Management and Leadership 4.

Persevere in the face of setbacks

Effectiveness The same is true with highly effective people;

Chapter 8 PROACTIVE – Future Oriented

Management – associated with words REACTIVE – post oriented model of living

such as efficiency, planning,
procedures, control and consistency. They do not wait for things to happen
Leadership – associated with words to them. They have take charge, they do not
such as vision, creativity, dynamism, spend time responding to unanticipated events
change and risk – taking. not of their own making. They find ways to
anticipate future are more alert and responsive
to challenges, opportunities and changes that
Difference between management and affect them and their organization.
leadership according to a. d'souza
– Proactive leadership means
ACCORDING TO LEADERS AND MANAGERS
ARE:  Taking charge in a conscious, deliberate
active manner
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT AND
LEADERSHIP  Looking a head and anticipating the
desired future
Leadership and management skills – a
comparison  Planning for what will be accomplished

FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT AND  Strategizing to prevent problems so as

LEADERSHIP to spend less time on fire-fighting and
more time on fire prevention.
Genevieve capowski's made a comparison
between leader and manager such as: – Reactive leadership means

Genevieve capowski's made a comparison  Living in an fact mode.

between leader and manager such as:  Spending most of the time reacting to
According to Anthony D' Souza, people achieve events after they have occurred.
what they want because they do the following:  Waiting passively for things to happen
1. Have clear and specific goals and resolving problems to arise.

2. Develop plans and schedules for  Fire-fighting keeps leaders so occupied

achieving goals
3. Assume personal responsibility for
implementing an following these plans
and schedules; and
that sometimes they don’t have time to
think about what causes the fires.
– Proactive is more effective. The
difference between the two (2)
behavior styles revolves primarily
 around. The leaders vison and
commitment and the mobilization and
empowerment of people.
– Characteristics attitudes and behaviour
– Functions of proactive leadership
 Provides a vision for the organization,
he has thought about what the
organization could be and could
accomplish.
 Communicates the organizational vision
to inspire others to follow and
motivates them to action.
 Assumes responsibility and exercises
initiative in obtaining the desired
results.
Responsibility and initiative are 2 major
functions in a group expect of its leader
 Highly Goal – Oriented, self motivated
and self discipline
 Sets an example for others personifies
the ideal the group and expresses the
core values.
People will look to the leaders character and
behaviors even more then to his words to
decide how they should act.
– Vision driven leadership
Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus
 All the leaders have a compelling vision,
a realistic dream about their work.
 Their visions or intentions are
compelling and pull people toward
them. Intensity coupled with
commitment. Vision grabs
Jim Kouzes and Barry Posner state:
Visions derive from a word literally
meaning "see". A vision is an image – picture of
what could be. Vision also has the quality of
uniqueness. It hints at what makes something
special.
 An organization's vision gives a crystal-
clear depiction of what an organization
want to become. It shows a glimpse of
the future or we would like it to be and
as we think it should be. As Jonathan
Swift wrote in Gulliver's Travels,
"Vision is the art of seeing things invisible."
 Leaders have described as "painters of
the vision and architects of the journey."
 "You see things or they are and ask why.
But I dream of things that never were
and ask, why not?" It said of Robert
Kennedy that his distinguish quality was
moral courage to date and to act.
 The importance of articulating a
compelling vision to which followers
can commit themselves was
emphasized by Robert Greenleaf in his
book, Servant Leadership: A journey
into the Nature of Legitimate Power
and Greatness.
A mark of leaders is that they are better than
the most at pointing the directing. As long as
one is leading , one has a goal. It may be goal
arrived at by group consensus, or the leader,
acting on inspiration, may simply have said.
"Let's go this way." Clearly stating and restating
the goal, the leader gives certainly and purpose
to others who may have difficulty in achieving it
for themselves
The word is used here in the special sense of the
overarching purpose, the big dream, the
visionary concept, the ultimate consummation
which are approaches but never really achieve…
It is so stated that it excites the imagination and
challenges people to work for something they
do not yet know how to do, something they can
be proud of as they move toward.
 Effective leadership is developed and
sustained by your vision. Without one,
you cannot reach your full leadership
potential. Harry Emerson Fosdick once
said, "No life ever grows great until it is
focused, dedicated, disciplined." In the
some manner that no organization,
institution or school ever grows great
until it is focused, dedicated and
disciplined.
 They have a plan of action with specific
goals for achievement followed by
specific time-bound targets for
evaluating progress results.
 Book of Proverbs states: "where there is
no vision the people perish" (Prov.
29:18). People drift into pointless,
meaningless, listless existence is no
captivating vision, no goal, and no plan
for the future.
– Here's what a.d'souza says about
vision
1. Operates as your dynamic force
energized by voltage and vitality;
2. Provides lift, stretch, clarity and focus;
3. Guides you to see beyond the
immediate;
4. Makes you future-oriented,
concentrating on results rather that on
activity;
5. Shows where you are going and why
you are going there;
6. Helps you spot opportunities that
others have bot seen;
7. Gives you the driving power to see you
through tough times; and
8. Makes the unreachable and worthwhile
future
– People's involvement and interaction
 Leaders recognize that great dreams
and grand visions are not through their
own actions alone. Involvement,
interaction and mobilization are keys to
making those dreams and visions
significant realities. Leaders encourage
collaboration and work in ways that
maximize the commitment of people.
 One of the major functions of shared
visions is to align, education,
upbringing, information and
perceptions that influence us to move
in different directions and also captures
the attention and emotion of people.
– A shared vision
 Attracts people to it and aligns them in
the same directions;
 Keeps people focused, energized and
on target;
 Gives meaning and purpose to their
lives and work and provides a
 motivating environment for excellence;
and
 Creates a challenging, empowering
organization rather than a stifling,
dehumanizing one.
Characteristics:
There are leaders who have visions that could
be highly successful but are unable to convey
their visions to others. It is difficult to
overcome the natural resistance to change.
Developing a shared vision is both difficult and
complex. It is essential to:
 Communicate and stress open
communications
 Be accessible and visible
 Involve people to help plan for change
 Build a climate of trust
– Leadership Styles
o Autocratic
o Democratic
o Free-rein
o Paternalistic
– Andrew Mellon- appointed to head the
U.S treasury.
– Henry Ford- Founder of the ford motor
company.
– Bill Clinton- 42nd President of US.
– Ferdinand Marcos- 10th President of the
Philippines from 1965 to 1986.
– Barack Obama- 44th U.S President
– Different leadership styles
1. Autocratic or Authoritarian Style – a
type of leadership through fear, an
allows the leader to take the ultimate
control of taking decisions without
consulting others.
 The leader centralizes his authority and
power.
 The leader makes all decisions by
himself.
 The leader structures all the work of his
subordinates.
 The leader closely supervises and
controls all the functions and activities
of the workers.
 The leader always wants that his orders
are being followed without any
question from the subordinates.
 The leader institutes fears and threats,
or punishments and penalties to get
things done.
 The leader tries to motivate his
subordinates by satisfying their basic
needs through threats, punishments
and penalties
 The leader adopts one-way
communication, from the top down the
lines.
 The leader does not listen to
suggestions of his subordinates.
 The leader always thinks that he is the
best and most powerful person in the
firm.
– Advantages of the autocratic
leadership style
 It provides strong motivation and high
rewards on the part of the leader.
 Decision making is very fast.
 All works and activities of subordinates
are structured.
 There is no need to hire skilled
subordinates.
 It requires subordinates to just follow
orders or instructions.
 Rigid supervision and control
subordinates is done.
 Getting things done with accuracy and
certainly prevails.
 It avoids delay in decision-making.
– Disadvantages of the autocratic
leadership style
 The leader is overloaded with many
works/jobs.
 It creates fear, anxiety, discontentment,
and frustrations among subordinates/
 It discourages subordinates to become
creative and innovative.
 It discourages two-way communication.
 The leader is being isolated from the
real situation of the firm.
 There is no consultation.
 Subordinates are discouraged to do
voluntary work.
2. Participative or Democratic Style – consult
employees and seriously consider their ideas
when making decisions.
CHARACTERISTICS
 There is presence of delegation and
decentralization of authority.
 Subordinates are given the chance to
participate in decision-making.
 There is two-way communication
process in the firm.
 Mutual interest between superiors and
subordinates are carried on.
of
 Leader gets the support and
cooperation of his subordinates.
 The leader and his subordinated work
together as a social unit.
 The leader inspires and motivates his
subordinates to do their work better.
– Advantages of
participative/democratic leadership
style
 It promotes quality decisions.
 It inspires and motivates subordinates
to exceed ordinary output.
 There is better cooperation,
understanding and goodwill between
superior and subordinates.
 There is better use of resources.
 It reduces problems and dissatisfactions
of subordinates.
  Organizational changes and – E – it is enthusiasm, and effort to help
improvements can be easily and secure others.
implemented.
– A – it is advocacy, action and
 He assures of organizational stability accomplishment.
and progress.
– D – it is dedication, discipline, dignity,
 There is conducive work environments decency, devotion to duty and
decisiveness for the general
 Development of future leaders is very welfare.
evident and possible.
– E – it is excellence and exemplary work
 It promotes of stability and progress of
for others to follow and emulate.
the firm.
– R – it is reliability, responsibility, respect
DISADVANTAGES for the law and the rights of others
 Subordinates might not understand and reconciliations for the peace
well the firm's objectives and goals. and unity.

 Leaders might not consider all the – S – it is sincerity, service, self – sacrifice,
opinions and suggestions of the social justice to make life better
subordinates. for mankind.

 Subordinated might not have the – H – it is humanity, honesty, honour,

proper training and education to do helpfulness and hard work for
their work on their own accomplishment and fulfilment.

 If everybody will want to participate, – I – it is integrity, interest, initiative, and

then the time shall be very limited to idealism.
achieve the firm's objectives and goals – P - finally, leadership is patience,
3.Free – rein or Laissez Faire Style – wherein perseverance, beyond partisanship,
the leader just allows his followers to do what religion or creed; it works
they want and the leaders do not supervise for peace, progress and
their team members prosperity to mankind.

4. Paternalistic Style – who acts as a patriarch

or matriarch and treats employees and partners
as through they are members of extended
family.
– L– leadership is loyalty to God, country
and people.
“IF YOUR ACTIONS INSPIRE OTHERS TO DREAM
MORE, LEARN MORE, DO MORE AND BECOME
MORE, YOU ARE A LEADER”
- John Quiney Adams