ABSTRACT

Induction heating (IH) has become the technology of choice in many industrial,
domestic, and medical applications due to its high efficiency and performance. This paper
proposes an interleaved resonant boost inverter featuring single phase module to achieve high
efficiency and performance IH power supply. The proposed converter achieves high
efficiency by reducing the current through the devices, while the use of an interleaved full-
bridge configuration reduces input current ripple and provides additional control degrees. The
proposed converter has been designed, implemented, and tested experimentally, proving the
feasibility of this proposal.

It is important to note the role and operation of the dc-link capacitor in the proposed
converter. From the point of view of the equivalent inverter side, the inverter can be modeled
as a pure resistor if constant modulation parameters are applied. By combining this fact with
the use of a small dc-link capacitor, a mains power factor close to the unit can be achieved. In
the case of the proposed converter, a capacitor large enough to filter the high frequency
harmonics but still providing a sinusoidal current consumption will be selected.

1
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Electrical Induction heating (IH) has become in recent years a key technology due to
its benefits in terms of performance and efficiency when compared with classical heating
methods. Advances in enabling technologies including power electronics, digital control, and
magnetic components has enabled a significant breakthrough in IH technology which has led
to a number of relevant industrial domestic and medical applications.
Although alternative implementations using permanent magnets are being studied,
usually, IH systems rely on a power converter to generate an alternating magnetic field to
heat the IH target.
Induction heating (IH) provides contactless, fast, and efficient heating of conductive
materials. It is becoming one of the preferred heating technologies in industrial domestic and
medical applications among other applications, due to its advantages when compared with
other classical heating techniques such as flame heating, resistance heating or traditional
ovens or furnaces. a typical arrangement of an induction heating system in a longitudinal
flux configuration. An ac source is used to supply an alternating voltage to an induction
heating coil.
The coil generates an alternating magnetic field, in which the induction target, i.e. the
load, is immersed. As a consequence, the induction target is heated by means of two physical
phenomena: eddy currents and magnetic hysteresis. Eddy currents oppose to the magnetic
field applied to the induction target, and they produce the heating by Joule effect. This is
commonly the main heat source in IH processes. In addition to this, magnetic hysteresis
creates additional heating in ferromagnetic materials. The typical operating frequencies of
these systems ranges from line frequency, e.g. industrial and high power applications, up to a
few MHz’s, typical of medical systems. Among the advantages of IH, the following ones are
commonly recognized:

Fast heating: IH technology directly heats the induction target, reducing wasted heat
and significantly reducing heating times thanks to high power densities and without any
thermal inertia.
Efficiency: Modern efficient designs of the coil and the power converter allows
obtaining efficiency values higher than 90%, significantly improving conventional heating

2
techniques. Moreover, since only the induction target is heated, the heat loss through the
ambient and surrounding elements is minimized and high temperatures can be reached. X
Controlled heating: The power applied by the IH system and the location can be
accurately controlled through the appropriate design of the coil and the power converter and
its control. As a consequence, advanced features can be implemented such as local heating,
predefined temperature profiles, etc.
Improved industrial process: IH consistency and repeatability improves the quality
process and maximizes the productivity of the process. Moreover, since IH is a contactless
heating process, the induction target is not affected by the heating tool, i.e. the coil, and the
quality is ensured.
Cleanness and safety: Since IH heats directly the induction target, the temperature of
the surroundings of the heating area is lower, avoiding burning other materials, such as
spilled food in the case of domestic IH. Moreover, there is no local pollution unlike fossil fuel
furnaces.
These advantages, and the progress in IH technology achieved in recent years, have
boosted applications of IH that can be classified into industrial, domestic, and medical
applications. The main enabling technologies that have allowed this progress are power
electronics, modulation and control algorithms, and magnetic component design.

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 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITRATURE

2.1 INDUCTION HEATING TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS: PAST

DEVELOPMENTS, CURRENT TECHNOLOGY, AND FUTURE CHALLENGES -
O. Lucía, Member, IEEE, P. Maussion, Member, IEEE, E. Dede, Member, IEEE, and J. M.
Burdío, Senior Member, IEEE.

Induction heating technology is nowadays the heating technology of choice in many

industrial, domestic, and medical applications due to its advantages regarding efficiency, fast
heating, safety, cleanness, and accurate control. Advances in key technologies, i.e. power
electronics, control techniques, and magnetic component design, have allowed the
development of highly reliable and cost-effective systems, making this technology readily
available and ubiquitous. This paper reviews induction heating technology summarizing the
main milestones in its development, and analyzing the current state-of-art of induction
heating systems in industrial, domestic and medical applications, paying special attention to
the key enabling technologies involved. Finally, an overview of future research trends and
challenges is given, highlighting the promising future of induction heating technology.
Although all IH applications share the main fundamental principle, they have
differential characteristics that have to be addressed through the technologies involved in
each design. Industrial applications require usually higher output powers and higher
reliability, constraining the power converter topology selection. Besides, since they have
intensive industrial usage, assembly-line readiness and an improved interface and
communications are required. In addition to this, the inductor design needs to adapt to the
different shapes of induction targets, e.g. shafts, gears, etc., and provide the required heat
profile. By contrast, domestic IH systems that are usually implemented in induction cookers
require low cost and highly efficient implementations due to the limited cooling capabilities.
Besides, the wide load range due to the different materials, geometries and required
output powers is the main challenge from the control point of view. The inductor system must
be designed also to obtain high-efficiency and be able to heat non-ferromagnetic materials
typical of some cultures. Finally, medical applications require specific but vital requirements
to IH systems. These systems are usually low power, but they require very accurate control of
the heating process, including temperature and localization. The next lines give a brief outline
of the evolution of IH systems and its applications The first industrial applications of the IH

4
phenomenon were identified in 1887 by Sebastian Z. de Ferranti, who proposed IH for
melting metals, filling the first patent on industrial applications of IH. Later, in 1891, F.A.
Kjellin presented the first fully functional induction furnace. The first major advance came
when Edwin F. Northrup implemented the first high-frequency induction furnace at Princeton
in 1916. Nearly at the same time, M.G. Ribaud developed high- frequency IH technology
using spark-gap generators and, later, Valentin P. Vologdin developed IH generators using
machine generators and vacuum tubes. These were the beginnings of modern high-frequency
induction heating systems. During WWII and later, automotive and aircraft industry boosted
the use of IH technology not only for melting metals but also for advanced material
treatment, significantly increasing the IH technology penetration on industrial processes. The
second major revolution of IH technology came along with the development of solid-state
generators.
These generators took advantage of new power semiconductor technology, mainly
thyristors, to implement highly reliable power converters. Later, the development of higher
frequency power devices, such as the power bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and the power
metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), enabled the design of higher
efficiency power converters, making IH the technology of choice in many applications. The
grade of performance and efficiency achieved in IH systems, together with further advances
in semiconductor technology and the introduction of the successful insulated-gate bipolar
transistor (IGBT), expanded the applications of IH technology beyond the industrial
environment. Since late 80s, many domestic applications of
IH have appeared, and nowadays induction heating cookers are well-established in
many countries. Moreover, since late 80s and, specially, in the XXI century, a special interest
of IH for medical applications has appeared due to its advantages in terms of precise and
local heating for hyperthermia treatment. Currently, IH technology is evolving fast towards
highly reliable and efficient systems, allowing implementing highly versatile systems that
makes IH ubiquitous. Next section summarizes the state-of-art of the enabling technologies
that makes possible such systems The dc-ac power converter, also known as inverter, is the
most important one and has to supply medium frequency currents to supply the inductor. The
operating frequency is usually higher than 20 kHz in order to avoid audible noise and rises up
to 1 MHz depending on the application. Currently, most IH systems feature either voltage
source or current source resonant inverters in order to obtain efficient and high-power-density
implementations. The induction heating load is usually modeled as an equivalent resistor Req
and inductor.

5
 which may be connected in series or parallel, depending on the model, and additional
external inductors and/or capacitors are added to complete the resonant tank. The resonant
inverter topology used can be classified either considering the type or resonance used or the
number of switching devices. Considering the resonant tank, the most used configurations are
the second-order series and the third-order LLC series-parallel resonant circuit. The series
resonant RLC circuit is commonly used in voltage source inverters and ensures zero mean
current through the inductor, due to the series capacitor, and zero voltage switching (ZVS)
conditions above the resonant frequency, i.e. zero voltage across the device during the
switching process that ideally leads to zero switching losses. By contrast, the parallel-
resonant RLC circuit is used in current source inverters, achieving reduced current through
the switching devices and zero current switching (ZCS), i.e. switching with zero current
through the device that leads to ideally zero switching losses. For this reason, this topology is
chosen when high inductor current is demanded in order to reduce stress in the power
devices.
Finally, the series-parallel LLC circuits combines the benefits of parallel resonance
with additional load short-circuit protection making it one of the most used topologies for
high power industrial applications All these three resonant configurations can also include a
transformer to provide isolation and additional voltage gain. According to the number of
switching devices, the inverter topologies commonly used in IH are the full-bridge half-
bridge and single-switch resonant inverters. Fig. 4 shows the voltage source full and half-
bridge in the series resonant form, and a ZVS single-switch inverter. The full-bridge topology
is commonly used for output powers higher than 5 kW, and it is the standard choice for
industrial systems. By contrast, the half-bridge topology is the preferred one for domestic
induction systems up to 5 kW, whereas the single-switch inverter is used in small IH
generators and domestic systems up to 2 kW. Apart from the single output topologies
previously detailed, modern designs include multiple-coil systems intended to improve the
heat distributions. These multi- coil systems have been applied to both industrial and
domestic applications and require the development of multiple-output inverters in order to
obtain cost-effective solutions.
These topologies have similar operation to their single-output counterpart, but with
limited output power control due to additional ZVS constrains. a half-bridge topology
featuring frequency selectable resonant loads. Each resonant tank is tuned at a different
resonant frequency, allowing selecting among them with the inverter operating frequency.
Finally the series resonant multi-inverter topology designed to supply IH systems with a high

6
number of coils with a reduced number of switching devices, providing independent output
power control in each load. Additionally, alternative conversion schemes have been recently
studied for IH systems. Direct ac-ac conversion has been studied by some authors because of
its benefits in terms of reduced component count and electromagnetic emissions (EMI), and
improved efficiency.
Several switching devices are combined to build bidirectional switches in order to
implement a full-bridge direct ac-ac power converter. The main drawback is the increased
number of switches, which increases the cost and complexity of the power converter. The
power converter proposed
The same procedure but using the recently developed reverse-blocking (RB) IGBTs to
implement a half-bridge direct ac-ac converter with similar advantages and drawbacks than
the previous implementation. In order to overcome these limitations. On one hand proposes a
direct ac-ac half-bridge power converter featuring high-frequency rectifier diodes, which
avoids the use of additional switching devices. This power converter also increases the
voltage applied to the load, increasing further the efficiency. multiple- output proposal where
a common ac-ac converter block composed of the switching devices Smh and Sml is used to
supply a large set of loads and, therefore, reducing the relative impact of the ac-ac block cost
and complexity

2.2 AN EFFECTIVE SWITCHING ALGORITHM FOR SINGLE PHASE MATRIX

CONVERTER IN INDUCTION HEATING APPLICATIONS - Anand Kumar 1,* ID ,
Pradip Kumar Sadhu 1, Dusmanta Kumar Mohanta 2 and Maddikara Jaya Bharata Reddy 3

Prevalent converters for induction heating (IH) applications employ two-stage

conversion for generating high-frequency magnetic field , namely, AC to DC and then DC to
high-frequency AC (HFAC). This research embarks upon a direct conversion of utility AC to
high frequency AC with the design of a single-phase matrix converter (SPMC) as a resonant
converter using a modeled switching technique for IH application. The efficacy of the
proposed approach is validated through different attributes such as unity power factor,
sinusoidal input current and low total harmonic distortion (THD). The developed prototype-
embedded system has high pragmatic deployment potential owing to its cost effectiveness
using Arduino mega 2560 and high voltage/current as well as low switching time
IXRH40N120 insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). Different results of the prototype-

7
embedded system for IH application have been verified using Matlab Simulink environment
to corroborate its efficacy.
Induction heating technology enjoys many ad- vantages over flame heating, resistance
heating, or traditional ovens or furnaces. Some of the advantages are: fast heating, more
efficient controlled heating, cleanliness, and safety. These unique advantages of induction
heating are driving further research. Induction heating is a process in which metal is heated
by means of Foucault current generated by the electromagnetic induction principle. Lying at
the heart of the modern IH system is the high-frequency inverter.
Modern induction heating technology works on the basis of the time-varying
magnetic field which is generated using the HF inverter. This rapid alternating magnetic field
penetrates the object (depending on the frequency of magnetic field) and generates electric
current inside the object (which is to be heated) called eddy current (also called Foucault
current). After that, due to the resistance of the object, the object heats up according to
Joule’s law of heating effect. If the object is ferromagnetic (like iron), then both eddy current
loss and magnetic hysteresis loss will take part in the generation of heat. If the object is non-
magnetic, then only eddy current loss will generate the heat.
Thus we can say that mainly two physical phenomena are responsible for induction
heating: eddy current and magnetic hysteresis. The beginnings of induction heating
technology date back to the 19th century when Michal Faraday proposed the idea of
electromagnetism. James C. Maxwell and James P. Joule went on to describe the heating
effect of electric cur- rent in the conductor, which became the fundamental principle of
induction heating. Initially, the principles of Michael Faraday were applied to generators,
motors and transform-ers which were adversely affected by undesirable heating effects due to
eddy current. These heating effects were reduced by using laminated core. In the 20th—
century re- searchers thought about how to harness this heating effect for the purpose of steel
melting applications.
The first patent was filed by Sebastian Z. de Ferranti regarding IH for melting metals
in 1887. The first medium frequency induction heating was installed in Sheffield, England by
EFFCO around 1927. Around the same time, HF-IH technology was being developed by M.
G. Ribaud using spark-gap generators. In the early 20th century studies focused on core- less
induction furnaces. This is when high-frequency exciting current started being used in
induction heating. Edwin F. Northrup designed the first HF crucible furnace in 1916 which
worked at a frequency of 20 kHz powered by a spark gap generator. These were the
beginnings of modern high-frequency IH systems. A second round of major revolutions

8
started with the development of power semiconductor switches, such as the bipolar junction
transistor (BJT) and the power metal-oxide-field-effect-transistor (MOSFET). Due to this
development, the generation of high-frequency cur- rent became straightforward.
With recent advances in highly reliable power semiconductor switches, the
application of IH technology is growing steadily. The developments have also facilitated
advances in high-frequency inverters and the de- sign of high quality IH technology for
domestic application. Resonant inverters are used in modern induction heating technology,
mainly for the generation of high-frequency cur- rent. Further, they are classier as voltage fed
resonant inverters and current fed resonant inverters. Various works have been proposed
regarding these types of inverter. Also, various topologies have been proposed such as full
bridge half bridge and single switch resonant inverters.
To obtain the desired performance, accurate power control techniques have to be
designed to control the power of high-frequency converter for IH applications. Regarding
power control techniques, various methods have been successfully proposed for a single
phase system such as: frequency control, pulse width modulation , phase shift control and
duty cycle control . All of these are con- evectional methods for controlling the power of the
inverter. Recently, new technology has been proposed, such as pulse density modulation,
asymmetrical control, and asymmetrical voltage cancellation technique.
The researcher found good applications of PLL in power control techniques in high-
frequency IH. The various digital controllers have also been proposed by using FPGA and
DSP. However, the amount of work that has been done in the field of HF inverter and their
power control techniques is not widely known. This paper has sought to review the recent
wide-ranging research in the field of induction heating. This paper is summarized as follows:
Section 2 describes the basic operation of modern induction heating technology and presents
a model of IH load.
Introduces brief review on developed technology in high-frequency convert-
ersforIH.Section4summarizesthereviewofrecentworkon power control techniques in IH
converters.
The basic operation of modern induction heating technology is set out in the block
diagram above. First, the AC power is given to the EMC filter which is used to prevent the
voltage and current transient shown in Fig. 1. In modern in- duction heating technology, a
high-frequency inverter isused which works at a very high switching frequency. Due to this,
the high-frequency component of current and voltage starts flowing from load to source. So
the EMC filter protects the supply from these effects. It consists of passive elements, i.e.

9
inductor and capacitor. After that an uncontrolled receiver is used which converts AC to DC
which is of high ripple content. Then a non-smoothening alter is used. Generally, the value
taken for the non-smoothening filter is of the low value of the capacitor. It is used for
maintaining unity power factor. This DC voltage is given to the high-frequency converter,
which is used to generate high-frequency current

2.3 A SURVEY ON HIGH-FREQUENCY INVERTER AND THEIR POWER CONTROL

TECHNIQUES FOR INDUCTION HEATING APPLICATIONS - Anand Kumara,∗ , Moumita
Sadhu b , Niladri Dasb , Pradip Kumar Sadhua , Debabrata Royc , Ankur Gangulyc

Intensive use of induction heating (IH) technology can be seen in many areas such as
industrial, domestic and medical applications. The evolution of high-frequency switches has
facilitated the design of high-frequency inverters, the key element of induction heating
technology. Controling output power in a high-frequency inverter for induction heating
application is complex. However, the importance of IH technology is not widespread.
Induction heating technology requires accurate output power and current control with
appropriate dynamics. Several power control techniques have been discussed inrelation to
designing high-frequency inverters for IH applications. This paper makes a comprehensive
review of the various power control techniques regarding high-frequency inverters for
modern IH applications (domestic & industrial).
The recent trend shows that the industrial as well as domestic induction heating (IH)
has become extremely popular because of its unique advantages such as higher efficiency,
reduced heating time and environmental friendliness. To implement the IH for different
appliances, a high-frequency (HF) alternating electromotive force (e.m.f.) is required that
typically lies between 20 KHz to 100 KHz depending on the type of applications such as
brazing, melting processes and for domestic cooking
However, ongoing research and development are entering into a new phase ensuring
cost-effectiveness increased cooling capabilities and high efficiency within the field of
electrical power conversion and process.
In the proposed switching technique, only two PWM signal (i.e., Vg1 and Vg2) is
required to operate SPMC as a resonant converter for IH applications. Regarding the
generation of these pulses, a controller has been designed which is based on embedded
system.

10
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
The principle of induction heating was discovered by Michael Faraday when he
discovered induced currents by a magnet. James C. Maxwell developed later the unified
theory of electromagnetism and James P. Joule described the heat produced by a current in a
conductor, establishing the fundamental principles of induction heating. The first industrial
applications of the IH phenomenon were identified in 1887 by Sebastian Z. de Ferranti, who
proposed IH for melting metals, filling the first patent on industrial applications of IH. Later,
in 1891, F.A. Kjellin presented the first fully functional induction furnace. The first major
advance came when Edwin F. Northrup implemented the first high-frequency induction
furnace at Princeton in 1916. Nearly at the same time, M.G. Ribaud developed high-
frequency IH technology using spark-gap generators and, later, Valentin P. Vologdin
developed IH generators using machine generators and vacuum tubes. These were the
beginnings of modern high-frequency induction heating systems

FIG 3.1 EXISTING BLOCK DIAGRAM

11
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM
An interleaved boost resonant inverter topology in order to provide an efficient and
high performance IH power supply. The proposed topology achieves high efficiency by
reducing the current through the power devices and inductor, while the use of an interleaved
configuration enables reduced input current ripple. Besides, the boost full-bridge inverter
provides additional control degrees, enabling fine output power control. The proposed
converter takes advantage of a three- phase SiC module to achieve a high power density and
performance implementation.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II details the proposed topology
presents a thorough analytical model of the converter divided in an interleaved boost rectifier
plus a resonant full-bridge inverter. It provides a power loss model including power loss in
the main power devices as well as passive devices.

3.3 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG 3.2 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM

12
ADVANTAGES:

 Induction high-performance heating system

 Advanced modulation technique
 User-friendly pot
 Advanced converter system

APPLICATIONS:
 Industrial applications of IH started in the early 1900s with metal melting and were
later extended to the automotive and aircraft industries. Current applications have
been extended to many manufacturing processes including pre- and post-heating,
melting, forging, surface treatment, sealing, bonding, annealing, and welding, among
others.
 The domestic applications of IH are the induction heating appliances [62]. IH cookers
take advantage not only of improved heating times and efficiency, but also lower
surface temperatures, which implies better security and cleanness, since food does not
get burnt.

13
 CHAPTER 4

TESTING AND MODEL PREPARATION

4.1 SOFTWARE TESTING DESCRIPTION

4.1.1 DEFINITION OF MATLAB

Mat lab is a technical computing environment for high-performance numeric

computation and visualization, produced by The Maths Works Inc. It includes a number of
subject specific toolboxes as well as a dynamic system simulation package, Simulink.
MATLAB® is a high-level language and interactive environment for numerical
computation, visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB, you can analyze data,
develop algorithms, and create models and applications. The language, tools, and built-in
math functions enable you to explore multiple approaches and reach a solution faster than
with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages, such as C/C++ or Java®. You can
use MATLAB for a range of applications, including signal processing and communications,
image and video processing, control systems, test and measurement, computational finance,
and computational biology. More than a million engineers and scientists in industry and
academia use MATLAB, the language of technical computing.

It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use

environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation.
Typical uses include:

 Math and computation

 Algorithm development
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including Graphical User Interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not
require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems,
especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to
write a program in a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran.

14
 The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to
provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects,
which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university
environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in
mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-
productivity research, development, and analysis.

MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very

important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized
technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that
extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which
toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy
logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

4.1.2 A SHORT INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

This tutorial is intended as a cut and paste tutorial to Mat lab’s capabilities. The
reader would be served to have this web page open along with a Mat lab window. To execute
Mat lab in a UNIX environment, at the prompt, type Mat lab and return. If Matlab is
successfully executed, a small pop up window will appear with the Mat lab logo. In the
UNIX window, an introductory message will stream by and the Mat lab prompt will appear.
To enter commands in Mat lab, simply type them in. Beware that Mat lab is case sensitive;
this tutorial contains Mat lab code. Each line of Mat lab code starts with the prompt >>.
When you cut a segment of code from this tutorial, do not cut the prompt >>.
Power system simulation involves modeling power generation equipment, planning
the integration of power plants onto the electric grid, and performing generator control
system parameter estimation.

Critical power system simulation and optimization tasks include:

 Simulating performance against grid code and ensuring production goals are met

 Automating control system parameter estimation to meet regulatory requirements

 Performing EMT simulation and harmonic analysis to identify and mitigate power quality
issues

15
Structures

MATLAB has structure data types.Since all variables in MATLAB are arrays, a more
adequate name is "structure array", where each element of the array has the same field names.
In addition, MATLAB supports dynamic field names[12] (field look-ups by name, field
manipulations, etc.). Unfortunately, MATLAB JIT does not support MATLAB structures,
therefore just a simple bundling of various variables into a structure will come at a cost.

Functions

When creating a MATLAB function, the name of the file should match the name of
the first function in the file. Valid function names begin with an alphabetic character, and can
contain letters, numbers, or underscores.

Function handles

MATLAB supports elements of lambda calculus by introducing function handles or

function references, which are implemented either in .m files or anonymous/nested functions.

Classes and object-oriented programming

MATLAB's support for object-oriented programming includes classes, inheritance,

virtual dispatch, packages, pass-by-value semantics, and pass-by-reference semantics.
However, the syntax and calling conventions are significantly different from other languages.
MATLAB has value classes and reference classes, depending on whether the class
has handle as a super-class (for reference classes) or not (for value classes).

4.1.3 MAT LAB ADVANTAGES

Mat lab is an interpreted language from numerical computation. It allows one to

perform numerical calculations, and visualize the results without the need for complicated
and time consuming programming. Mat lab allows its users to accurately solve problems,
produce graphics easily and produce code efficiently.

16
4.1.4 MAT LAB DISADVANTAGES

Because Mat lab is an interpreted language, it can be slow, and poor programming
practices can make it unacceptably slow.
4.2 SYSTEM MODEL
4.2.1 Medium and High Power Inverters
There are different power converter topologies and control strategies used in inverter
designs. Different design approaches address various issues that may be more or less
important depending on the way that the converter is intended to be used. The issue of
waveform quality is one the important concern and it can be addressed in many ways. In
practice capacitors and inductors can be used to filter the waveform. If the design includes a
transformer, filtering can be applied to the primary or the secondary side of the transformer or
to both sides. Low-pass filters are applied to allow the fundamental component of the
waveform to pass to the output while limiting the passage of the harmonic components.
Thus quality of waveform can be adjusted. Note that, normal inverters always
generate very low quality output waveforms. To make the output waveform qualitative, low
pass (LC filter) are often added in the circuit. Thus, at this point of time readers might have a
question that, why the quality of converter output is low? And why Low pass filter are
frequently added in the circuit. Further, what kinds of solutions are available to increase
quality of output waveform without losing its efficiency? All this are open problems
associated with present day inverters.
However, eventually all this will be addressed in this thesis. But at first we try to
figure out the converter applications from low power to high power and then we summarize
the requirements to meet the high power demand. Finally we try to present the problems and
solutions available to meet the high power demand.

4.2.2 Challenging Aspects In Medium And High Power Inverters

The current energy arena is changing. The feeling of dependence on fossil fuels and
the progressive increase of its cost is leading to the investment of huge amounts of resources,
economical and human, to develop new cheaper and cleaner energy resources not related to
fossil fuels [3]. In fact, for decades, renewable energy resources have been the focus for
researchers, and different families of power inverters have been designed to make the
integration of these types of systems into the distribution grid a current reality.

17
 The transmission lines, high-power electronic systems are needed to assure the power
distribution and the energy quality. Therefore, power electronic inverters have the
responsibility to carry out these tasks with high efficiency. The increase of the world energy
demand has entailed the appearance of new power converter topologies and new
semiconductor technology capable to drive all needed power. A continuous race to develop
higher-voltage and higher-current power semiconductors to drive high-power systems still
goes on.
However, at present there is tough competition between the use of classic power
converter topologies using high-voltage semiconductors and new converter topologies using
medium-voltage devices. Power inverters are an amazing technology for industrial practice
powered by electric drive systems. They are potentially helpful for a wide range of
applications: transport (train traction, ship propulsion, and automotive applications), energy
conversion, manufacturing, mining, and petrochemical, to name a few. Many of these
processes have been continuously raising their demand of power to reach higher production
rates, cost reduction (large-scale economy), and efficiency .

The power electronics research community and industry have reacted to this demand
in two different ways: developing semiconductor technology to reach higher nominal
voltages and currents (currently 8 kV and 6 kA) while maintaining traditional converter
topologies (mainly two-level voltage and current source inverters); and by developing new
converter topologies, with traditional semiconductor technology, known as multilevel
inverters. The first approach inherited the benefit of well known circuit structures and control
methods. Adding to that, the newer semi-conductors are more expensive, and by going higher
in power, other power-quality requirements have to be fulfilled, thereby there may be need of
additional power filters. Therefore it will be quite feasible to choose to build a new converter
topology based on multilevel concept. This is the challenging issue right now.
The fundamental MVSIs are diode clamped (DCM), flaying capacitor (FCM) and
cascaded (CHB) multilevel inverters. Despite all the mentioned merits, MVSIs have some
disadvantages over the conventional two-level structure. In multilevel topologies an increase
in the number of levels consequences an increase in circuit intricacy, which reduces the
efficiency and reliability. The diode-clamped inverters face with some challenges. As the
number of output levels become more and more, the difficulty to retain the voltages of DC
capacitors balanced increases as well. This voltage imbalance can be the result of many
factors such as load power factor, operation conditions and the control technique used.

18
 To overcome the mentioned problem, several procedures have been suggested. In
FCM, the control scheme is intricate to uphold the voltage levels for each of the capacitors at
the target value [12]. Modularity, easier controllability and higher reliability are the
properties that distinguish the CHB inverter from the other mentioned structures. CHB is the
series connected of several H-bridge units. Each unit can generate three-level staircase
waveform utilizing one DC source and four unidirectional switches. DC voltage are
produced either by insulated supplies or,frequently, by a bulky array of capacitive voltage
splitters . The high number of components in CHB inverter is the main concern that the
advanced topologies of the cascade inverter try to reduce it. A lot of efforts have been done
by researchers
to meet this requirement. So, it is a useful thought to propose new MVSI topology that
reduces the requirements for essential equipment and has higher performance

4.2.3 High-frequency inverter for induction heating applications

The basic power conversion scheme in most in- duction heating systems. From the
above discussion on the basic principle of the IH system, it can be said that the heart of the IH
system is the high-frequency inverter. This high- frequency inverter works at very high
switching frequency, i.e. about 20 kHz to 100 kHz. Generally, semiconductor switches which
are used in DC-DC or DC-AC converters are operated in hard switching mode. During turn-
on and turn-off, there is always some amount of voltage and current present across the
switches. Due to this, a large amount of switching losses occur. Also, due to the high
switching fre- quency, EMI problem and di/dt or dv/dt type problems occur. Power loss due
to switching at a higher frequency can be calculated as [23] and it can be concluded from
equation (2) that at higher switching frequency, more power loss across the switches occurs.
This deteriorates the efficiency of the converter.

19
 CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

5.1 SIMULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

20
DC TO AC

21
PLUSE GENERATOR

INDUCTOR LOAD

22
INPUT VOLTAGES:

GATE PULSES FOR HU, M, H1:

23
GATE PULSES FOR HU*, M*, H2*:

GATE PULSES FOR S1, S1*, S2, S2*:

24
GATE PULSES FOR S3, S3*, S4, S4*:

OUTPUT VOLTAGE:

25
OUTPUT CURRENT:

VOLTAGE AND CURRENT IN MUX:

26
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

An interleaved boost resonant inverter for induction heating applications has been
proposed and deeply analyzed. The proposed converter enables high efficiency and high
performance operation, with improved control and reduced input current ripple. An
analytical model for the proposed converter has been provided, and a detailed power loss
analysis has been performed, enabling the converter design and optimization. The proposed
converter has been designed and implemented taking advantage of SiC technology , and the
main experimental results proving the feasibility of this topology has been discussed. As a
conclusion, the interleaved boost resonant converter is proposed as a high performance
topology for industrial IH applications.

27
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