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Contents
I. SUBJECT AND VERB.............................................................................................. 4
(c) VING.............................................................................................................. 6
(e) VPII............................................................................................................... 7
(f) VTRANSITIVE.......................................................................................................... 8
II. NOUN................................................................................................................... 9
(b) Uncountable noun : Noun that canNOT be counted (abstract, liquid, gas…)
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III. PRONOUN........................................................................................................ 10
IV. ADJECTIVE....................................................................................................... 10
V. ADVERB.............................................................................................................. 11
IX. INVERSION...................................................................................................... 17
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Section 9.02.................................................................................... Place Expression
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X. COMPARISION..................................................................................................... 18
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I. SUBJECT AND VERB
Section I.1 Missing Subject or Verb
Every sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common
types of problems that you will encounter in the Structure Section of the TOEFL Test
have something to do with subjects and verbs: Perhaps the sentence is missing
either the subject or the verb or both, or perhaps the sentence has an extra subject
or verb.
Note : If there is a preposition (in, on, at, of, by, through, throughout…) in
front of a noun, that noun will NEVER be the subject of the sentence. It
becomes an object of preposition in stead.
E.g.1 ------------- was backed up for miles on the free way.
(A) Yesterday
(B) In the morning
(C) Traffic
(D) Cars
E.g.2 -------------in the United States began in the eighteenth century, when individuals, merchants, and
colonial governments loaned money to one another.
(A) Banking
(B) When banking
(C) It was banking
(D) Banking was
E.g. 3 -----------both safety and reliability have always been primary goals of the railway mechanical
engineer.
(A) Railroad history
(B) Railroad history includes
(C) Throughout railroad history
(D) In railroad history there are
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Section I.2 Subject and Verb Agreement
If the subject of the sentence is singular, then the verb must be singular; if the
subject is plural, then the verb must be plural, and vice versa.
E.g. 1 The poor condition of prisoners are what concerned Dorothea Dix, an
American
A B C
social worker and director of a school in Boston.
D
E.g.2 Platelets are tiny blood cells that help transport hormones and other
chemicals throughout the
A B
body, and it play a key role in clotting blood.
C D
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Section I.3 Verbs ( VINF, VING, VPII, Vtransitive)
(a) Verb suffixes
-ize realize, fertilize, maximize
-en shorten, sharpen, toughen
-er recover, discover,
-ify justify, beautify, identify
-ate incorporate, aggregate, differentiate, anticipate, rotate, domesticate
E.g. 3 The astronauts chosen for fly the first United States spacecraft were selected from military
A B C D
test pilots.
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(c) VING
- In reduced clause
E.g.1 The man talking to my father is my teacher.
E.g. 2 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State, the Eric Canal helped link
the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.
(A) The extension of
(B) The extension
(C)Extending
(D)Extends
- After some certain verbs
abhor endure postpone
acknowledge enjoy practice
admit escape prevent
advise evade put off
allow explain recall
anticipate fancy recollect
appreciate fear recommend
avoid feel like report
be worth feign resent
can’t help finish resist
celebrate forgive resume
confess give up (stop) risk
consider keep (continue) shirk
defend keep on shun
delay mention suggest
detest mind (object to) support
discontinue miss tolerate
discuss necessitate understand
dislike omit urge
dispute permit warrant
dread picture
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E.g.2 ----------- to the united states House of Representatives in 1791, Nathaniel Macon remained in
office until 1815.
(A) Election
(B) Why he was elected
(C) Elected
(D) Who was elected
(f) VTRANSITIVE
http://www.eslwriting.org/wp-content/esl-transitive-verbs.pdf
Transitive verbs are commonly in either one of the following three forms.
- V+ O
E.g.1 I received an email from my mom.
E.g.2 Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and
materials ....... to handle and to sort them.
(A) that almost compel one
(B) one compels
(C) that compel almost
(D) one is almost compelled
- Be + VPII (Passive)
E.g.1 The house was sold yesterday.
- VPII (Reduced clause)
E.g.3 The book given to me was interesting.
E.g.4 In the early nineteenth century, the Cherokee nation of American Indians was
adopted
A
B
a written constitution based on that of the United States.
C D
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(h) V + that/ wh-qs + Clause
1) Some verbs can be followed by a clause beginning with a wh-word (how, what, when, where,
which, who, or why). Other verbs like this include arrange, calculate, check, choose, debate,
determine, discover, discuss, establish, find out, forget, guess, imagine, know, learn, notice,
plan, realize, remember, say, see, talk about, think (about), understand, wonder, estimate ,
believe, indicate, show, conclude ….
II. NOUN
Section II.1 Countable and uncountable
(a) Countable : Nouns that can be counted
Dog, cat, house …..
Note:
- a countable noun must has a modifier (a/an/the/this/his, that…) before it or it must be in its
plural form (knives, cats, bacteria, theses …)
E.g.1 Today ,fifty years after its construction ,the Alaska Highway
conveys 40,000
A B C
vehicles in normal year.
D
- Words or phrases that usually go with countable nouns : a, an, another, the, the other, no, few, a
few, some, any, plenty, many, other, a number of, the number of, several, other, one, two,
three …
E.g. 2 ………. freshwater species of fish build nests of sticks, stones, or scooped-out sand..
(A) As the many
(B) Of the many
(C) Many
(D) Many of them are
Note:
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- A non-counted noun canNOT follow some certain modifiers (a, an, those,
these … ), but then again it may have a special modifier (the, this, his,
that…) before it.
- Words or phrases that usually go with non-counted nouns: no, the other,
little, a little, some, any, plenty, much, amount of, a great deal of …
III. PRONOUN
Subject Complement Possessive Possessive Reflexive Pronouns
Pronouns Pronouns Adjective Pronoun
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself or
yourselves
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
She Her Her Hers Herself
He Him His His Himself
It It its its Itself
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IV. ADJECTIVE
V. ADVERB
Section V.1 Special Adverb
Basically Furthermore Approximately
Generally Moreover Nearly
Essentially In addition to Near
Particularly Besides
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Section V.2 Position
Around a verb
E.g.1 He speaks English well. E.g.2 He constantly shouts at her.
Before an adjective
E.g.2 Technology has an absolutely crucial role in modern medicine.
Before another adverb
E.g.3 He runs really fast.
Before a noun
E.g.4 We hope to expand our business, particularly in Europe.
S1 + V1 , FANBOYS S2 + V2
E.g.1 A power failure occurred, ------ the lamps went out.
(A) then
(B) so
(C) later
(D) next
E.g.2 The Sun, the Moon, and Earth have magnetic fields, and......evidence that the
stellar that extend through vast regions galaxies have fields of space.
(A) which is
(B) is
(C) because
(D) There is
E.g. 2. When precipitation occurs, some of it evaporates, some runs off the surface it strikes, and
A B C
some sinking into the ground.
D
TIME CAUSE
After As
As Because
As long as Inasmuch as
As soon as Now that
Before Since
By the time
Once
Since
Until
When(ever) just as
While
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Section VII.2 Other adverb connector
If Although As Wher(ever)
In case Even though
Provided Though In that
Providing While
Unless Whereas
Whether
S1 + V1 + adverb connector S2+ V2
Bob went to school even though he felt sick.
Or
adverb connector S1+ V1 , + S2 + V2
Even though Bob felt sick , he went to school.
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What, when, where, why, how whatever, whenever, however
whether, if that
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VIII. RELATIVE AND REDUCED CLAUSE
Section VIII.1 Relative clause
- It was + N/ in + year that/who + S + V
E.g.1 It was novelist and poet ….... in 1968 founded Jackson State University's Institute for the Study
of the History, Life, and Culture of Black People.
(A) Margaret Walker did
(B) Margaret Walker
(C) Margaret Walker who
(D) Margaret Walker and
E.g.2 A master is an electronic apparatus that _________ radio and light waves.
(A) generated and was amplified
(B) generating and amplifying
(C) generates and amplifies
(D) to generate and amplify
(i) Passive
Omit the be-verb and adjective pronoun.
E.g.1 The student that is chosen as winner will get a prize.
(ii) Active
Omit the be-verb and adjective pronoun, and then change the verb to V ING
E.g.1 People who arrived => arriving late were not allowed in until the interval.
E.g.2 The brain of an average adult is one of the largest organs of the body, ........about three pounds.
(A) weighs
(B) is weighed
(C) weighing
(D) to weigh it
(iii) To + V
The first, the second, the last, the only, the most…. + to + V
E.g. 1 Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked => to walk on the Moon.
E.g.2 Connecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states …..... the Constitution of the United
States.
(A) ratified
(B) ratify
(C) to ratify
(D) have ratified
Though
Although
After
Before
Since
While
When
Where
Wherever
If As
Unless Once
Whether Until
When(ever)
To reduce an adverb clause, omit the subject and the be-verb from the adverb clause.
If there is no be-verb, then omit the subject and change the verb to the –ing form.
E.g.
1. Although he is rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar.
2. When you are ready, you can begin your speech.
3. Although he feels => feeling rather sick, the speaker will take part in the seminar.
4. Once it is submitted, your thesis will be reviewed.
E.g.5 When study different cultures and societies, anthropologists often focus on marriage as a
contractual
A B C
agreement between different parties.
D
E.g.6 . .......widely used in the chemical industry, sodium carbonate is principally consumed by
the glass industry.
(a)Despite
(b)Whether
(c)Though
(d)Except for
IX. INVERSION
Section IX.1 Question
If the question words introduce a question, the subject and the verb that followed
are inverted
E.g.4 Not until the 1850's ...... a few public-spirited citizens and state legislatures seek to rescue historic
buildings in the United States from destruction or alteration.
(A) both
(B) came
(C) did
(D) when
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X. COMPARISION
Section X.1 Parallel Structure
More … than
-er …. Than
(Same structure) Less … than (Same structure)
As …. As
The same … as
Similar … to
E.g.2 The planet Neptune is about 30 times ...... from the Sun as Earth is.
(A) far
(B) as far
(C) more far
(D) far that
THAN
THE maybe
in, of, that
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Section XI.12 Lack or lack of
(c) Use + in + N
(c) Make + N + N
(d) Make + N + V
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