Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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Solid Fuels
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Classification of
Wood
Solid Fuels
Peat
Primary/ Naturally
Occurring
Lignite
Bituminous
Hard Coal
Solid Anthracite
Fuels Wood Charcoal
Peat Charcoal
Secondary / Artificially
Lignite coke
Manufactured
High Temp.
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advantages Disadvantages
Wood is a solid fuel with less maturity and can be considered renewable.
Moisture in the trees varies between 25 to 50%, and after drying at open
air is 10 to 15%.
Origin of Coal
Coal has been formed by the partial decay of plant materials
accumulated million of years ago and further altered by the
action of heat and pressure.
In situ Theory
Coal occupies the same site where the original plants grew.
Drift Theory
Plants were uprooted and drifted by rivers to get deposited.
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Formation of coal
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Type and composition of coals
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Type and composition of coals
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Coal analysis
Proximate analysis of coal
Determines only fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture
and ash
Useful to find out heating value (GCV)
Simple analysis equipment
Ultimate analysis of coal
Determines all coal component elements: carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, etc
Useful for furnace design (e.g. flame temperature, flue
duct design)
Laboratory analysis 10
Proximate Analysis
Fixed
Computed from the difference to the remaining values
carbon
Residue obtained when fuel is burned in air
Volatile Ash
Moisture Content
Matter
Proximate analysis
Moisture Content :
Moisture in coal must be transported, handled and stored
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Proximate analysis
Volatile Matter:
Consist of CH4, hydrocarbons, H2 and CO, and
incombustible gases like CO2 and N2
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Proximate analysis
Ash Content:
Ash is an impurity that will not burn
Causes clinkering
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Proximate analysis
Fixed carbon:
Solid fuel left in the furnace after volatile matter is
removed
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Ultimate Analysis
Determination of Carbon and Hydrogen
A known amount of coal is burnt in dry oxygen.
C and H are converted into CO2 and H2O respectively.
The products of combustion are passed over weighed
tubes of anhydrous CaCl2 and KOH.
The increase in the weight of CaCl2 tube represents the
weight of water formed.
The increase in the weight of KOH tube represents the
weight of CO2 formed.
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Ultimate Analysis
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Ultimate Analysis
Determination of Sulphur
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Ultimate Analysis
Determination of Nitrogen
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Class- Practice
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Self assessment
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example
Determine
a. The weight of air supplied per kg of coal
b. The percentage of excess air
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solution
Weight of dry flue gas per kg of coal= 0.81/0.03916 =20.68 kg
Water formed = 0.045 x 9 = 0.405 kg per kg of coal
Incombustibles = 1 -0.81 -0.045 -0.08 = 0.065 kg / kg of coal
Air supplied per kg of coal = ?
Air + Coal = Dry Flue gas + Water + Incombustibles
Air = 20.15 kg per kg of coal
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Swelling Index/Number of Coal
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Storage of coal
The storage of coal has many disadvantage:
Blockage of money
Blockage of space
Deterioration in quality
Fire hazards
It is necessary to store coal in sufficient quantities to counter the uncertainties
in availability and transportation.
Freshly mined coal when stored in bulk undergoes low temperature
atmospheric oxidation due to the presence of methane and other volatile
matter
This exothermic oxidation causes rise in temperature.
If heat is not removed coal begins to burn.
This is called spontaneous combustion.
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Storage of coal
Coals deteriorate during storage by low-temperature oxidation.
Factors affecting deterioration by oxidation:
volatile matter content ⇒ oxidation
surface / volume ratio ⇒ oxidation
ventilation of the coal pile ⇒ oxidation
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Losses of Coal during storage
Oxidation Loss (Weathering of coal): The coal starts absorbing
oxygen from the atmosphere when it is mined out. Absorption of
oxygen by coal results in deterioration of coal quality ( C.V. is
lowered).
Carpet Loss: The mixing of ground clay with the bottom most layer
of coal. This may be avoided by paving the storage floor.
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Selection of Coal
Coal for steam raising: Almost all types of coal
which are not suitable for carbonization or
gasification can be used for steam raising. The design
of plant and the method of operation during
combustion should be satisfactory.
Coal for combustion practices: Coal should have
o High calorific value
o Low ash content
o Low sulphur content
o Low moisture content
o Uniform size 32
Coal washing
Fixed impurities:
o Originate from the coal forming plants
o Can not be removed by washing
Free impurities:
o Adhering to the surface
o Can be removed by washing of coal
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Objectives of Coal Washing
To reduce
its ash content .
clinkering tendency.
transportation and storage costs.
sulphur and phosphorous contents .
To increase
heating value.
fusion point of its ash by removing alkali chlorides.
efficiency in use.
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