CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A rivalry is a process of interaction that includes a struggle or conflict, organized or un-

organized, temporary or permanent between two (or more) nations, groups or persons. In certain
cases a rivalry is very obvious, while sometimes it may be dormant. In the contemporary years,
apart from the border rivalries and economic issues, between two Asian giants, the Indian Ocean
rivalry is progressively emerging as a major factor that must be put under consideration during
formulation of Sino-Indian bilateral relations. Sino-Indian rivalry in the Indian Ocean is
perceived as a bid for regional supremacy.

Admiral Alfred Thayer once stated:

“Whoever controls the Indian Ocean, dominates Asia. This Ocean is the key to the seven seas. In

the Twenty-First century, the destiny of the world will be decided on its waters”.1

Both are termed as Asian’s giants and representatives of under-developed states. It has become
mandatory for both states to enhance their national power and regional influence.

The role of Indian Ocean and is continuously mounting for economic growth of China. On the
other hand, India considered, Indian Ocean as its backyard, and Indian’s security is dependent on
security of Indian Ocean. The contemporary rapid economic growth of India has been intimately
connected to its execution of “Look East policy”.

The Sino-Indian strategic rivalry may be transformed into geo-conflict, if the discrepancy and
contention between the two states cannot be rightly organized and restrained. It will certainly
influence safety measures collaboration in the Indian Ocean. In order to overt the strategic

1
Alfred Thayer Mahan, “The influence of Sea Power upon History”, (Little, Brown and Co, 1890).

1
rivalry from transforming into regional clashes, we have to examine both states, their quest for
regional supremacy, their strategic ambitions and the points of divergence as well as their
rivalries in Indian Ocean.2

The Indian Ocean extends from the Strait of Hormuz in the West and Strait of Malacca in the
East. The Indian Ocean will be a combat Zone for Major Powers, combating for energy
resources and supremacy because of its unique location. Indian Ocean Region contains major
three oil and gas reserve points of the world, deemed for approximately seventy percent of
world’s reserves. The Persian Gulf is the major oil production area of world in the IOR. This
area is called as ‘’storehouse of oil”. A major amount of oil is exported from Middle East,
accounted for 45% of total global export.

Demographically, China and India are the two leading states in the world. Both are jointly
having more than one third of total world’s population. Therefore, their oil utilization is rapidly
enhancing. The amalgamation of constant growing energy requirements and the quest for their
respective interests amplifies their ambitions in the Indian Ocean and heightens the rivalry in the
region. 3

China wishes to be a ‘resident power’ in the Indian Ocean like other major power United
Kingdom, United States and France. The ties between the two giants of Asia are not only
decisive for their inhabitants but also for world at large. China asserts South China Sea as its own
and absolutely negated any idea about India Ocean as Delhi’s Ocean. The implications of their
conflicting situations may deemed as significant in Sino-Indian ties, and have key effects for
other regional states particularly for Pakistan. China and India are two regional neighbors of
Pakistan have a prolonged traditional rivalry.4

In security and economic perspective, China-Pakistan-India have an appealing mutual reliance

China is independent regarding its security potential but mutually rely on the global economies
for its economic growth. On the contrary, India is dependent for its economic and security needs
on US and China which are its biggest trading partners. Similarly, Pakistan is also dependent on

2
C. Raja Mohan, “Samudra Manthan: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific”, (Oxford University Press, 2013).
3
Sergei DeSilva –Ranasinghe, “Why the Indian Ocean Matters” , (The Diplomat, March 02, 2011).
4
Anthony Bergin, “Understanding India and China’s Evolving Indian Ocean Roles” (Real Clear Defense, April 13,
2018).

2
China for its economic and security needs. Pakistan is the biggest importer of defense equipment
from China and known for china’s forth biggest trading partner.

The intensifying Sino-Indian rivalry in the Indian Ocean, have multifarious implications for
Pakistan. Both China and Pakistan are deemed as ‘common enemies, by India. The turning point
amid China –Pak ties was 1962, Sino-India war and war of 1965 between Pak-India when
Beijing supported Islamabad. The strategic coalition amid China and Pakistan is mainly driven
by their rivalry with India. Beijing pursues to construct Military and strategic relations with
Islamabad to restrain Delhi’s influence and to obstruct her from expanding its external power.
The reason behind Beijing’s Strategy is to avert India from pursuing its interests and military
towards Beijing.5

China and Pakistan ties lays hands on three susceptible issues, which are chiefly significant to
national security of India i.e. Border and territorial disputes, nuclear issues and access to Indian
Ocean.

More Recently, Beijing economic and strategic interests come to the surface, when China has
decided to invest and develop Gwadar port in Pakistan which is located a one eighty nautical
miles from start of Hormuz. This investment has made certain Delhi’s claims that Beijing is
endeavoring to encircle Delhi. In the same way, Beijing’s vague stance on the issue of Kashmir
makes China a party to the dispute and adds to Delhi’s enduring reservations regarding China
plans. In the past, it has been stated that Beijing, through its ties with Islamabad looks for Delhi’s
containment to uphold its hegemony as a regional power. But on the other side of the coin,
Islamabad’s ties with Untied States advanced, indicates that rules of the game are changing.

The most agitating factor for India, regarding Pakistan-China ties, solid military relation and
China’s ambiguous stance over Kashmir. So, Beijing needs to manage ties with Islamabad by
keeping in view Delhi’s suspicion.

Pakistan is deemed as Beijing’s gateway for making her relations with Islamic world and the
West. For the purpose of economic development and preservation of energy routes, location of
Pakistan is vital for China. Pakistan is, in a key position for balancing the equation game among
India-China-U.S.

5
US experts, “China, Pakistan ties driven by rivalry with India” , (Economic Times, July 12, 2018).

3
In India’s opinion regional stability is deteriorated due to China’s strong ties with Pakistan,
which has enabled Islamabad as counter-balancer to Delhi by mounting nuclear technology.
Furthermore, recently China’s engagement in Gwadar port provide her accedes to the Indian
Ocean, has heighten the emerging rivalry in Indian Ocean.

On the other side of coin, in the past it was China who Confined Pakistan from involving into
aggressive relations with India. Beijing’s had revisited post cold war policy and advance towards
a balanced policy in South Asia. Some scholars have the opinion that after this Beijing has
implemented
unbiased approach over clashes between India and Pakistan.

More recently, China and India ties have got an independent dimension and can’t be simply
constrained by China-Pakistan alliance. Keeping in view, economic concerns, both countries in
spite of divergences, are intended to solidifying their economic interdependence. 6

6
Subrata K. Mitra, “ Sino- Indian Relations: An escalating Rivalry” (In a Q&A that How does China’s Relationship
with Pakistan affect Sino-Indian relations, at the University of Heidelberg, January 10, 2012).

4
Research Questions
The rationale of this research is to figure out and deliberate implications for Pakistan amidst the
Sino-India rivalry in Indian Ocean. While doing research and elucidating various dimensions of
topic few questions are formulated. Describes what are the questions which require to be
addressed and grounds on which these questions are formed. To examine above-mentioned
dilemma the research will address following questions:

1. What is the geographical, political, economic and strategic Significance of Indian Ocean
Region?

2. What are Sino-Indian ambitions in Indian Ocean?

3. In the context of Indian Ocean, what are the policy implications of Sino-Indian relations
for Pakistan (Conflict and Cooperation

Research Objectives

 To find out what extent Indian Ocean matters

 To look over contemporary Sino-India conflict co-operation scenario in Indian Ocean
 To determine Policy dynamics of Pakistan amid this rivalry
 To determine role of Pakistan in case of conflict or co-operation between China and India

Significance of the research

The research has a great significance because bearing in mind the contemporary multifarious
stressed atmosphere in the region. It is mandatory for Pakistan to examine the upcoming
environment in South Asia with reference to Sino-Indian rivalries and to devise its course of
action. This research will examine and give policy implications for Pakistani policy formulators
5
to consider. The policy options may include neutrality, non-alignment and alliances. In addition
to this, this research will suggest implications for Pakistan, which are mandatory and
considerable in the long run. This research is devoted to the research across the globe and for
those who hankered to do research on this topic.

Research Methodology
In research methodology there are two approaches namely qualitative and quantitative. Similarly,
there are two sources for data collection, primary and secondary. In primary source data is
collected by interviewing. While in secondary source data is collected from books, journals and
articles relevant to subject matter. This research discusses Sino- Indian rivalry in Indian Ocean
and its implications for Pakistan. The methodology used for the purpose of this research is
qualitative in nature along with analytical historical technique. Information is collected by using
secondary source from books, articles and generals. It will be complicated to collect the data on
more than one aspects of topic. Therefore, I have limited my research to the one aspect Sino-
Indian rivalry in Indian Ocean and implications for Pakistan.

Research Limitations
The data related to the topic is entirely sensitive because of its nature. Therefore, the researcher
has remained unable to get access to most important documents related to Pakistan, China and
Indians policies. As a result, the researcher has focused on the secondary data available in
different books articles and generals. There are numerous issues between China and Pakistan
with India but this research will only addressed the Sino-Indian rivalry in Indian Ocean and its
implications for Pakistan. The role of major external powers such as US, UK, France and Japan
relevant to economic, strategic and military interests can’t be ignored but this is not the subject
matter of this research.

6
Scheme of Study:

Chapter 1:- Introduction

This chapter holds preliminary portion about Sino-Indian rivalry in Indian Ocean and its
implications for Pakistan and moreover it contains research questions, research objectives,
significance of the research, research methodology and research limitations.

Chapter 2:- Literature Review

This segment of the research contains the available literature review and in this chapter I have
taken the opinion from different books, articles and journals of various scholars.

Chapter 3:- Historical Background

This chapter contains the historical background of Sino-India, Pak-India and Pak-China since
1947.

Chapter 4:- Geographical, political, economic and strategic significance of

Indian Ocean and Sino-Indian ambitions in the Indian Ocean

This chapter tries to discuss first and second questions of this research. Explain significance of
Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and Sino-Indian ambitions in IOR.

Chapter 5:- Policy implications for Pakistan amid

Sino-Indian rivalry in the Indian Ocean

This chapter will discuss the third and last question of this research that what should be policy
implications for Pakistan amid Sino-Indian rivalry in Indian Ocean. (Conflict or co-operation)

Chapter 6:- Conclusions and policy implications

7
This is the last segment which holds analysis and recommendations of this research. I have write
suggestions and future analysis on Sino-Indian rivalry in Indian Ocean and its implications for
Pakistan.

8
 CHAPTER 2

Literature Review and

Theoretical Framework

The rationale of this chapter is to review the current literature related to the topic of this thesis to
point out the patterns which are required to be addressed. As stated prior the thesis is largely
categorized into two portions: the Sino-Indian rivalry in Indian Ocean and its implications for
Pakistan in relation to Sino-Indian relations. The relevant books, articles and areas which are
considerable in this regard will be reviewed to recognize the present day thoughts on Sino-Indian
rivalry in Indian Ocean and its implications for Pakistan. The first part of literature review will
spot light on the present day literature relating to Sino-Indian Rivalry in Indian Ocean. The
second part will lay emphasis on implications for Pakistan. Each portion of literature will be
followed by the researcher’s remarks, recognize patterns of examination which require more
explanation or patterns which are not discussed in prior examinations.

2.1. Literature related to Sino-Indian rivalry in Indian Ocean

A good amount of books and articles have been written Sino-Indian rivalry in Indian Ocean.
Mainly the history of Sino-Indian literature has been seen similar. Although there are
divergences on matters which are bone of contention between these two states. The modern day
opinions regarding historical, upcoming trends of Sino-Indian rivalry in Indian Ocean are
discussed following paragraphs.

Jonathan Holslag, in his book “China and India: Prospects for Peace” 2010, discusses a historical
background of these two states from a security point of view since the India’s independence in
1947. In addition to border dispute he narrates the clash between these two states over the
supremacy of Indian Ocean. During arguing the Indian Ocean rivalry, he laid emphasis on the
strategic importance of Indian Ocean and Pakistan concerns for both countries from a
Geographical context. He argues that both the countries have remained in rivalry and

9
collaboration mutual traffic for the last couple of decades. He argues that there has been more
collaboration than rivalry between these two states over economic matters.7

In concerning the contemporary scenario of relations between China and India, T.V. Paul in
South Asia’s Weak States: Understanding the Regional Insecurity Predicament, 2010, argues
succeeding the war of 1962, the strategy of China in South Asia has heeded itself with a grand
strategy known as string of pearls for the containment and encirclement of India through
collaboration and coalition with neighboring states.8

C. Raja Mohan analyses the contemporary state of Sino-Indian rivalry in Indian Ocean from their
respective interests in his book, Samudra Manthan: Sino-Indian rivalry in Indo-Pacific, 2012,
which measures are taken by each to build up naval capability, military and air power considered
threat by the other and design their strategy which may be an offensive or defensive in nature.
Both are having their ‘resources security’ concerns because both states are foremost importers of
energy resources and other raw material, due to plenty of their dependency on the security of sea
lines of communications which, resultantly flare up their Maritime rivalry.9

Jeff M. Smith in his book “Cold Peace: China-India rivalry in the 21st century” describes rivalry
and security threats which are endured by China and India in Indian Ocean. He argues China’s
energy security particularly through the Strait of Malacca in between the Malay Peninsula and
the Indonesian Island of Sumatra. China is worried that US and her allied obstruction of the
Straits which are almost source of China’s 80 percent oil trade volume of which might impede
china’s growth progress.10

Jeff M. Smith also discussed India’s policy towards east and escalating and strengthening ties
with Singapore, Japan, Vietnam and other ASEAN countries. He discusses the importance of
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI)’. In intensifying the India’s security and alleviating the
menace from china in Indian Ocean. Smith critically evaluates different scenarios for India to
intensify China’s constantly mounting concerns about supply of energy via Malacca Straits. He
also warns India about her hostile positioning in and around the Andaman and Nicobar islands,

7
Jonathan Holslag, “China and India: Prospects for Peace”(Columbia University Press , 2009 ).
8
T. V. Paul, “South Asia’s Weak States: Understanding the Regional insecurity Predicament” (Stanford University
Press, 2010).
9
C. Raja Mohan,” Samudra Manthan: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific”(Brooking Institution Press, 2012).
10
Jeff M. Smith, “Cold Peace: China-India rivalry in the Twenty-First Century(Lexington Books, August 25, 2015).

10
mainly the Malacca Straits, which could result in counter strategy measures by china on border
disputes between China and India.11

After evaluating the above literature a few conclusions can be drawn. Both states are at logger
heads and having border as well as maritime rivalries. The writers also having the same opinion
that neither of the states made any Endeavour to solve security related matters like rivalry to
overcome Indian Ocean and border disputes.

2.2. Literature related to implications for Pakistan amid Sino-Indian rivalry

Options and implications for Pakistan will depend upon the strategic framework set by the key
players of South Asian region. China and India are the major players for the purpose this
research, the strategic framework in South Asian region is mainly set by the ties between these
two states.

Subrata K. Mitra (January 10, 2012) in a Q&A at the Department of Political Science at the
South Asian Institute, the ‘Sino-Indian Relations: An Escalating Rivalry’ argues that “How does
china’s relationship with Pakistan affect Sino-Indian relations?” Sino-Pak ties are alarming for
India regarding territory and borders, nuclear issues and access to Indian Ocean. Recently
Beijing’s pronouncement to develop Gwadar Port in Pakistan making Beijing’s claims more
reliable to encircle. He analyses that Beijing’s engagement with Islamabad regarding CPEC
makes china party to the conflict because India’s stance is that CPEC passes through disputed
territory.12

The objective of the Article “Trouble Ahead: The China-Pakistan-India Triangle” that China and
Pakistan are engaged in economic and military relations and both are having disputes with India.
The Author of this article Dr Pradeep Taneja (2016) has explained that china is the chief provider
of military, economic and nuclear technology. Both China and Pakistan are having constant
long-running territorial with India and India is ready at all time for the chance of two-front war.
While Chinese officials usually refuse that their ties with Pakistan designed against Indian
interests. The new China’s new strategic shift exposes that Pakistan’s significance for china is

11
Ibid.
12
Subrata K. Mitra, “Sino- Indian Relations: An escalating Rivalry” (In a Q&A that How does China’s Relationship
with Pakistan affect Sino-Indian relations, at the University of Heidelberg, January 10, 2012).

11
shifting away from restraining India’s influence. CPEC have the potential to renovate the
Pakistan’s economy and provide china a vital advantage over the United States and India.13

The focus of the research Article “The India-China-Pakistan triangle: a need for forward thinking
development” is that one of the chief bone of contention between Pakistan and India has been
China’s strong relations with Pakistan. On the other hand the chances of India’s amalgamation of
CPEC should not be ignored. Tridivesh Singh Maini (2018) in this article has analyses that
Indian has reservations on CPEC because she has the view that this route passes through
disputed territory. Recently China has uttered its willingness to consider India’s reservations.
India also having stance that China turned a blind eye regarding terrorist activities of Pakistani
terrorist groups that has targeted India and it is due to support of China for Pakistan, which has
guaranteed that Jaish e Muhammad (JeM) led by Masood Azhar has not been proclaimed a
‘Terrorist’ at the United Nations, and it has obstructed United States actions in such a direction
many times. China will make it certain that relations of Pakistan with neighboring states do not
spoil terribly. Islamabad is making effort for the revitalization of SAARC process and seeks
Nepal and Sri Lanka’s support in this regard. The possibility of India’s joining CPEC can’t be
ignored and (TAPI) pipeline can also be the part of CPEC project. 14

To explain the strategic context of South Asia, T.V. Paul in South Asia’s Weak States:
Understanding the Regional Insecurity Predicament, 2010, argues that Pakistan as neighboring
state of India is at advantage because following China-India war, Beijing is manipulating this
Achilles' heel by adopting a strategy of restraining and encircling India by allying and
collaborating with India’s neighborhood. India forever tilts towards major powers and disregards
her regional smaller neighbors which results in negative relations with neighbors.15

Muhammad Ali Siddiqi (October 21, 2012) had argued about Sino-India rivalry and its
implications for Pakistan in his Article ‘Pakistan and India-China war’. The author has stated
there is mistaken belief that Pakistan and China came nearby to each other because of Sino-
Indian 1962 war. Instead both states came close to each other when Pakistani and Chinese
13
Dr Pradeep Taneja, “Trouble Ahead: The China-Pakistan-India Triangle” (Article published by Australian Institute
of International Affairs, Feb 02, 2016).
14
Tridivesh Singh Maini, “The India-China-Pakistan Triangle: a need for forward thinking development” (Article
published by The London School Of Economics, April 17, 2018).
15
T. V. Paul, “South Asia’s Weak States: Understanding the Regional insecurity Predicament” (Stanford University
Press, 2010).

12
statesmen met in 1955 at Bandung. China feels anxious over US endeavor to go for an anti-
Beijing alliance in the Indian Ocean and ties with Pakistan provide an opportunity to Beijing to
develop relations with US. China’s constant growth as an economic superpower, military and
naval power expansion have not diminished the significance of its ties with Islamabad. The
major concerns for Islamabad to tackle anti-Chinese militancy which is considered Jihad and on
the other hand Delhi used to allege Islamabad upon happening of any terrorist activity in India.16

The Nation (March 16, 2016) NEWS “Pak-China relations driven by rivalry against India, US
analysts say” that Pak-China are mutual rival against India and their close relationship frequently
elevate strain in the region. Lisa Curtis of the heritage foundation argues that Beijing seeks to
develop strategic and military relationship with Islamabad to encircle India. She argued that US-
India ties will be vital to US success in Indo-Pacific Region but US should maintain close ties
with other peripheral states especially Washington think vigilantly prior punishing Islamabad
because the Washington can’t afford not to have friendly ties with a nuclear arms state facing
terrorism issues.17

16
Muhammad Ali Siddiqi, “Pakistan and India-China war” (Article published on Dawn Newspaper, Oct 21, 2012)
17
US Analysts,“Pak-China relations driven by rivalry against India” (The Nation, March 16, 2016).

13
 2.3. Theoretical Framework

“Knowledge, it seems, it must precede theory, and yet knowledge can proceed only from
theory. This looks much like the dilemma suggested by the platonic proposition that
we cannot know anything until we know everything” 18

- Kenneth Waltz.

Theories are always fictitious; they are not true rather specifying a framework that some issues
are more vital than others. Theories applied in this research have their roots in realism and
balance of power to observe rivalry and conflicting interests.

In realistic opinion, states focused on their national interests and security. National interest
includes economy and some other factors with in a state. Realism surely applies here because
both countries china and India are endeavoring to boost up their economy and Pakistan is also
important in this quest between China and India. Rivalry arises between the two states in the
Indian Ocean on the basis of their strategic and geo-political interests and here we see that there
is an ongoing bid for maritime supremacy between two Asian giants.19

The IOR rivalry has multiple implications for Pakistan. In case of conflict or co-operation
between China and India Either Pak went neutral or become party in rivalry. Realistic approach
makes it clear that there are no chances of conventional war between China and India. If, in case
any conflict rises Pakistan will definitely stands with China for the sake of their security and
economic interests and since Independence Pakistan is at dagger drawn with India. But at the
same time Pakistan do not wish that China and India move forward towards conflict.

When conflict arises anywhere, states became an ally because balance of power suggests making
an ally or block led by an influential country and joined by allies and allies never want their
block to be defeated because balance of power suggests that one country will defend other ally in
case of conflict.

18
K. Waltz, “Theory of International Politics”, University of California, Berkeley (1979).
19
Ibid.

14
Realists believe on the notion of nuclear deterrence and main objective of nuclear deterrence is
to secure existence. It is deterrence by realist thinker. The foremost objective is to launch it in
case of critical circumstances.

Another vital thing from realistic point of view is the National Interests of any states. Though,
both countries are making good perception in their relations. But the key point, by keeping in
view realism, both counties are boosting in the field of economy, weapons or security and
pronouncing its capabilities on the international forum and stabilize their interests. As
aforementioned, national interests are the key points for the realists.

Rivalry, from realistic point of view is a basic narration to a build relation or to make
conciliation. As, both states have strategic interests for the sustenance. So, therefore, rivalry is
pinching our conscious to define realism in the context of Sino-Indian geographic, economic
social and strategic interests.

Reason behind choosing realist approach in this research paper is that as national interests one
the major concern for each state. So, the states don’t believe in morality in accordance to realist
thoughts. This is thought provoking because, it is a clear cut no one compromises his own
interests when there is harm or lack of influence is expected by the other power.

Realists have given two objectives for state;

 Power
 Protection

Realists define power ‘ability to influence others through economically, politically influenced
territory, populous country or cultural influence’.

Realists narrate protection ‘influence through territorial security, water security and sovereignty.
As well as influence’ power and protection is mentioning influence.

Now, it is obvious that influence is symbolizing with future policies and goals. Therefore, I think
there is possibility for the rivalry and this is the core of realism.20

20
John A. Vasquez and Colin Elman, “Realism and the Balancing of Power: A New Debate”, (Pearson, Nov 2, 2002).

15
If we go for Implications for Pakistan in Sino-Indian rivalry in the Indian, theory of balance of
power applies here. Keeping in view realism for rivalry, it is constructed that they may indulge in
rivalry to secure National interests. So, there is no single one opportunity or win-win position for
rivalry. Other counties may be neighboring or other traders must support it because they must
pursue their national interest through their friend country support to the powerful savior.

There are conditions which summarize the BOP in the context of the implication of BOP.
Argumentatively, Pakistan-India relations which one so much clear giving us touch with
Kashmir dispute.“As Britishers have messed us with Kashmir dispute”.

Positively, when two countries make economic bond or any other sympathetic relation it must
disturb other for their friendship. Phenomenally, BOP also indulges us when one makes strong
bond or when one weak get support this make a sign of threat for the other rising country.
Luckily or unluckily, this region gives different aspects of different countries like India, China,
Russia and U.S. interests in this Ocean. Structurally, Pakistan-China relation and Pakistan-India
rivalry must stand in BOP.21

Keeping in view;

“Economic power would become the key to success in world politics. Carrots were becoming
more important than sticks. Military force has been called the ultimate form of power in world
politics, but a thriving economy is necessary to produce such power”22

- Joseph S. Nye Jr,

In Asia there are limited but few are raising countries such as Pakistan-China-India. Almost, four
largest rising economies are existing in this region and the picture of Asia is changing day by
day. Protectionism by U.S and the new era of protectionism is also may enhance conflict in the
shape of emerging economies of this region through the support of U.S. to deter China’s policy
from the flesh of economy. Fundamentally, U.S. must think about its influential power over Asia
which is obtaining China through economy like Pakistan.

21
T. V. Paul, J. J. Wirtz and Michel Fortmann, “Balance of Power: Theory and practice in the 21 st century” ,
(Stanford University press, 2004)
22
Joseph S. Nye Jr, “The Future of Power”, (Public Affairs, Dec 13, 2011).

16
So keeping in view the implications in a nutshell, cardamom which allures through its scent,
economy and power allures for Sea-power supremacy as Indian Ocean. Pakistan as a puppet state
keeping in view its interests, must support for China’s moves. In case of conflict which is earlier
mentioned. So the question arises that Why is Pakistan seeking support from China? The answer
is that Pakistan wants to balance the predictable threat by India.

China is getting peak and this is from 1970s. So, we must form upon initiatory spending by both
countries. Pakistan’s interests either economic, military or security must face a disturbance and
have to support in the form of economic perspectives. Now, implications prelude China must
secure its strategic and economic interests through Pakistan in rivalry between Pakistan-India.

Importantly; “Rival’s rival is friend”. In case of Sino-India rivalry must invite and esthetically
Pakistan must support even that indulge. Because, BOP also guides if one country become
powerful after winning conflict or war, winner country is threat for the friends of losers.

So, Pakistan must save its economic security, influential offices in the international arena
through BOP.

17
 CHAPTER 3
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

History of Sino-India Relationships

It is pertinent to know about the Sino-India relationship in historical context in order to figure out
the contact between prior and contemporary issues. This consideration assists us to portray
conclusion from linking the past with contemporary China-India ties and also bring light on
limitations under which China and India has to act.

India and china are the two main ancient civilizations of Asia. Both are two Asian titanic having
long term historic communication and interactions, ascertaining of which is not the rationale of
this research paper. This part will spotlight only on a brief history of a Sino-India relation
pertinent for this study. Their historical connection is a mixture of collaboration and rivalry.

Apart from the contemporary economic cooperation, two giants had a cultural interaction at the
inception of Christian era. Buddhism escalates to china from India. Different scholars of china
came to Indian universities. Although, these interactions halted when Muslims override India.
Since then Sino-India history is chiefly dominated by combats, especially during the 20th
century. The motives behind the rivalries are strategic conduct of two states, disputes over
territory, Indian Ocean rivalry and china’s concerns to encircle India.

The strategic conduct of the both states is a chief reason behind rivalry and competition. Both
have the same strategic ideas which dated back to thousands year ago. “Art of War” by Sun Tzu
and “Arthashastra” by Kautilya (Translated by R. Shamasastry) are the important works of
Chinese and Indian strategies respectively. Both sates are immediate neighbors and consider
each other enemies. Kautilya argues Indian notion of “mandala of circles” which suppose that
any territory is jeopardized by adjacent border territory. On the other hand Sun Tzu narrates that

18
Chinese believes on similar notion of “concentric circles”.23 Both states constantly follow their
strategy which kept them in constant rivalry. It is viewed that china has been more hostile than
India regarding her strategy.

China and India both the states were established just about the same time in 1949 and 1947
respectively. Since them both states have numerous rivalries and conflicts that have mainly
fabricated their relationship we see today. The leading rigorous rivalry emerged in Tibet over a
border dispute in 1962, which afterwards amplified into war. The core complication was
divergence over border demarcations, well known as McMahon which was structured by British-
India government in 1914. The Chinese government never accepted this line but the Chinese
representative Chen Ivan signs this agreement because of intimidation from Henry McMahon.
But even though the Indian government had no actual political and territorial aspiration to hold
Tibet, it was the British-India government that had bestowed administrator authority over Tibet
to Indian government. Indian government denied China’s assertion of Tibet as a part of their
territory. However it was India’s government that had stressed the significance of nonviolent ties
with its immediate neighbor.24

However, continues asserting new territories, at present in the northeast of India and India
undergone from a mortifying overthrow. Actually, this was display of Chinese military might
and it is considered that it was China who proposed Delhi one-sided truce soon afterwards
conquest. It is argued that it was Beijing’s tactic to shun from more strain with its neighbors in
McMahan line didn’t on official maps until 1935.25 Back in 1979 the Indian’s Official Vajpayee
were propel to China. It was first time after the war that relations between China and India
demonstrated an indication of reconciliation. Deng Xiaoping during India foreign minister’s visit
declared:

23
Malik, J. Mohan, “India-China relations. Berkshire Encyclopedia of China”,(Allied Publishers, 2009).
24
Gillian Hui Lynn Goh, “China and India: Towards Greater Cooperation and Exchange”, Singapore University
Press (2006).

25
Ibid.

19
There are commonalities on the basis of which disagreements settled. As long as the question of
border dispute concerned, it can be solve through amicable consultation between two states. This
dispute should not obstruct us from building our ties in other fields.26

Map of Disputed Territory between India and China

27

This was China’s stance which clearly demonstrated her eagerness to revise relations. The
Beijing and Delhi both were well aware of possible advantages which could broke out in other

26
B.M. Jane: ”India-China relations: issues and emerging trends”, in The Round Table, Routledge (2004) .
27
Source: The Economist, “Indian and China: A Himalayan rivalry”, updated: 2012/05/19, date
of viewing: 2012/05/19, URL: http://www.economist.com/node/16843717.

20
walks through friendly relations. Once more turning point in Beijing and Delhi’s relations was in
1988 when Delhi’s Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited Beijing. Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi
asserted that India and China should develop ‘peaceful and friendly’ ties backed by the notion of
nonviolent friendly living. This notion is known for the five dictums of peaceful co-existence28
which says:

 Reciprocal dignity for one another’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.

 Reciprocal non-interference in one another’s domestic matters.
 Reciprocal benefit and equality
 Nonviolent co-existence, and
 Reciprocal non-aggression,

The terms and principles of this agreements were not respected which was agreed upon in 1954
and later we have seen war over border dispute in 1962. But later both states became aware of
the fact that sustaining of mutual tranquility will lead them towards benefits. Both states took a
step forward and established joint working group (JWG) in order to diminish agitations at the
borders. An agreement related to line of actual control (LAC) for the sake of maintaining a
nonviolent and steady situation on both side of borders was also conducted.72

A Chinese representative Jiang Zemin pays a visit to India in 1996 and signed four new
agreements together with confidence building measures (CBMs) and both states acknowledged
to draw back their forces along LAC. It was regarded as huge breakthrough in China and India’s
relations, looking to which extent it moves forward to reduce strains at the borders.

After that it was perceived that the ties between two states are on the right way but soon relations
were undergone a new drawback. It was the moment when the ties were disturbed by Delhi by
demonstrating Beijing as Delhi’s “potential threat number one” the reason behind it was that

28
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence: United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 299, United Nations, (New
York,1958).
See also: S. Singh, “Building Confidence with China in Across The Himalayan Gap: An Indian Quest for
Understanding China”, Gyan Publishing House (1998).

21
Delhi has developed and tested nuclear weapon to intimidate China, not Pakistan in 1998. India
looks Beijing’s influence in South Asia as largely detrimental to her national interests.29

The relations resumed in 1999 and Beijing assured Delhi to remain partial in Kargil war. India
supported China against resolution presented by US blaming China on Human Rights in 2000.
The Indian Prime minister Vajpayee’s visit to China in 2003 remarked by Beijing’s Prime
Minister as “the visit of Indian prime Minister is the beginning of new era in China-India
relations”

The Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao visited India in 2005 and both agreed to cooperate in
fields of industry and technology. In 2007 China’s officials refuse to visit Arunachal Pradesh
stating that this state is the part of Beijing and need not to visit their own part. At the start of
2009 both states become largest trading partner in goods and at end of this year China criticized
Manmohan Singh’s visit to Arunachal Pradesh. In 2010, relations became irritant when China
denied issuing a visa to Gen. Jaswal who was controlling Jammu and Kashmir. In 2013, Chinese
personnel pushed into Ladakh inside to the Line of Actual Control almost 19km because Beijing
claims it as part of Xinjiang’s province.

China recently pledged with Modi’s government to invest 20 billion dollar investment with five
year plan. In March 2015, boundary conflicts were negotiated in 18th round of talks. In March
2017, Delhi refused attend proposal to come Road and Belt initiative summit. India
acknowledged as permanent member of SCO along with Pakistan.

History of China-Pak relations

Pakistan was among one of those states who recognized People’s Republic of China (PRC) in
1949 and this was inception of ties between two countries. Since then, the two states have given
ample significance on the preservation of excessively close and collateral ties and as a result of
both states representative visits multiple accords have been signed. Both states have alleged to
regard each other as a close strategic ally and China has assisted Pakistan by granting military,
economic and technical support.

In the beginning China adopted a policy of neutrality towards Pakistan. The ambassadorial ties
were set up in 1950, boundary disputes were settled in 1963 and both states abandoned their

29
B.M. Jane: ”India-China relations: issues and emerging trends”, in The Round Table, Routledge (2004) .

22
boundaries for each others. Strategic coalition, military support and economic collaboration were
commenced in 1966, 1972 and 1979 respectively. After US and UK, China was Pakistan’s third
largest trading partner and foremost supplier of military weapons. In 1964, a loan of US$60
billion given by Beijing to Islamabad which were converted into grant after fall of Dhaka. Now
china pledged to Pakistan to develop Islamabad’s nuclear power sector.30

Pakistan’s foreign policy has been tilted towards maintaining close ties with China. Both
countries representatives officially visited each other soil after regular intervals during 1980s.
Pakistan and Cuba were only two states who favored China post Tiananmen Square
demonstrations in 1989. Both states supported each other’s stance against India; Pakistan favored
Beijing on the issues of Taiwan, borders disputes especially Tibet and Xingjian. Both states
stressed to maintain close military ties and Beijing supplied Islamabad advance military
weapons.

The economic relations between Chin-Pak touched heights and China amount for the
development of Pakistani infrastructure. Both countries agreed upon bilateral free trade and
made free trade agreement namely FTA.31 Chinese investment at Gwadar is considered as huge
landmark in economic sector. First time in China-Pak history the bilateral trade volume for the
year 2017 exceeded US$20 billion and rose by 5.9%.

It is considered that Pakistan can play a role as a bridge among China and Muslim World as well
as Western World. As in 1972, Islamabad facilitated U.S. President Richard Nixon’s momentous
visit to Beijing. China-Pak ties have been portrayed by Islamabad’s ambassador to Beijing as
higher than the mountains, deeper than the Oceans, stronger than steels, dearer than eyesight,
sweeter than honey, and so on. Islamabad is considered Beijing’s largest purchaser of weapons
which is counts for almost Beijing’s 47% weapons exports. Majority of Pakistanis see Beijing’s
friendship positively. Indonesian’s People followed by Chinese, view Pakistan’s influence in
world positively.

30
Ghulam Ali, “China-Pakistan Relations: A Historical Analysis” , (Oxford University Press, 2016).
31
“Sweet as can be?” (The Economist, May 14, 2011).

23
History of Pak-India Relations

Pak-India relations have been multifarious and mainly aggressive as a result of various events
either political or historic in nature. The foreign policies of both states have been led by the
vicious partition of subcontinent by British-India government in 1947, by several military
tensions and unfair and unjustified demarcation of boundaries including Kashmir. As a result, the
ties between two has been beset by mistrust and antagonism. The diplomatic ties were set up
between two states soon after Independence but the several territorial disputes and vicious
partition obscured their ties. Since after independence Pak-India have fought three wars of 1949,
1965, 1971 and one undeclared war of 1999 known as Kargil war and various arms combat.
Kashmir issue is the focal point of contention between India and Pakistan and all conflicts spur
out of it. The tensions between the two aroused in 1971, when India supported East part of
Pakistan in their Liberation war, which resulted in fall of Dhaka. After the independence over a
span of seventy years various endeavors have been made to enhance ties between the two such as
Lahore, Agra and Shimla summit. The ties between n the two countries remain unpleasant
especially subsequent to Siachen rivalry the amplification of Kashmir mutiny, Pak-India nuclear
tests Kargil war in 1989, 1998 and 1999 respectively. The tensions have been reduced to some
extent by adopting some measures by inaugurating Delhi-Lahore bus service in Feb. 1999 and
ceasefire agreement in 2003. The relations once again halted after attack on Indian Parliament
and Smjhauta Express in 2001 and 2007 respectively. Moreover, the Pak-India continuing peace
talks were again disturbed by following Mumbai attacks alleged to be carried out by Pakistani
Islamic terrorists group known as Lashkar e Taiba. After this new governments came in power in
both states and started negotiations which later on putt off followed by Pathankot attack. The
agitation at line of control has been routine practice between the two states. The new
governments decided to recommence bilateral negotiations. Indian Premier Narendra Modi made
unofficial spontaneous visit to Pakistan since 2004 by any Indian Prime Minister. Resultantly,
the ties between two states have remained frosty and majority of the people on both sides of
border consider each other’s role negatively.32

32
Kunal Mukherjee, “Indo-Pak relations and the Kashmir Problem: From 1947 to the present day” (Taylor & Francis
Online, May 18, 2016).

24
 CHAPTER 4

Geographical, political, economic and strategic significance of

Indian Ocean and Sino-Indian ambitions in the Indian Ocean

Indian Ocean has got enormous significance with the passage of time and now days it has
become a conjunctive region. This area has became vital because of its geographical strategic
importance along with it concerts worldwide political and economic activities. First of all instead
of illustrating political, economic and strategic significance of Indian Ocean Region, here I wish
to discuss geographical significance of Indian Ocean Region.

25
Prior to Pacific and Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean is the third largest body of water covering an
area of 70.5 million km2 and holds almost 20% of total water on earth being contiguous Asia to
north, Antarctica to its south, Australia to its east and Africa to in the west. It is named because
historically India has been the focal-point for trade in this area for other continents especially for
Europeans. The major sea ports in IOR are Gwadar and Karachi port in Pakistan, Jawaharlal
Nehru port in Mumbai and port of Salalah in Oman. The region includes the Bay of Bengal
which is the largest bay in the world. It is considered significant due to the global shipping routes
and choke points such as Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, Bab-el-Mandeb, the Straits of
Sunda and Lombok and Suez Canal.

The emerging states of the globe considered these choke points greatly significant for their
interests. This is the reason that Indian Ocean and its peripheral Continents have got political,
economic and strategic attention of global leading powers. It ranges from north to South 9600
kilometers and east to west the predicted range of 7800 kilometers. It also consists of tiny islands
nations namely, the Seychelles, Maldives, Sri Lanka, the Madagascar and Reunion islands and
also a body of Indonesian Islands. All these areas are highly important for trade because they
provide the smallest trade route to join Middle East, Europe and South Asia.33

Indian Ocean is significant from economic perspective. A huge volume of trade has been carried
out through Indian Ocean Region. The peripheral states through their economic development
have led to escalation of trade in this area. The chief products carried through this way include
crude oil, rubber, tea, iron and coal. Coal is sold to UK from Australia, Iron by way of Australia,
India and South Africa is sold to Japan by using this route. The petroleum is most transported
product through Indian Ocean Region towards US, East Asia and UK.

The majority of the states in the IOR are members of Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA).
European powers like British, French and Dutch historically came here with the aim of
commerce and trade. Resultantly the established their colonies and British dominated the region
until the WWII. Post war USSR, US and India came out as new powers in the IOR. Due to many
trade routes the trade increased in this region and now a day these strategic sea routes are
permanent source of feed to the globally giants economies of the world. The demand for oil has
risen because of industrialization, which can be fulfilled by importation of oil from countries

33
Iram Khalid, “Indian Ocean: Global and Regional Strategies”, (Journal of political studies, 2013).

26
generating largest amount of oil. Middle East produced approximately 40% of world oil
production out of which 35% exported through Straits.34

Some significant number of choke points in Indian Ocean Region is Strait of Malacca, Strait of
Hormuz and Bab-el- Mandeb. These choke points are source of almost 80 percent seaborne oil
trade through Indian Ocean. Strait of Hormuz located between Oman and Iran is the mere
channel which provides an opening passage to chief oil fabricating countries like Iran, UAE and
Oman etc. The interruption of any kind may escort to raising of oil prices which resulting
inflation and lacking of energy resources in different nations. It is globally the most vital
shipping route. The Shea majority of Iran has intimidated to block the Strait because of Shea-
Sunni emerging sectarian issues and if it occurred it will be major drawback for Saudi Arabia
and its allies because they are dependent on this Strait. Therefore, the countries with similar
interests have made security alliance to keep open the Strait. United States imports almost 18%
oil through this Strait. Thus, it has made necessary arrangements to make sure the smooth flow
of traffic in the IOR because the disruption will result in affect oil prices and add up distance for
another route.

It is predicted that in coming days IOR is going to become focal-point of economic activity and
consequently this way is also of strategic significance with a lot of major states having their
influence along with naval bases in IOR. US major naval base is located at island of Diego
Garcia the British Indian Ocean Territory located in between Indonesia and Tanzania. Us forces
got it on 50 years lease from UK, which is recently expired but renewed by UK in Dec 2016.
The major naval bases of France China and US are located at Djibouti; the reason behind bases
at Djibouti is its strategic location. Djibouti is closely located to Bab-el- Mandeb.

Another one of most vital choke points in Indian Ocean Region is Strait of Malacca that is
positioned among the Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. It is also significant because it
provides the smallest way among South Asia, Africa and Middle East and it accounts for 40% of
oil trade most vital for Japan and China because both transit 80% of oil through Strait of
Malacca. Therefore, China is concerned about this Strait because the obstruction of any kind
could results in energy crises in China.

34
Ibid.

27
The Andaman and Nicobar (ANI) are the largest islands in the region along with posts in the
Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles are under Indian military in the region. Delhi is the
second largest emerging economy of South Asia is closely situated to this Strait. The ANI
consists of 572 islands group located in Bay of Bengal and dominate the Bay with ten and six
Degree channels, which protects the Delhi’s strategic interests. India claims its supremacy over
IOR and naturally its long coastline puts her at advantage in IOR.

China has planned to ‘encircle India’. Therefore it is making deep maritime links littoral states
such as Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Maldives, Bangladesh, Mauritius, Seychelles and Pakistan to found
a substitute way through Gwadar port under a huge project CPEC. In response to this India
agreed with Iran to develop its Chabahar Port, which is deemed to serve as Delhi’s opening to
Central Asia and Afghanistan. The Persian Gulf is hooked up with Asian markets through this
shortest way. The Strait of Malacca also concerts the Indian Ocean with the Pacific Ocean and
South China Sea. Crude oil through Strait of Malacca transported towards Japan, South Korea,
China and few others states.

The third important choke point is Bab-el-Mandeb. It concerts Red sea with Indian Ocean
through Gulf of Aden. This Strait is mainly considerable for transportation of crude oil to
European states. Additionally, oil and gas reserves have been discovered in the region along with
trade, which escalates significance of IOR.35

It is not only trade but also the half of the globe’s arms rivalries are existed in the IOR. Apart
from this living resources are the vital assets of the region. According to one estimate fishers
have caught almost 14.6% of the total world’s catch. Moreover, huge number of Natural Gas
reserves has been discovered in the region and in future it may fulfill large number of world’s
energy demands needs.

35
Sergei DeSilva Ranasinghe, “Why Indian Ocean Matters” (The Diplomat, March 02, 2011).

28
 4.1. Sino-Indian ambitions in the Indian Ocean

Conflict in the Indian Ocean between two most populous countries China and India is reckoned
by different analysts as part of bid to become hegemonic power of the region. India has a coastal
line area shared with Indian Ocean where as China is excluded from Indian Ocean. China denies
the nation that Indian Ocean belongs to India unlike the way it owns South China Sea. What
make China dependent upon Indian Ocean are its dependency upon Middle Eastern energy
resources as well as its dependency upon African’s raw material imports from Africa. That’s
why China is critically willing for freedom of navigation through the Indian Ocean. China
heavily relies on foreign energy resources. So, it is China’s paramount interest to secure its
energy roots in Indian Ocean. China relies on four water routes for transportation of oil and raw
material.36

 Middle East passageway - The Gulf of Persian – the Strait of Hormuz – The
Strait of Malacca – The Strait of Taiwan-China.
 Africa passageway - North Africa the Mediterranean Sea-the Strait of Gibraltar.
The Cape of Good Hope. The Strait of Malacca-Taiwan Strait –China
 The South East Asia passageway - Malacca Strait, Taiwan Strait- China
 The Pacific Ocean passageway - America-Panama Canal-Western Pacific-
South China sea

50% of all imported oil is brought in China through water of Gulf of Persia-North Indian Ocean-
Malacca Strait where as 30% of imported oil through water of West Africa-South East Africa-
South Indian Ocean- Malacca Strait- this manifests the importance of Indian Ocean for supply of
oil and other energy resources to China as 85% of oil China imports pass across Indian Ocean
through Malacca strait thus security of its energy-importing water roots are China’s paramount
interest in Indian Ocean.

36
G. Jayachandra Reddy, “India and China in the Indian Ocean: Cooperation or competition”(Sri Venkateswara
University, March, 2016).

29
In addition to security, China is also interested to strengthen its economic ties with the countries
bordering Indian Ocean. During last few years, China’s bilateral trade with South East Asia has
witnessed a formable rise. Volume of trade between China and South Asia is estimated to have
reached 455 Billion $ in 2016. Similarly volume of bilateral trade between china and South Asia
rose to 110 billion dollars in 2016. Similarly, China’s trade with North Africa and west Asia
were recorded as high as 200 billion dollars.

India, who shares coastline of 7,516 km with Indian Ocean, sees China’s ambitions regarding
Indian Ocean as a threat. India, having backing of U.S. has interests like China, relating to
economy and military. India is trying its level best to secure its traditional influence in Indian
Ocean. India considers China’s policy of String of the Pearls as a policy to encircle India.
China’s String of Pearls policy is considered by New Delhi as a threat to diminish India’s
traditional influence in the IOR. India, in order to counter China’s policy, has devised its own
String of Pearls policy.37

BRI (Belt and Road Initiative) is not welcomed by India despite of the fact that India is China’s
partner in SCO (Shanghai Co-operation Organization) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, china
and South Africa). India’s bilateral trade with China is up to 84.44 billion US dollars in 2017 but
this all didn’t help in leverage with respect to Geo-strategic position in India Ocean.

China-Srilanka

Since the end of cold war, China has grown economically that made her ambitions to become a
hegemonic power in South Asia. The strategy at the base of this roadmap is to accumulate
foreign exchange resumes and to send money abroad in form of FDI, loans and aids. China
provides development loans for different projects as well as is the largest source of FDI in
Srilanka. China has lent billion of dollars.

China has lent billion of dollars to Srilanka for the sake of different projects like new Colombo
park terminal, Hambantota port, Srilanka first line express way and a new national theatre,
among others. Despite feasibility studies that Hambantota port would not work, china lent
Srilanka government money to develop port. The port was portrayed by Srilanka government,
exactly as a fate-changer project but nothing as such happened and the port failed to attract much

37
C. Raja Mohan, “India’s Master plan for the Indian Ocean” (The National Interest, June 26, 2015).

30
traffic. The port drew only 34 ships, in 2012, of tens of thousands of ships passing by along one
of the busiest shipping route.

As Mr. Rajapakra ceased to be president of Srilanka, new government has tried hard to make
payments on debt taken by erstwhile president. After months of negotiation and under extreme
pressure, the Srilanka government had to handover the Hambantota port to China that also
acquired land of 15,000 acres around port for 99 years. Speculations are there that China can use
this port for military purpose, and will soon move PLA (people’s liberation Army).38

Pakistan shares it border with Arabian Sea and has deep water coastal area and Pakistan’s border
with Northern India Ocean makes it special for China. China, that wants to make its energy
imports water secure, relies on Pakistan as this would reduce its distance and would help making
economy of its western province belts. China, under banner of CPEC (china-Pakistan Economic
corridor) is a flagship project of RBI. China would develop Gwadar and Jiwani ports. India has
not welcomed this project and has criticized for inverting in disputed are of Kashmir and Gilgit
Baltistan.

Myanmar’s 1930 km long coastline dominates the eastern part of Bay of Bengal, China,
currently, is building on oil and Geo-political project from Myanmar to Yunnan province of
China. China is hopeful that it would lessen its dependency on the state of Malacca. Like CPEC,
China and Myanmar are considering to sign a deal to establish, CMEC (China-Myanmar
Economic corridor).

India is not ready to let its traditional influence in Indian Ocean gets mitigated. India, in response
to china’s bid to gain leverage in Indian Ocean, has initiated different policies. India put forward
a look East policy that was based on adaption of foreign policy to integrate with South-East Asia
economically. The main purpose of policy was to achieve dominance in South Asia and to
become a military power. India tried to make its relations better with ASEAN countries to
safeguard maritime passageways and coordination of Anti-Terrorism activities.39

38
Maria Abi-Habib, “How China got Sri Lanka to Cough up a port”(The New York Times, June 25, 2018).
39
David Brewster, “An Indian Ocean Dilemma: Sino-Indian rivalry and China’s Strategic vulnerability in the Indian
Ocean”(Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 2015 ).

31
In addition to this, India, to stand up to the threat caused by China in Indian Ocean, is struggling
to enhance its naval capacity. New Delhi has signed a strategic pact with France; with each
opening their naval bases to the others warships across the Ocean.

PM Modi has also finalized an agreement for a new base in Seychelles and has also negotiated
for military access to Oman’s port and its airfields. An agreement signed, last year, between
Singapore and India allows both to deploy from each other’s naval facilities. Indian bases have
been expanded on Andaman Nicobar islands. Nicobar island base lies at the end of Malacca
Strait.

India has initiated aid to littoral states of Indian Ocean through its project SAGAR (Security and
Growth for all in the Region). Project is designed by India to revive its ancient sea trade water
with hope to revive its actual linkages with littoral states of Indian Ocean.

All of the chokepoints and ports being develop by China, Gwadar has critical strategic advantage
and it would mitigate China’s dependence on Malacca Strait and India would lose the leverage,
up to much extent. China’s energy supply being imported from Middle East, port of Gwadar will
provide shortest route to import oil from Gulf to China. China’s investment in Myanmar have
key importance as it will connect China to Bay of Bengal but China has to overcome different
problems of Myanmar’s internal politics.40

Indian Ocean is considered as a life line of Indian security and economy. China, On the
other hand, is merely interested in enjoying freedom of navigation for import of oil and raw
material. Peace and prosperity of Indian Ocean region is India’s foremost interest as it is the
largest littoral state of Indian Ocean and dependent upon the Ocean for its energy requirement,
political stability, maritime security etc.

40
Ibid.

32
 CHAPTER 5

Policy implications for Pakistan amid

Sino-Indian rivalry in the Indian Ocean

The previous chapter described the significance of the Indian Ocean and Sino-India ambitions
and nature of the rivalry in the Indian Ocean Region. In such kind of environment, Pakistan has
to be very conscious regarding its foreign policy. The contemporary foreign policy of Pakistan
lacks a sort of credibility to meet the needs for accomplishment of her economic, strategic and
regional interests in unstable regional environment.

China wishes to be a ‘resident power’ in the Indian Ocean like other major power United
Kingdom, United States and France. The ties between the two giants of Asia are not only
decisive for their inhabitants but also for world at large. China asserts South China Sea as its own
and absolutely negated any idea about India Ocean as Delhi’s Ocean. The implications of their
conflicting situations may deemed as significant in Sino-Indian ties, and have key effects for
other regional states particularly for Pakistan. China and India are two regional neighbors of
Pakistan have a prolonged traditional rivalry.41

Pakistan is dependent on China for its economic and security needs and Pakistan is fourth largest
trader partner of China and biggest equipment buyer. The intensifying Sino-Indian rivalry in the
Indian Ocean, have multifarious implications for Pakistan. Both China and Pakistan are deemed
as ‘common enemies, by India.

More Recently, Beijing economic and strategic interests come to the surface. When China has
decided to invest and develop Gwadar port in Pakistan which is located a one eighty nautical
miles from start of Hormuz. This investment making certain to claims that Beijing is
endeavoring to encircle Delhi. In the same way, Beijing’s vague stance on the issue of Kashmir
makes China a party to the dispute and adds to Delhi’s enduring reservations regarding China

41
Anthony Bergin, “Understanding India and China’s evolving Indian Ocean Roles” (Real Clear Defense, April 13,
2018).

33
plans. In the past, it has been stated that Beijing, through its ties with Islamabad looks for Delhi’s
containment to uphold its hegemony as a regional power. But on the other side of the coin,
Islamabad’s ties with Untied States advanced, indicates that rules of the game are changing.42

The most agitating factor for India, regarding Pakistan-China ties, solid military relation and
China’s ambiguous stance over Kashmir. So, Beijing needs to manage ties with Islamabad by
keeping in view Delhi’s suspicion. In India’s opinion regional stability is deteriorated due to
China’s strong ties with Pakistan, which has enabled Islamabad as counter-balancer to Delhi by
mounting nuclear technology. Furthermore, recently China’s engagement in Gwadar port provide
her accedes to the Indian Ocean, has heighten the emerging rivalry in Indian Ocean.

Chinese Investment at Gwadar

China made a huge investment at Port of Gwadar in Pakistan in the Indian Ocean. China signed
an agreement with Pakistan to construct China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), and a port
at Gwadar in Pakistan, aimed to link China-Pak within region and out of region. India feels panic
to learn about game changing initiatives that are expected to boost up Pakistan’s economy. India,
instead of joining project started propaganda that it passes through disputed territory.

India’s Investment at Chabahar

India as a counter-strategy to Gwadar aimed to develop Port at Chabahar in Iran to counter Pak-
China CPEC and Gwadar alliance. India deemed to get access to Central Asia and Middle East
and to counteract China-Pakistan’s arrangements to develop a Port at Gwadar. This Port will
provide India a direct entrance and shortest contact to enter Central and Afghanistan. India
considered that this project will strengthen their further relations with Iran and Afghanistan and it
will diminish Pakistan’s influence in the region. It has been speculated that if India is expecting
excessively from Chabahar port, it may at the end disappoint India.43

42
Ibid.
43
Shahid Jameel, “CPEC Chabahar and India challenge” (The News, March 17, 2018)

34
 Policy Implications for Pakistan

Now, here question arises that, what policy options Pakistan will opt in case of conflict or
cooperation between China and India particularly in the Indian Ocean Region? Either it goes
neutral or makes an alliance with China or India.

 Alliance
 Neutrality

The examination of these options would lead us to recognize advantages and disadvantages for
Pakistan.

Alliance

Sino-Indian relations are predicted to be upholding challenging attitude towards one

another in coming days. In such volatile environment, Pakistan will have two major
policy implications.
 Alliance with China
 Alliance with India

Alliance with China

Since China’s Independence in 1949, China and Pakistan are known for “friends of all
weathers”. Pakistan has strong economic and military ties with China. Both are engaged in
several n economic and military agreements. They have no territorial clashes between them;
instead they have settled their boundary in 1963, in which each country had left some territory
for one another. So, Alliance with China will definitely put Pakistan at advantage. But at same
time it will be detrimental for India. Furthermore, India is previously encircled by Pakistan, on
the basis of its strong relations with China. Pakistan-China alliance would further comprehend
encirclement. Resultantly, this will add up in China’s bid for supremacy in the Indian Ocean.
Pakistan alliance with China put her at advantage to compete its conventional rival India over

35
multiple issues such as Kashmir and water issue. So, Pakistan alliance with China would further
strengthen their economic and security agreements.44

Pakistan-China alliance in such a way may push India relatively at disadvantage in Indian Ocean
and it will further strengthen Pak-China relations. Moreover, Pak-China alliance would probably
aggravate Pakistan’s ties with US. Resultantly, such sort of relationships with US may also
negatively impact Pakistan’s ties with United Nation.

Alliance with India

Pakistan and India are two conventional rivals. Historically, remained together under British
legacy and got independence in 1947 and since then both are at dagger draw with each other. So,
question arises, here, that to what extent there is probability of Pak-India alliance? Is there a
probability that Pakistan prefer China over India? In case of conflict or cooperation between
China and India what should be the role of Pakistan? The answer is that Pakistan being a puppet
state keeping in view its national interests must support for China’s move because Pakistan
wanted to balance the predictable threats by India.

So, these implications prelude that China must secure its strategic and economic interests
through Pakistan under shadow of rivalry between Pakistan and India. Resultantly, above
discussion allures that there are rare chances of Pakistan-India alliance.

Neutrality

A country must have a long record of being neutral, to be acknowledged as a neutral

country. Furthermore, a country should not indulge in any dynamic combat. That
country has a geographical location that will aid her of being not meddling from
influential states. A state must be in a position to protect its neutrality through its strong
military. Historically, either luckily or unluckily, Pakistan had not known for being
neutral. Being a puppet state, soon after independence Pakistan become an ally state of
US by neglecting USSR.

44
Islamabad Policy research Institute organized an International Conference, “Major powers’ Interests in the
Indian Ocean: Challenges and options for Pakistan”(Serena Hotel Islamabad, Nov 18,19, 2014).

36
 After 1960 up to now a day’s Pakistan and China have been made numerous
agreements in economic and military zones. But remain at rivalry with India. So,
keeping in mind the geographical location, Pakistan’s state of being neutral would offer
India a sense of security. Beijing, may not acknowledge Pakistan’s neutrality because
of her ambitions to dominate over the Indian Ocean. India remains constantly at a
threatening position along with its Western border with Pakistan backed by China. So,
Pakistan is the only gateway to hold the western side of Indian border and meet china’s
ambitions of supremacy in the Indian Ocean.
The Pak-china naval collaboration demonstrates their communal interests. Pakistan
wishes to renovate its narrative and ports together with china and later wishes to enlarge
its maritime existence in the Indian Ocean to guard maritime and economics interest
across the globe. China’s support will enhance Pakistan’s maritime potential against
India whose maritime power is stronger than Pakistan.
Another implication is that Beijing’s naval existence at sea port of Pakistan will assist
in avoiding future obstruction of Pakistani ports by India. The investment by Beijing at
Gwadar port will confer Islamabad a strategic naval advantage over India.45
On the other side of coin China’s collaboration with Pakistan will grant China
undeviating entrance to the Indian Ocean, which is vital for its expanding interests.
China and Pakistan having strong naval collaboration will further solidify their
relations. But it will be much perturbing for India’s interest in Indian Ocean. On the
other hand such strong Pak-China relations are not much appreciated by rest of states
which are at logger heads either with Pakistan or China.
This environment will heighten competition among rivals to enhance their supremacy
especially in the Indian Ocean region. Thus, a closer collaboration is expected among
India together with US and few other peripheral states of Indian Ocean region.
It indicates that ocean is becoming a permanent battlefield of rivalry among confronting
state

45
Chas W. Freeman, “India, Pakistan and China” (Alexandria, Virginia, 2017).

37
 CHAPTER 6

Conclusion and Recommendations

A country is nothing but what its geography makes it. Its location on the map subjects it to
unwanted phenomena. It exposes the country, directly or indirectly, to the events that the same
cannot control. For a country, the real problem is not if it has some control on the happenings or
not, but it is to be capable enough of extracting the desired and if not, the beneficial outcome of
that unwanted phenomena. The trick to sail through the troubling waters of global politics lies in
the art of molding the outcome, and not the phenomena. Pakistan’s geographical location has
landed it into unwanted waters; The Sino-Indian rivalry in the Indian Ocean.

World is undergoing a radical shift. Old foes are the new friends. World is gradually shifting
towards a region-state system or, at least a confederation sort of arrangement seems pretty near.
China, India and Pakistan are also present in one such region which has a tremendous potential
for being one of the most important economic regions in the world. But keeping in mind the
resultant phenomena of Sino-Indian rivalry in the Indian Ocean any such regional integration
seems like a very tough job. This rivalry, though, is itself a problem, also has dragged Pakistan
into the equation. However, there are a number of possibilities that can help these three to extract
the desired results out of this unwanted problem.
Pakistan being the balancer in this equation needs to set forth its priorities. It needs to realize the
possible economic benefits that this rivalry automatically generates for it. Being accommodated
in OBOR by China is one such benefit. Increased Trade with India is the other.

It is a need of the hour that Pakistan should revisit its foreign and maritime policy keeping in
view developments in Indian Ocean to protect its national interest.

India has adopted a counter strategy towards China’s investment at port of Gwadar. The
implication arises for Pakistan in this scenario it to revisit its foreign policy and maritime
strategy, keeping in view the developments in Indian Ocean to protect its national interests.

38
The positive commitment of states linked with Indian Ocean Region mainly China, Pakistan, and
India (three Asia’s nuclear powers) to attain stability in Asia particularly in IOR regions is highly
needed. But till now these states cooperating at different levels but they are doing more harm
than good.

The continuing arms race in the region between India and Pakistan must be shunned. As in such
kind of volatile environment any possible cooperation cannot be attained. This arms race has
impeded these two states to spend more on the basic facilities of life like education, individual’s
development and health.

To attain collaboration in the in the Indian Ocean Region and South Asia, a communal security
institution must be established. This mutual security framework will facilitate China-Pakistan-
India to sort out their security problems which is the key impediment in the way of cooperation.

The internal political, social, economic and security related affairs are required to be addressed
because in such kind of volatile environment any collaboration cannot be attained. In order to
attain meet these challenges China, Pakistan and India along with other regional states must
work together.

A mechanism of information sharing among Indian Ocean Region peripheral states, particularly
China-Pakistan-India must be established because information holds a key value in collaboration.

Furthermore, regional conferences must be organized in order to exchange the new reports and
research on mutual cooperation.

Measures related to population control must be addressed individually by China, Pakistan and
India because population will indirectly influence state policies with led towards rivalry.

All of the three states must respect the other state’s territorial sovereignty, integrity, maritime
areas etc. The policies of all states should be regulated on the basis of mutual respect, consensus
and equality. Aggressive activities should be avoided.

All the three states should build a collective security mechanism in order to address the common
threats and there should be intelligence sharing system among them.

39
The regional organizations of Asia like SCO, SAARC etc should play their part in order to lessen
the intensifying confrontations and rivalries among regional states Particularly Sino-Indian
rivalry in Indian Ocean Region and between India and Pakistan.

40
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