B101 2001

American Water Works Association
ANSVAWWA 8101-01
(Revision of ANSIIAWWA 6101-94)
A W A STANDARD
FOR
PRECOAT FILTER MEDIA
Effective date: May I, 2002.

First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors on June 23, 1994.
This edition approved June 17,2001.
Approved by American National Standards Institute Feb. 6,2002.
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235
www.awwa.org
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Copyright American Water Works Association

Provided by IHS under license with AWWA Licensee=SNC Lavalin/5939678100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 03/16/2008 06:01:00 MDT
A W A Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA
standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information
normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the
user of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined.
AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA
test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are
intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory
service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page
of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the first day of the month
following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice.
O
American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions.
An Amencan National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public.
The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has
approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or
procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users
are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National
Standard are encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or
labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards.
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CAUTION
NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this
standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or
withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard
no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec-
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Copyright Q 2001 by Amencan Water Works Association

Printed in USA
11

Committee Personnel
The AWWA Standards Committee on Filtering Materials, which reviewed and
approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval:
W. Kirk Corliss Jr., Chair
R. Lee Roberts, Vice-Chair
Consumer Members
F.E. Jamerson, Washington Suburban Sanitary Committee, Laurel, Md.

R.H. Moser, American Water Works Service Company, Voorhees, N.J.
F.W. Pogge, Kansas City Water Department, Kansas City, Mo.
C.M. Triolo, Fairfax County Water Authority, Merrifield, Va.
K.T. Walsh, The Connecticut Water Company, Clinton, COM.
General Interest Members
Appiah Amirtharajah, Georgia Institute of Technolo=, Atlanta, Ga.

S.L. Bishop, Metcalf & Eddy Inc., Wakefield, Mass.
J.L. Cleasby, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
W.K. Corliss Jr., Mechanicsburg, Pa.
S.C. Danos,* Council Liaison, Littleton Water Department, Littleton, Mass. (AWWA)
P.J. Olson,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
KJ. Roberts, XCG Consultant Ltd., Mississauga, Ont. (AWWA)
Producer Members
S.L. Butterworth, Calgon Carbon Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa. (AWWA)

M.E. Eggleston, Unifilt Corporation, Wilkes Barre, Pa. (AWWA)
T.M.Getting, F.B. Leopold Company Inc., Zelienople, Pa. (AWWA)
L.E. Gorrill, Western Garnet International, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho (AWWA)
R.L. Roberts, Roberts Filter Group, Darby, Pa. (AWWA)
*Liaison, nonvoting
...
111
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Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be
found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
Foreword 4.2 Chemical Requirements ....................... 4

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I Introduction ........................................ vii 4.3 Impurities .............................................. 4

1.A Background ......................................... Vu
5 Verification
1.B History ................................................ vii
5.1 Sampling ............................................... 5
1.c Acceptance. ......................................... vii
5.2 Test Procedures-General ................... 5
II Special Issues ....................................... ix
1I.A Storage and Handling Precautions ..... ix
6 Delivery
III Use of This Standard ...........................
ix
6.1 Marking ............................................... 10
1II.A Purchaser Options and Alternatives. .. ix
6.2 Packaging and Shipping .................... 11
1II.B Modification to Standard...................... x
6.3 Affidavit of Compliance...................... 12
N Major Revisions ..................................... x
V Comments .............................................. x Appendixes
A Bibliography.......................................... 13
Standard
1 General
Figures
1.1 Scope ...................................................... 1
1 Schematic of Bomb Filter Assembly .. 9
1.2 Purpose .................................................. 1
2 . Schematic Diagram of Bomb
1.3 Application ............................................. 1
Filter Element ................................... 9
2 References ............................................ 2
Tables
3 Definitions ............................................ 2 1 Typical Physical Properties of Precoat
Media Used in Water Treatment ..... 4
4 Requirements
.2 Typical Chemical Properties of Precoat
4.1 Physical Requirements ......................... 3
Media Used in Water Treatment
(Percent) ............................................ 4

. Foreword
This foreword is for information only and is not a part of AWWA B101.
I. Introduction.
I.A. Background. Precoat media filtration is a process in which a filter
medium, typically diatomite or perlite, is applied to filters, and then run, removed,
and disposed of on a cyclic basis. This process is unlike granular-media filtration in
which graduated layers of granules installed in granular-media filters are more or
less permanently placed in the filters and periodically backwashed or mechanically
cleaned and reused.
In precoat media filtration, a thin layer of the filter medium or precoat is
applied to specially designed media-support structures, or septa, within the filter
vessel or structure, by recirculating a slurry of the filter medium through the filter.
After the precoat layer is established and filtration has begun, additional precoat
filter medium material is continually added as the raw water is passed through the
filter. This is done to disperse the accumulation of solids from the source water on the
precoat surface and throughout the media depth. The addition of a filter medium is
called bodyfeeding. Using a bodyfeed reduces or eliminates premature clogging or
fouling of the surface of the precoat layer. At the completion of the filtration cycle, the
filter septa and the vessel are flushed. The spent filter medium and the collected
particulates from the source water are drained to the waste disposal facility. The
clean filter is precoated again and a new filtration cycle begun.
I.B. History. AWWA B101-94was approved as a new standard by the AWWA
Board of Directors on June 23,1994.This edition was approved on June 17,2001
I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental F’rotection Agency
(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF
International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a
certification program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other
members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association
Research Foundation (AWWARF) and the Conference of State Health and Environ-
mental Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and
the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA)joined later.
vii
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In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact
with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to
impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate
the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state
and local agencies may use various references, including
1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking
Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990.
2. Specific policies of the state or local agency.
3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF: ANSIim.SFt 60,
Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals-Health Effects, and ANSUNSF 61, Drinking
Water System Components-Health Effects.
4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex,
Water Chemicals Codex,§ and other standards considered appropriate by the state or
local agency,
Various certification organizations may be involved in certifymg products in
accordance with ANSUNSF 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to
accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation
of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to ANSI/NSF 61 does
not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances not
regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALS of an
unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing
guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use
of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.
AWWA B101 does not address additives requirements. Thus, users of this
standard should consult the appropriate state o r local agency having jurisdiction to
1. Determine additives requirements, including applicable standards.
2. Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify
products for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.
:8Persons in Canada, Mexico, a n d non-North American countries should contact the

appropriate authority having jurisdiction.
tAmerican National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.
SNSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48113-0140.
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§Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 2102 Constitution Ave.
N.W., Washington, DC 20418.
...
VI11

3. Determine current information on product certification.
II. Special Issues.

1I.A. Storage and Handling Precautions. Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a silica
product, and prolonged breathing of excessive concentrations of its dust may cause
lung damage. DE contains crystalline silica, which may cause silicosis when inhaled
on a long-term basis. Crystalline silica has been classified as a probable cause of
cancer (group 2N by IARC). As a result, proper precautions, including the wearing of
respirators (see OSHA 29CFR 1910.134, Respiratory Protection Standard*), should
be taken in handling and disposing of the material to control inhalation of the dust.
Perlite is an alumina silicate and may contain small quantities of crystalline
silica ranging from zero to 3 percent. A crystalline silica content above the threshold
limit of 0.1 percent must be labeled as a cancer-causing hazard. It is possible to
obtain a product with silica levels below 0.1 percent, but any product with levels in
excess of this concentration should be labeled in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1200,
Hazard Communication.
Neither DE nor perlite is considered explosive or corrosive. There is no concern
for a chemical reaction caused by accidental exposure of these products to other
chemicals because the media are relatively inert.
Suppliers of these products should provide all purchasers with proper safety
literature and material safety data sheets.
III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for
use in the particular application being considered.
1II.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following items should be
covered in the purchaser’s specifications:
1. Standard used-that is, AWWA B101, Standard for Precoat Filter Media,
of latest revision.
2. Product name(s>.
3. Generic characteristics (Table 1) that the purchaser may wish to require
based on tests included in this standard follow:
*Code of Federal Regulations. Available from Superintendent of Documents, US Govern-

ment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
ix
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Bulk densities - Dry, expressed in pounds per cubic foot (ASTM*B527,
Standard Test Method for Determination of Tap
Density of Metallic Powders and Compounds)
(Sec. 5.2.2).
- Wet, expressed in pounds per cubic foot (Sec. 5.2.3).
Permeability - (Sec. 5.2.4.)
Portion retained
on 150 mesh - Percent (ASTM D422, Standard Test Method for
Particle-Size Analysis of Soils) (Sec. 5.2.5).
4. Packaging units desired (bulk, bags, semibulk containers, pallets, or
shrink wrap) and transportation options (truck or rail).
5. Source of supply. Precoat media (processed grades of DE and/or perlite
suitable for use in water treatment) are readily available from many producers
throughout the United States.
6. Point of delivery (on truck or unloaded).
7. Whether or not an affidavit of compliance is required (Sec. 6.3).
1II.B. Modification to Standard. Any modification to the provisions, defini-
tions, or terminology in this standard must be provided in the purchaser’s
specifications.
N. Major Revisions. This standard has no applicable information for this
section.
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this
standard, please call the AWWA Volunteer and Technical Support Group, (303)
794-7711 ext. 6283, FAX (303) 795-7603, or write to the group at 6666 W. Quincy
Ave., Denver, CO 80235.
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~ ~ ~~
*American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr.,West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959.

American Water Works Association
ANSVAWWA B101-O1
(Revision of B1O1 -94)
AWWA STANDARD FOR
PRECOAT FILTER MEDIA
SECTION 1: GENERAL
Sec. 1.1 Scope
This standard describes diatomaceous earth (DE), perlite, and other disposable
filter materials used to precoat filters for water supply service application.
Sec. 1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this standard is to provide a guide for evaluating precoat
filtration media. The criteria in this standard should be used to determine if this
media is similar to the product used currently to produce potable water in a specific
water treatment plant or pilot project. Extensive use of DE and perlite by the water
industry supports the need for this standard.
Sec. 1.3 Application

This standard can be referenced in specifications for evaluating precoat filter
media and can be used as a guide for testing the physical and chemical properties of
filtering materials used to precoat filters. The stipulations of this standard apply
when this document has been referenced and apply only to precoat filter media for
water supply service application.
1
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2 AWWAB101-01
SECTION 2: REFERENCES
This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions, they
form a part of this standard to the extent specified in this standard. In any case of
conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
ASTM': B527-Standard Test Method for Determination of Tap Density of
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Metallic Powders and Compounds.
ASTM B822-Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Metal
Powders and Related Compounds by Light Slattering.
ASTM D4164-Standard Test Method for Mechanically Tapped Packing
Density of Formed Catalyst and Catalyst Carriers.
CFRt 29-1910-1200-Hazard Communication.
ANSI*/NSF§ Standard No. 61-Drinking Water System Components-Particle
Size Analysis for Soils.
SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS
The following definitions shall apply in this standard:
1. Bag: The industry standard is a multiwall paper bag containing
approximately 2.1 to 2.3 ft3 (0.06 to 0.07 m3) of wet compacted filter-media
equivalent volume. This volume results in a diatomite bag weight of 50 lb (22.5 kg)
and generally lower perlite bag weights of 16 to 45 Ib (7 to 20 kg), depending on
manufacturer and grade.
2. Bulk: Filter media may be shipped in rail hopper cars or tanker trucks.
Rail or truck vehicles may be pressure-differential or air-fluidized gravity-flow
units, discharging into pneumatic conveying systems. Railcars have capacities as
great as 6,000 ft3 (170 m3>,while truck capacities typically range from 1,500 to
3,000 ft3 (40 to 85 m3).
'%AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959.
?Code of Federal Regulations, US Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
$American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St.. New York, NY 10036.
SNSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48113-0140.

PRECOAT FILTER MEDIA 3
3. Constructor: The party that provides the work and materials for
placement or installation.
4. Dzutonite (diatomaceous earth): Diatomite is a siliceous, sedimentary
rock consisting primarily of the fossilized skeletal remains of diatoms, which are
unicellular aquatic plants related to algae. Diatomite deposits were formed from
marine and freshwater species of diatoms and are found worldwide.
5. Manufacturer: The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces
materials or products.
6 . Perlite: Perlite originates from rock formed by the solidification of
magma and is primarily composed of alumina silicate. Deposits of perlite are
generally found in or near areas of past volcanic activity. The perlite ore expands at
2,400"F (1,3OO0C),at which temperature the silicate liquifies and water combined in
the silicate vaporizes forming multicellular, irregular, glass-like shapes.
7 . Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
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8. Semibulk Container: The semibulk container is usually a fabric con-
tainer made of woven polypropylene fabric, which may be fitted with lifting sleeves or
loops. The containers may be palletized or shipped as is. Special designs that are
compatible with sophisticated unloading systems are available. Sizes may be
negotiated with filter-media suppliers, but typically range from 40 to 90 fi3 (1to
2.5 m3) in capacity. The dense diatomite is normally shipped in semibulk
containers of 1,000 lb (454 kg) capacity or less. Less dense media may be packaged
in larger semibulk containers without reaching 1,000 lb (454 kg) gross weight.
9. Supplier: The party who supplies materials or services. A supplier may
or may not be the manufacturer.
SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS
Each manufacturer of precoat media produces one or more product grades that
are satisfactory for use in potable water treatment. Laboratory and field studies
should be conducted to determine the most economical and effective precoat product
or products for the specific site characteristics, such as water quality, filter type, and
allowable pressure buildup. Comparable products by other suppliers should also be
evaluated to enable competitive proposals.

4 AWWAB101-01
Sec. 4.1 Physical Requirements

Table 1lists physical properties that should be met by the product specified.
Sec. 4.2 Chemical Requirements

Table 2 lists typical chemical properties that shall be met by the product specified.
Sec. 4.3 Impurities

The precoat filter media supplied according to this standard shall contain no
substances in quantities capable of producing deleterious or injurious effects on the
health of those consuming water that has been properly treated with precoat filter
media. Refer to the acceptance section (Sec. 1 . 0 in the forward.
Table 1 Typical physical properties of precoat media used in water treatment
Diatomite Perlite
Calcined Flux Calcined Expanded and Milled
Color Pink White White
"rue specific gravity 2.15 2.3 2.3
PH 7 10 6.9-7.3
Relative permeability range, mL x 100 1-8 9-28 3-35
Bulk densiv, dry
lb ìft3 8-10 9-28 4-12
kg \ m3 125-160 145-450 65-190
Bulk density, wet
lb ì@ 17-18 16-22 4-17
kg\m3 270-290 250-350 65-270
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Portion retained on 150 mesh (%o) 3-7 6-12 1-22
Table 2 Typical chemical properties of precoat media used in water treatment (percent)
Diatomite Perlite
Calcined Flux Calcined Expanded and Milled
Silica (Sioz) 80-93 80-95 70-77
Alumina (A1203) 4-5 4.0-4.2 13-20
Iron oxide (Fe203) 1.3-2.O 1.3-2.0 0.0-0.1
Calcium oxide (Cao) 0.5-0.8 0.5-0.8 0.1-0.8
Magnesia (MgO) 0.3-0.75 0.6-0.75 0.0-0.2
Moisture content 0.0-0.75 0.0-0.75 0.3-2.0
Other compounds (maximum)* 5 5 5
*Other compounds are oxides, such as potassium monoxide. sulphur trioxide, and titanium dioxide.

SECTION 5: VERIFICATION
Sec. 5.1 Sampling
Manufacturers or suppliers of filter media normally provide the details of the
chemical and physical properties of their products. If local regulatory agency or water
plant procedures require certification of the product quality, the filter-media
purchaser may choose from among several options. The purchaser may require
written certification from the manufacturer or supplier that all material shipped
meets specifications (affidavit of compliance) or may require the filter-media supplier
to provide certificates of analysis on each shipment of filter media. Some manufactur-
ers have statistical process control (SPC)systems in place and would have no
problem providing SPC information with shipments. As a less desirable option, the
purchaser could sample each shipment and test the samples for density, porosity,
cleanliness, or any chemical content or solubility characteristics of concern to his or
her plant.
Sec. 5.2 Test Procedures-General

5.2.1 Introduction. The product or products to be purchased should be
selected based on field tests. An affidavit of compliance should be required from the
supplier to ensure that the material supplied is the same as the material tested or
used previously. Generic characteristics, tested by the purchaser, may be useful in the
following two ways:
1. To confirm that the product received is equivalent to the product specified.
2. As a guideline for selecting products for field testing. Generic characteris-
tics should not be used as the sole basis for determining that another product will
perform similarly to the product field tested.
The following procedures shall be followed to determine these generic character-
istics when required by the purchaser.
5.2.2 Bulk density-dry (tap compaction test). This test procedure is described
in AS"I B527.
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6 AWWA B101-01
5.2.2.1 Apparatus.
1. Tap-Pak Volumeter,'3dual autotap, or an equivalent commercial unit with
operating specifications as described in ASTM B527 and ASTM D4164, paragraphs 2
and 4, respectively.
2. 250-mL graduated cylinder.
3. Digital electric or manual balance.
5.2.2.2 Quantity. Quantity of 'disposable medium to be evaluated (at least
15 g, per ASTM B527).
5.2.2.3 Procedure.
1. Place a weighed sample of 15 g into the 250-mL graduated cylinder. Set
the tap counter for 1,000 taps and start the device. .
2. When the apparatus has stopped, read the volume of material in the
cylinder in milliliters.
3. Calculate the tapped density in grams per millilitre by dividing 15 g by
the tapped volume read in step 2. This metric value may be converted to pounds per
cubic foot by multiplying by 62.4 (e.g., tapped volume from step 2 above = 45 mL,
15 g/45 mL = 0.33 g/mL, 0.33 g/mL x 62.4 = 20.6 lb/ft3).
5.2.3 Density-wet (centrifuge method). The comparison of wet density
between similar products may be of assistance in selecting doses when running tests
and to determine the reproducibility of tests.
5.2.3.1 Procedure.
1. Place 1.0 g of media in 15 mL of water in a 15-mL centrifuge tube and
shake well. Spin at 3,000 rpm for 5 min.
2. The spun sample provides an easily read visual measurement of the
relative volume of filter media solids per unit of weight. A slightly understated
approximation of wet compacted bulk density in pounds per cubic foot may be
obtained by dividing the constant 62.4 by the centrifuge reading in milliliters per
gram (e.g., 62.4/3.1 m u g DE = 20.1 lb/ft3 wet cake density).
'"he Tap-Pak Volumeter model Je1 ST2 is manufactured by J. Englesmann, A.G. of West
Germany. It is available through Shandon S o u t h e r n Instruments Inc., SewicMey, Pa. The D u d
Autotap apparatus is manufactured by Quantachrome Corporation, 5 Aerial Way, Syosset, NY
11791.
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5.2.4. Permeability. The permeability measurement procedure described in

this section may be used to predict the potential performance of alternative product,
or to confirm the uniformity of sequential shipments of the same product. These
relative permeability readings are not absolute indicators of the clarification
capabilities of the filter medium nor of the cycle-length characteristics of the medium
used in the plant, but the user may infer that significant differences in these test
results may be used to predict differences in the clarity of the filtrate or length of
filter cycle.
5.2.4.1 Apparatus.
1. 500-mL graduated cylinder.
2. 1,000-mL graduated cylinder.
3. Electric timer.
4. Milligram balances (digital electric or manual).
5. 4-tube, 15-mL clinical centrifuge.
6. Bomb filter with air-pressure source, vessel temperature gauge, filter
element, pressure gauge, and drain and control valves (see Figures 1 and 2).
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8 AWWAB101-01
Quarter turn valve for free

flow of water,to beaker
1/4-in. Cross-section
O-ring to seal unit
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Valve to drain and

clean out filter
Drain
_c
Section A-A
rA Swingover clamp for cover

+T
0-15 psi gauge to maintain
5 psi in unit for test
Microadjustingneedle valve
Glass tank gauge to set and maintain psi in unit
Welded stainless steel

construction must be
water tight under pressure.
L A
NOTE: To convert inches to millimetres, multiply by 25.4. To convert pounds per square inch to kilopascals, multiply by 6.89.
Source: Harborlite Corporation.
Figure 1 Schematic of bomb filter assembly

’A -in. diameter
through opening
Knurled surface
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Insert 100-200 CFM (ítVmin)

polypropylene cloth and
rubber seal on this surface
NOTE:To convert inches to millimeters, multiply by 25.4.
Source: iiarboriite Corporation.
Figure 2 Schematic diagram of bomb filter element
5.2.4.2 Quantity. Quantity of filter media to be evaluated-at least 75 mL

(dry measure).
5.2.4.3 Procedure.
1. Weigh out 1 g of fdter medium to be evaluated. Place weighed medium in
centrifuge tube and fill tube to the 15-mL mark with distilled water. Shake well and
centrifuge at 3,000 rpm for 5 min. Read the quantity of centrifuged solids in the tube
and record in milliliters per gram.
2. Calculate the weight of medium to use for filter charge by dividing
3.5-mug arbitrary standard by the milliliter-per-gram reading obtained in step 1,
and then multiplying the percentage obtained by the weight of the “standard filter
charge” for the bomb-filter apparatus being used. For example, if the standard filter
charge using 3.5-mug material is 15 g, then a sample charge of the medium that
tested at 6.0 m u g would be (3.516.0 = 58.3 percent) x 15 g = 8.75 g.
3. Fill the bomb filter with the standard volume of clean water at 38°C
(100°F). Place the charge of medium in the water and stir to mix thoroughly. Close
the filter vessel with the element submerged in the liquid slurry and begin agitation.
4. Pressurize bomb-filter vessel to 5 psi (34 kPa) and open the element-out-
flow valve, allowing filtrate to flow into 500-mL graduated cylinder. When the
cylinder fills to the 500-mL mark, start a 4-min timer, remove the 500-mL cylinder,
and place the 1,000-mL graduated cylinder under the element-outflow valve. Balance
the 500-mL cylinder contents t o exactly 500 mL by pouring any excess into the
1,000-mL cylinder. Discard the original 500 mL (discarding the first 500 mL allows
the filter cake to form on the element and disposes of any filtrate clouded by initial
bleed through the medium).

10 AWWA B101-01
5 . Note the quantity of filtrate in milliliters in the 1,000-mL cylinder at 2 min

and 4 min, using additional cylinders if necessary. Shut off the discharge valve on the
bomb filter at 4 min and drain the filter. Clean and reassemble the filter head, and
wash down the filter chamber. Note all results for comparison with results from
evaluations of other samples on the same apparatus. Total volume of filtrate in 4 min
at 38°C (100°F) at 5 psi (34kPa) is the permeability value of the sample tested. This
permeability value has a linear relationship to all samples similarly run on the same
apparatus.
5.2.5 Particle size distribution-light scattering method. This procedure,
described in ASTM B822, covers the determination of particle size distribution of
alumina or quartz by laser light scattering in the range from 1.9 to 176 pm.
5.2.6 pH.
5.2.6.1 Procedure.
1. Standardize the pH meter with National Bureau of Standards reference
material or equivalent.
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2. Add a 10-g sample of filter medium to 200 mL of warm 32°C (90°F)
distilled or deionized water, freshly boiled to remove carbon dioxide and shake for
1 min. Filter and cool t o 25°C (77°F).
3. Read and report pH with the standardized meter.
SECTION 6: DELIVERY
Sec. 6 3 Marking
6.1.1 Required. Each shipment of precoat filter media shall identify the
product, grade, net weight, name and address of manufacturer, and brand name.
Packages or containers shall show a lot number and identification of manufacturer.
All markings on packaged, containerized, or bulk shipments shall conform to
applicable laws and regulations, including requirements established by US,*
Canadian, or Mexican authorities.
6.1.2 Optional. Each package, drum, or other container of material may also
bear the statement, "This material meets the requirements of AWWA B101, Standard
for Precoat Filter Media," provided that the requirements of this standard are met
*For US regulations, contact the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department
of Labor, 200 Constitution Ave. N.W., Washington, DC 20210.

and the material is not of a different quality in separate agreement between the
supplier or constructor and the purchaser.
Sec. 6.2 Packaging and Shipping

Shipments shall be made in bags or semibulk containers or in clean railcars or
trucks with tight closure to avoid loss or contamination of material in transit.
6.2.1 Bugs. When bag shipments are specified, shipment shall be made in
suitable new, unused heavy-duty cloth, multiwalled paper, or plastic bags of
approximately 2.1 to 2.3 fi3 (0.06to 0.07 m3) of compacted, wet-cake-equivalent-volume
filter media. Each bag should be clearly marked with the name of the manufacturer,
the generic material, the brand name of the product, the grade name of the material,
the net bag weight in inch-pound and SI* units, any hazard communication
information required by OSHA, and coded manufacturing batch information for
quality-control purposes.
To prepare for shipment, the bags shall be loaded on pallets and may be covered
with a blanket or a shrink-film bag. This provides for stabilization of the load,
minimizes damage to the bag, and allows for limited storage outdoors with tarp
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covers.
6.2.2 Semibulk containers. When semibulk containers are specified, shipment
shall be made in suitable new, heavy-duty woven fabric, rubberized fabric, or rigid
metal semibulk containers. Each semibulk container should be clearly marked with
the same information specified for bags in Sec. 6.2.1. The purchaser should
investigate and use the most advantageous of the several container options that may
be available through the (filter media) supplier.
6.2.3. Bulk. When bulk shipment is specified, shipment shall be made in
clean trucks having tight closures to avoid loss and provisions for covering to prevent
contamination.
6.2.4 Shipment notice. The supplier shall notis. the constructor or purchaser
of the shipment date with specified lead time and if required, shall provide a product
affidavit of compliance.
*International System of Units, as described in International Standard IS0 1000. Available

from International Organization for Standardization CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland.

12 AWWA ß101-01
Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance

When required by the purchaser, the supplier shall provide an affidavit of
compliance stating that the filter materials provided comply with the applicable
provisions of this standard.
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APPENDIX A
Bibliography
This appendix is for information only and is not a part of AWWA Bl01.
American Filtration Society. 1990. Advances in Filtration and Separation
Technology, Volume 1.
-. FluidParticle Separation Journal (current issues).
American Water Works Association. 1988. AWWA Manual M30, Precoat
Filtration. Denver, Colo.: AWWA.
Celite Corporation. Celite Filter Aids for Maximum clarity at lowest cost, FA-
84A.
Eagle-Picher Minerals Inc. Celatom Filtration with Diatomite Filter Aids.
Filtration Brochure, Form A50.
Filtered Aid Application Procedures for Pressure Leaf Filters. Harborlite
Technical Bulletins.
Grefco Inc., Dicalite Div. Filtration Bulletin B-16.
Kadey, F.L. Jr. 1975. Diatomite. Industrial Minerals and Rocks. 4th ed.
Logsdon, G.S., J.M. Symons, R.L. Hoye Jr., and M.M. Arozarena. 1981.
Alternative Filtration Methods for Removal of Giardia Cysts and Cyst
Models. Jour. AWWA, 73(2):111.
Military Standard MIL-F52637A(ME), Sec. 3.4, page 2, Index Value.
Patterson, J.W. 1985. Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology. 2nd ed
Ris, J.L., I.A. Cooper, and W.R. Goddard. 1984. Pilot Testing and Predesign of
Two Water Treatment Processes for Removal of Giardia Lamblia in
Palisade, Colo. 1984 AWWA Annual Conference. Denver, Colo.: AWWA.
Svarovsky, L. 1981. Solid-Liquid Separation. 2nd ed.,
Task Group 2710P. 1965. Diatomite Filters for IVíunicipal Use. Jour. AWWA,
57(2):157.
Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological Exposure Indices (1990-91 or current year). ACGIH.
U.S. Army 1944. Report Project WSS 346. Efficiency of Standard Army Water
Purification Equipment and of Diatomite Filters in Removing CYSTS of
Entamoeba Histolytica from Water.
Van A m a m , D.G., and M.J. Dent. 1989. Diatomaceous Earth Water Filtration.
Watermngineering & Management.
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13
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1P-7.5M-424O1 -4/02-CM Printed on recycled paper.


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American Water Works Association

Effective date: May I, 2002.

AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

Copyright American Water Works Association

American National Standard

Copyright Q 2001 by Amencan Water Works Association

Copyright American Water Works Association

W. Kirk Corliss Jr., Chair

R. Lee Roberts, Vice-Chair

F.E. Jamerson, Washington Suburban Sanitary Committee, Laurel, Md.

General Interest Members

Appiah Amirtharajah, Georgia Institute of Technolo=, Atlanta, Ga.

S.L. Butterworth, Calgon Carbon Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa. (AWWA)

Copyright American Water Works Association

SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

Foreword 4.2 Chemical Requirements ....................... 4

I Introduction ........................................ vii 4.3 Impurities .............................................. 4

Copyright American Water Works Association

Copyright American Water Works Association

:8Persons in Canada, Mexico, a n d non-North American countries should contact the

Copyright American Water Works Association

II. Special Issues.

*Code of Federal Regulations. Available from Superintendent of Documents, US Govern-

Copyright American Water Works Association

Copyright American Water Works Association

AWWA STANDARD FOR

PRECOAT FILTER MEDIA

Sec. 1.2 Purpose

Sec. 1.3 Application

Copyright American Water Works Association

Copyright American Water Works Association

Copyright American Water Works Association

Sec. 4.1 Physical Requirements

Sec. 4.2 Chemical Requirements

Sec. 4.3 Impurities

Table 1 Typical physical properties of precoat media used in water treatment

Portion retained on 150 mesh (%o) 3-7 6-12 1-22

Copyright American Water Works Association

Sec. 5.2 Test Procedures-General

Copyright American Water Works Association

Copyright American Water Works Association

5.2.4. Permeability. The permeability measurement procedure described in

Copyright American Water Works Association

Quarter turn valve for free

Valve to drain and

rA Swingover clamp for cover

Welded stainless steel

Source: Harborlite Corporation.

Figure 1 Schematic of bomb filter assembly

Copyright American Water Works Association

Insert 100-200 CFM (ítVmin)

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of bomb filter element

5.2.4.2 Quantity. Quantity of filter media to be evaluated-at least 75 mL

Copyright American Water Works Association

5 . Note the quantity of filtrate in milliliters in the 1,000-mL cylinder at 2 min

Copyright American Water Works Association

Sec. 6.2 Packaging and Shipping

*International System of Units, as described in International Standard IS0 1000. Available

Copyright American Water Works Association

Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance

Copyright American Water Works Association

1P-7.5M-424O1 -4/02-CM Printed on recycled paper.

Copyright American Water Works Association

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