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DEFINITE INTEGRATION
TOPICS:
5. Reduction formulae
DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Let f(x) be a function defined on [a, b]. If ∫ f (x) dx = F(x) , then F(b) – F(a) is called the definite
b
integral of f(x) over [a, b]. It is denoted by ∫ f (x)dx . The real number ‘a’ is called the lower
a
limit and the real number ‘b’ is called the upper limit.
This is known as fundamental theorem of integral calculus.
THEOREM
b b
b
In general, ∫ f ( x ) dx represents to algebraic sum of the areas of the figures bounded by the
a
curve y =f(x) , the x axis and the lines x=a and x=b.. the areas above x-axis are taken with
plus sign and the areas below x-axis are taken with minus sign i.e.,
∫ f ( x ) dx =
a
area ABC – area CPD –area EQE + area EFG.
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
b a
1. ∫ f (x)dx = −∫ f (x)dx .
a b
THEOREM
b b
∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
a a
a a a
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = − ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = 0
−a 0 0
THEOREM
2a a
Proof :
2a a 2a
Since 0 < a < 2a, ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx ---(1)
0 0 a
2a 0 0 a a
From (1),
2a a a
THEOREM :
nT T
If f(x) is a periodic function with period ‘T’ then ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx .
0 0
nT T
Proof : Let S(n) be the statement that ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx for n€N.
0 0
∴ S(1) is true.
Assume that S(k) is true.
kT T
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx
0 0
(k +1)T kT (k +1)T T (k +1)T
Now ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx = k ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx
0 0 kT 0 kT
nd
In the 2 integral of rhs
Put x = kT + t, then dx = dt.
x = kT, (k + 1)T ⇒ t = 0, t = a.
(k +1)T T T T
THEOREM
If f(x) is an integrable function on [a, b] and g(x) is derivable on [a, b] then
b g(b)
∫ (fog)(x)g′(x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx .
a g(a)
EXERCISE – 9(A)
I. Evaluate the following definite integrals.
a
∫ (a x − x 3 )dx
2
1.
0
a
a a 2x2 x4 a4 a4 a4
Sol. ∫ (a x − x )dx =
2
− =
3
− =
0 2 4
0
2 4 4
3
2xdx
2. ∫ 1+ x2
2
3 3
2xdx
∫ 1 + x 2 = ln |1 + x | 2 = ln10 − ln 5 = ln(10 / 5) = ln 2
2
Sol.
2
π
3. ∫ 2 + 2cos θdθ
0
π π π
θ
Sol. ∫ 2 + 2 cos θdθ = ∫ 2 ⋅ 2 cos 2
2
dθ = ∫ 2 cos(θ / 2) dθ
0 0 0
π
θ π
= 4sin = 4 sin − sin 0 = 4
2 0 2
π
2
5. ∫ |1 − x | dx
0
2 1 2
Sol. ∫ |1 − x | dx = ∫ −(x − 1)dx + ∫ (x − 1)dx
0 0 1
1 2
= ∫ ( − x + 1)dx + ∫ (x − 1)dx
0 1
1 2
−x 2 x2
= + x + − x
2 0 2 1
1 4 1 1 1
= − + 1 + − 2 − − 1 = + = 1
2 2 2 2 2
π/ 2
cos x
6. ∫ dx
−π / 2 1 + e
x
π /2
cos x
Sol. Let I = ∫ dx …(i)
−π /2 1 + e
x
π/2
cos(π / 2 − π / 2 − x)dx
b b
I= ∫
∫ ∫
∵ f (x)dx = f (a + b − x)dx
1 + e− x
−π/2 a a
π/2
e x cos xdx
= ∫ 1 + ex
− − − −(2)
−π/2
Adding (1) and (2) ,
π/ 2 π/ 2
cos x(1 + e x )
2I = ∫ 1 + ex
dx = ∫ cos xdx
−π / 2 −π / 2
π /2
2I = 2 ∫ cos x dx (∵ cos x is even function )
0
π /2
⇒ I = [sin x ]0 ⇒ I =1
1
dx
7. ∫ 3 − 2x
0
Sol.
1
1
2 3 − 2x
∫
dx
=
3 − 2x −2
=− ( ) (
3 − 2.1 − 3 − 2.0 = − 1 − 3 =) ( )
3 −1
0 o
a
8. ∫( a − x )2 dx
0
a a
Sol. ∫ ( a − x ) dx = ∫ (a + x + 2 a x )dx
2
0 0
a
x2 2
= ax + − 2 a ⋅ x 3/ 2
2 3
0
a 2 4 2 6a 2 + 3a 2 − 8a 2 1 2
a2 + − a = = a
2 3 6 6
π/ 4
9. ∫ sec 4 θdθ
0
π /4 π /4 π /4
0 0 0
π /4 π /4 π /4
Sol. Let = ∫ (sec 2
θ + sec θ tan θ dθ =
2 2
) ∫ sec
2
θdθ + ∫ tan 2 θ sec 2 θdθ
0 0 0
π /4
tan 3 θ 1 4
= tan θ)o π /4
+
3
= 1− 0 + (1 − 0 ) =
o 3 3
3
x
10. I = ∫ dx
0 x 2 + 16
Asn: 1
1
−x2
11. ∫ x ⋅e dx
0
1 1
−x2 1
dx = ∫ 2xe − x dx, put − x 2 = t
2
Sol. ∫ x ⋅ e
0
20
⇒ −2xdx = dt ⇒ 2xdx = −dt
x = 1 ⇒ t = 1, x = 0 ⇒ t = 0
−1
1 1 t −1
I= ∫ −e dt = 2 −e 0
t
2 0
1 0 −1 1 1
= e −e = 1−
2 2 e
5
dx
12. I = ∫
1
2x − 1
Ans:2
II. Evaluate the following integrals.
4
x2
1. ∫ 1 + xdx
0
4 4 4 4
x2 x2 −1+1 dx
Sol. ∫ dx = ∫ dx ⇒ I = ∫ (x − 1)dx + ∫
0
1+ x 0
1+ x 0 0
1+ x
4
x2
= − x + [ log(1 + x) ]0
4
2 0
42
= − 4 + log 5 − log1 = 4 + log 5
2
2
x2
2. ∫ x 2 + 2 dx
−1
2 2
x2 + 2 −1 2
Sol. ∫ x +2
2
dx = ∫ 1 − x 2 + 2 dx
−1 −1
2 2
dx
= ∫ dx − 2 ∫ 2
+ ( 2) 2
−1 −1 x
2
1 −1 x
= [x]
2
−1
− 2⋅ tan
2 2
2 −1 1
= [2 − (−1)] − 2 tan −1 − tan −
2 2
1
= 3 − 2 tan − 1 ( 2 ) − tan −1 −
2
1
= 3 + 2 tan −1 − −1
− tan ( 2 )
2
1
x2
3. ∫ x 2 + 1 dx
0
1 1 1 1
x2 x2 +1−1 dx
Sol. ∫ x 2 + 1 dx = ∫ x +12
dx = ∫ dx − ∫
x +1
2
0 0 0 0
1 π
[ x ]10 − tan −1 x 0 = 1 − tan −1 1 = 1 −
4
π /2
4. ∫ x 2 sin xdx
0
π /2 π /2 π /2
Sol. ∫ x 2 sin xdx = x 2 (− cos x) − ∫ (2x)(− cos x)dx
0
0 0
π/2
= (0 − 0) + 2 ∫ x cos x dx
0
π /2
π /2
= 2 [ x sin x ]0 − ∫ (2)(sin x)dx
0
π π/2
= 2 ×1 + 2 [ cos x ]0
2
= π + 2(0 − 1) = π − 2
4
5. ∫ | 2 − x | dx
0
2 4
Sol. ∫ | 2 − x | dx + ∫ | 2 − x | dx
0 2
2 4
= ∫ (2 − x)dx + ∫ (x − 2)dx
0 2
x2 2 2 4
x
= 2x − + − 2x
2 2
0 2
4 4
= 4 − − (8 − 8) − 4 −
2 2
= 2−0+2 = 4
π/2
sin 5 x
6. ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx
0
π/ 2
sin 5 x
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx …(1)
0
π/2 a a
sin 5 (π / 2 − x)dx
I= ∫ ∵
sin 5 (π / 2 − x) + cos5 ( π / 2 − x) 0
∫ f (a − x)dx = ∫
f (x)
0 0
π/2
cos5 xdx
= ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
…………(2)
0
Adding (1) and (2) ,
π/ 2 π/2
sin 5 x + cos5 x
2I = ∫ sin 5 x + cos5 x
dx = ∫ 1⋅ dx
0 0
π π
2I = ⇒I=
2 4
π/2
sin 2 x − cos 2 x
7. ∫ sin 3 x + cos3 x
dx
0
π/ 2
sin 2 x − cos 2 x
Sol. let I = ∫ sin 3 x + cos3 x
dx …(1)
0
π/2 a a
sin 2 (π / 2 − x) − cos 2 ( π / 2 − x)
I= ∫ sin 3 (π / 2 − x) + cos 3 ( π / 2 − x)
dx
∫
∵ f (a − x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx
0 0 0
π/ 2
cos 2 x − sin 2 x
I= ∫ cos3 x + sin 3 x
dx …(2)
0
Adding (1) and (2),
π/ 2
0dx
2I = ∫ cos x + sin 3 x
3
dx ⇒ I = 0
0
III. Evaluate the following integrals.
π /2
dx
1. ∫ 4 + 5cos x
0
π /2 π /2
dx dx
Sol. ∫ 4 + 5cos x
= ∫ x
1 − tan
0 0 2
4+5 2
x
1 + tan 2
2
π/2
dx
=
x ∫ x
0 4 tan 2 + 1 + 5 1 − tan 2
2 2
2x
tan 2 + 1
x 1 x 2dt
put tan = t ⇒ sec2 dx = dt ⇒ dx =
2 2 2 1+ t2
π
x = 0 ⇒ t = o and x= ⇒ t = 1
2
=∫
1
(1 + t )
2
2dt
0 4t 2 + 4 + 5 − 5t 2 1 + t 2
1 1
2 2 3+ t
=∫ dt = ln
0 9−t
2 2 ⋅ 3 3 − t 0
1 4 1
= ln = ln 2
3 2 3
b
2. ∫ (x − a)(b − x)dx
a
b b
Sol. ∫ (x − a)(b − x)dx = ∫ − x 2 + (a + b)x − abdx
a a
b 2 2
b − a a + b
=∫ − x − dx
a 2 2
2 2
( )
∵ − x 2 + (a + b)x − ab = − x 2 − (a + b)x + ab = − x −
a+b a+b
2
−
2
+ ab
2 2
= b − a − x − a + b
2 2
b
a + b
= 1 a + b x − 2
− 2
sin −1
x − (b a)
2 (x − a)(b − x) + −
2 4 ⋅ 2 b a
2 a
(b − a)2 −1
= 0+ sin (1) − sin −1 (−1)
8
(b − a)2 π π π
= 2 + 2 = 8 (b − a)
2
8
x sin −1 x
1/ 2
3. ∫ dx
0 1− x 2
1
put sin −1x = t ⇒ dx = dt
1− x2
Sol. and x=sint
1 π
x=0 ⇒ t=0 and x= ⇒t=
2 6
π π
1/2 −1 π
( )
6 6
x sin x
∫ dx = ∫ t.sin tdt = t ∫ sin tdt 6 − ∫ 1. ( − cos t )dt
0 1− x 2
0 0 0
π π
π 3 1
= t ( − cos t ) 6 o + ( sin t ) 6 o = − −0+ −0
6 2
2
1 3
= −π
2 12
π /4
sin x + cos x
4. ∫ 9 + 16 sin 2x
dx
0
π /4 π /4
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
Sol. ∫ 9 + 16 sin 2x
dx = ∫ 9 + 16[1 − (sin x − cos x) 2 ]
dx
0 0
put sin x − cos x = t ⇒ (cos x + sin x)dx = dt
π
x = 0 ⇒ t = −1 and x= ⇒ t = 0
4
0 0
dt 1 dt
=∫ = ∫
−1 25 − 16t
2 16 −1 25 − t 2
16
0
5
+t
1 1 4
= × ln
16 2 × 5 5
−t
4 4 −1
1 1/ 4 1 1
=− ln = ⋅ 2 ln ⋅ 3 = ln 3
40 9 / 4 40 20
π/2
a sin x + b cos x
5. ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
Sol.
π /2
a sin x + b cos x
let I = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx ----(1)
0
π π
π /2 a sin − x + b cos − x a
∵ f (x)dx = f (a − x)dx
a
2 2
= ∫ π π ∫ ∫
0 sin − x + cos − x 0 0
2 2
π /2
a cos x + b sin x
I= ∫ sin x + cos x
dx -------(2)
0
π /2
a(sin x + cos x) + b(sin x + cos x)
(1)+(2) ⇒ 2I = ∫ cos x + sin x
dx
0
π/2
π π
= ∫ (a + b)dx = (a + b)
2
⇒ I = (a + b)
4
0
a
∫ x(a − x)
n
6. dx
0
a
Sol. let I = ∫ x(a − x) n dx …(1)
0
a
I = ∫ (a − x)(x) n dx …(2)
0
a
I = ∫ ax n dx − x n +1dx
0
a
ax n +1 x n + 2 a n +2 a n +2
= − = −
n + 1 n + 2 0 n + 1 n + 2
a n +2
I=
(n + 1)(n + 2)
2
7. ∫x 2 − x dx
0
16 2
Ans :
15
π
∫ x sin
3
8. xdx
0
π
Sol. I = ∫ x sin 3 xdx
0
π a a
= ∫ (π − x) sin 3 (π − x)dx ∵ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx
0 0 0
π π π
I = ∫ (π − x)sin 3 xdx = ∫ π sin 3 xdx − ∫ x sin 3 xdx
0 0 0
π
= ∫ π sin 3 xdx = I
0
π π
3sin x − sin 3x
⇒ 2I = ∫ π sin 3 xdx = π∫ dx
0 0
4
π
π cos 3x π 1 1
= −3cos x + = −3. − 1 − + 3 −
4 3 0 4 3 3
π π
= ( 6 − 2 / 3) = .16 / 3
4 4
π 16 2π
∴I = =
2.4 3 3
π
x
9. ∫ 1 + sin x dx
0
π
x
Sol. I = ∫ dx …(i)
0
1 + sin x
π π π
( π − x)dx πdx xdx
I=∫ =∫ −∫
0
1 + sin( π − x) 0 1 + sin x 0 1 + sin x
π
πdx
=∫ −I
0
1 + sin x
π π
πdx π dx
2I = ∫ ⇒I= ∫
0
1 + sin x 2 0 1 + sin x
π π
π (1 − sin x) π 1 − sin x
= ∫
2 0 1 − sin x
2
dx = ∫
2 0 cos 2 x
dx
π π
π 1 sin x 1
= ∫ − ∫ ⋅ dx
2 0 cos 2 x 0 cos x cos x
π π
π
=
20∫ sec2 xdx − ∫ sec x ⋅ tan xdx
0
=
π
2
(
[ tan x ]0π − [sec x ]0π )
π π
= [ (0 − 0) − (−1 − 1)] = ⋅ 2 = π
2 2
π
x sin 3 x
10. ∫ 1 + cos 2 x dx
0
π
x sin 3 x
Sol. I = ∫ dx
0 1 + cos x
2
π
( π − x) sin 3 ( π − x)
=∫ dx
0 1 + cos 2 ( π − x)
π
(π − x) sin 3 x
=∫ dx
0 1 + cos 2 x
π π
sin 3 x x sin 3 x
= π∫ dx − ∫ dx
0 1 + cos 0 1 + cos
2 2
x x
π 3
sin x
= π∫ dx − I
0 1 + cos x
2
π
sin 3 xdx
2I = ∫
0 1 + cos
2
x
Put t = cos x ⇒ dt = –sin x dx
−1 1
(1 − t 2 ) 1− t 2
2I = ∫ − dt = ∫ 1+ t 2 dt
1 1+ t2 −1
1
2 −1 1
= ∫ −1 + 1 + t 2 dt = − t + 2 tan t
−1
−1
log(1 + x)
1
Sol. ∫ dx
0 1+ x
2
Put x = tan θ
dx = sec2 θ dθ
x=0⇒θ=0
x = 1 ⇒ θ = π/4
π /4
log(1 + x) log(1 + tan θ) sec 2 θdθ
1
I=∫ dx = ∫
0 1+ x (1 + tan 2 θ)
2
0
π /4
= ∫ log(1 + tan θ)dθ
0
π /4
let I = ∫ log(1 + tan θ)dθ
0
π/4
π
= ∫ log 1 + tan − θ dθ
4
0
π π
4
tan − tan θ
= ∫ log 1 + 4
dθ
π
0 1 + tan tan θ
4
π/ 4
1 − tan θ
= ∫ log 1 +
1 + tan θ
dθ
0
π/ 4
1 + tan θ + 1 − tan θ
= ∫ log
1 + tan θ dθ
0
π/4
2
= ∫ log
1 + tan θ
dθ
0
π/4
= ∫ [log 2 − log(1 + tan θ)] dθ
0
π /4 π /4
= log 2 ∫ dθ − ∫ log(1 + tan θ)dθ
0 0
π /4
= log 2 ∫ dθ − I
0
π
2I = log 2(θ)0π/4 = (log 2)
4
π
∴I = log 2
8
π
x sin x
12. ∫ 1 + cos 2 x dx
0
π π
x sin x ( π − x) sin(π − x)dx
Sol. I = ∫ dx = ∫
0 1 + cos x 1 + cos 2 ( π − x)
2
0
π π π
( π − x) sin x sin xdx x sin xdx
=∫ dx = ∫ −∫
0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos x 0 1 + cos x
2 2 2
{ }
π
= π tan −1 ( − cos x) −I
0
π π π2
{
2I = π tan −1 1 − tan −1 (−1) = π + = 2
4 4 4
}
π
π2 x sin x π2
I= ⇒∫ dx =
0 1 + cos x
2
4 4
π/2
sin 2 x
13. ∫ cos x + sin x
dx
0
π/2
sin 2 x
Sol. I= ∫ cos x + sin x
dx ----1.
0
π
π/ 2 sin 2 − x
2
= ∫ π π
dx
0 cos − x + sin − x
2 2
π /2
cos 2 xdx
= ∫ sin x + cos x
----2.
0
Adding 1. and 2.
π /2
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
2I = ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
π /2
1 1
⇒ I ==
2 ∫ sin x + cos x
dx
0
π/2
dx
Consider ∫ sin x + cos x
0
Put tan(x/2) = t
2dt 1− t2 2t
dx = , cos x = , sin x =
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
1+ t2
π/ 2 1
dx 2tdt
∫ =∫
sin x + cos x 0 2t + (1 − t 2 )
0
1
1 2 + t − 1
1
dt
= 2∫ = 2⋅ log
0 ( 2) − (t − 1) 2 − t + 1 0
2 2
2 2
1 2 −1
= log1 − log
2 2 + 1
1 2 +1 2 +1
= log ×
2 2 −1 2 +1
1 2
= log( 2 + 1) 2 = log( 2 + 1)
2 2
1
I= log( 2 + 1)
2
14. Suppose that f : R → R is a continuous periodic function and T is the period of it. Let a
a + nT a +T
∈ R. Then prove that for any positive integer n, ∫ f (x)dx = n ∫ f (x)dx .
0 0
a + nT a +T a + 2T a + (r +1)T a + xT
Sol. ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx ... sx + ∫ f (x)dx + ... + ∫ f (x)dx …(1)
0 0 a +T a + rT a + (x −1)T
∫ f (x)dx
a + rT
Let x = y + rT ⇒ dx = dy
x = a + rT ⇒ y = a
x = a + (r + 1)T ⇒ y = a + T
a + (r +1)T a +T
∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (y + rT)dy
a + rT a
a +T
= ∫ f (y)dy (f is periodic)
a
a +T
= ∫ f (x)dx
a
a +T
Similarly we can show that each integral of (1) is equal to ∫ f (x)dx .
a
a + nT a +T a +T a +T
∴ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx ...n terms = n ∫ f (x)dx
0 0 0 0
REDUCTION FORMULAE
THEOREM 1 :
π/2
n −1
If I n = ∫ sin n x dx then I n =
n
In −2 .
0
Proof :
π /2 π /2
n −1
In = ∫ sin n x dx = ∫ sin x.sin x dx
0 0
π /2
π /2
= − sin n −1 x cos x + ∫ (n − 1) sin
n −2
x.cos 2 x dx
0
0
π /2
n −2
= (n − 1) ∫ sin x(1 − sin 2 x)dx
0
π / 2 n −2 π/2
= (n − 1) ∫ sin x dx − ∫ sin n x dx
0 0
= (n − 1)I n − 2 − (n − 1)I n
I n (1 + n − 1) = (n − 1)I n − 2 ⇒ I n n = (n − 1)I n − 2
n −1
∴ In = I n − 2 − − − − − −(1)
n
Note
In (1), replace n by n-2,n-3,------------- then
n −1 n −3 n −5
In = In −2 ⇒ In −2 = In −4 ⇒ In −4 = I n −6
n n−2 n−4
n −1 n − 3 n − 5
∴ In = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ......I0 or I1 according as n is even or odd.
n n−2 n−4
π/2 π/2
π
dx = [ x ]0
π/2
But I0 = ∫ sin 0 x dx = ∫ =
2
0 0
π/ 2
π
= − cos + cos 0 = −0 + 1 = 1
2
π/ 2
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 1 π
∴ ∫ sin x dx = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ .... ⋅ if n is even.
n
0
n n−2 n−4 2 2
π/2
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 2
∴ ∫ sin n x dx = ⋅
n n−2 n−4
⋅ ⋅ .... ⋅1 if n is odd.
3
0
THEOREM 2 :
π/ 2
n −1
If In = ∫ cosn x dx then I n =
n
In −2 .
0
π /2 π /2 π /2
π
In = ∫ cos n x dx = ∫ cosn − x dx = ∫ sin
n
x dx
0 0 2 0
π/4
1
THEOREM 3 : If I n = ∫ tan n x dx then I n + I n −2 =
n −1
.
0
Proof :
π/4 π/4
In = ∫ tan n x dx = ∫ tan n − 2 x tan 2 x dx
0 0
π /4 π /4 π /4
n −2 n −2 n −2
= ∫ tan x(sec x − 1)dx = ∫ tan x sec x dx − ∫ tan
2 2
x dx
0 0 0
π/4
tan n −1 x 1
= − In −2 = − In −2
n −1 0 n −1
1
∴ In + In −2 =
n −1
THEOREM 4 :
π/4
( 2)n −2 n − 2
If I n = ∫ sec x dx then In = +
n
In −2 .
0
n −1 n −1
Proof :
π/4 π/4
In = ∫ sec x dx =
n
∫ sec n − 2 x sec 2 x dx
0 0
π/4
π/4
= sec n − 2 x tan x − ∫ (n − 2) sec n − 2 x sec x tan 2 x dx
0
0
π/4
= ( 2) n − 2 − (n − 2) ∫ sec n − 2 x(sec2 x − 1) dx
0
π / 4 π/4
= ( 2) n − 2 − (n − 2) ∫ sec n x dx − ∫ secn −2 x dx
0 0
= ( 2)n −2 − (n − 2)In + (n − 2)I n −2
In (1 + n − 2) = ( 2)n −2 + (n − 2)In −2
⇒ In (n − 1) = ( 2)n −2 + (n − 2)In −2
( 2)n −2 n − 2
∴ In = + I n −2
n −1 n −1
π/2 π/2
THEOREM 5: If I m,n = ∫ sin x cos x dx then I m,n = ∫
m n
sin m x cos n x dx .
0 0
Proof :
π/2 π/2
Im,n = ∫ sin m x cos n x dx = ∫ sin m −1 (sin x cos n x)dx
0 0
π /2 π/2
− sin m−1 x cosn +1 x cosn +1 x
= + ∫ (m − 1)sin m−2 x cos x dx
n +1 0 0
n +1
π/2
m −1
= ∫ sin m−2 x cos n x cos 2 x dx
n +1 0
π/2
m −1
= ∫ sin m−2 x cos n x(1 − sin 2 x)dx
n +1 0
π/2
m −1
= ∫ sin m − 2 x cos n x − sin m x cos n x)dx
n +1 0
m −1 m −1
= I m − 2,n − I m,n
n +1 n +1
m −1 m −1
⇒ Im,n 1 + = Im−2,n
n +1 n +1
n + m m −1
⇒ Im,n = Im−2,n
n +1 n +1
sin m−1 x cos n +1 x m − 1
∴ Im,n = − + Im−2,n
m+n m+n -----(1)
Note: replacing m by m-2,m-4,
m −1 m −1 m − 3 m −1 m − 3 m −5
Im,n = Im−2,n = Im−4,n = ....I0,n
m+n m+n m+n−2 m+n m+n−2 m+n−4
or I1,n according as n is even or odd.
π/2 π/2
But I0,1 = ∫ sin 0 x cos n x dx = ∫ cos n x dx
0 0
π/ 2 π/ 2
cosn +1 x 1
I1,n = ∫ sin x cos x dx = − =
n
0 n + 1 0 n +1
m −1 m − 3 1
∴ I m,n = ... if m is odd
m + n m + n − 2 n +1
π/2
m −1 m − 3
=
m+n m+n−2
... ∫ cos n x dx if m is even
0
π/2
n −1
COROLLARY 2: If I m,n = ∫ sin m x cos n x dx then I m,n =
m+n
I m,n − 2 .
0