymoreto thelist. He has evidentlyfailed,how-
ever,to noticetheworkofMARTIN,6 whichshowsthe importantnewlydiscov-
eredfactthat conditionsgivinga freewatersupplyto the stigmamay lead to
sterility. This holds foralfalfaand certaincovers in the centralMississippi
Valley whenpollinationoccurs at moistor wet periods.
The authorconfirms the statementthatsugarsand proteinsare important
chemotropicsubstances for the pollen tube. In certainplants (Narcissus
Tazettiand Prunusmume)sugarsare effective, and in other(Camelliajaponica)
proteins. He concludesthat chemotropismdeterminesthe entranceof the
tubeintothestigmacanals and themicropyle, and thatthetubeis directedin a
physicalmannerin the restof its course.
The conditionsaffectinggrowthof the pollen tube are consideredin
relation to their significancein determiningself-sterility and failure to
5 TOKUGAWA,Y., Zur Physiologiedes Pollens. Jour. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 35: I-35.

figs.2. 19I4.

6BOT. GAZ. 56:II2-I26. I9I3.