[Chemical Engineering Laboratory 2 ]

SEGI University

EXPERIMENT 3: IMPACT OF JET

Candidate’s Name: SARANYA DEVI RAGUPATHY

Student ID: SUKD1801744

Group Member’s Name:

LEE LIANG CHEN

TAN MEI HUI

JULIE BARUA

ANDREW YEOW TZE HAO

Lecturer/ Supervisor: MS NORSUHADAT

Date of Submission: 21 March 2019

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this experiment is to study the jet forces impacting against stationary deflectors.
The deflectors used in this experiment can be categorized into 4 geometries which is Plate ,
Hemisphere , Slope and Cone deflectors are used for this experiment . Calculated Force Fth and
the percentage error will be calculated in this experiment. In addition study of these reaction
forces is an essential step in the subject of mechanics of fluids which can be applied to hydraulic
machinery such as the Pelton wheel and the impulse turbine. Plus The momentum equation
based on Newton's 2nd law of motion states that the algebraic sum of external forces applied to
control volume of fluid in any direction equal to the rate of change of momentum in that
direction. The external forces include the component of the weight of the fluid and of the forces
exerted externally upon the boundary surface of control volume. If a vertical water jet moving
with velocity 'V' made to strike a target (Vane) which is free, to move in vertical direction, force
will be exerted on the target by the impact of jet. Applying momentum equation in z-direction,
force exerted by the jet on the vane, Fz is given by Fth = V × ρ (W1 – W2) For flat plate, Fth = V
× ρ (W1 – W2) For hemispherical curved plate, Fth = 2 V ρ W1 For slope V × ρ × W1 cos2 α
and for cone W2x= W2 cos α Where . The set up primarily consists of a nozzle through which jet
emerges vertically in such a way that it may be conveniently observed through the transparent
cylinder. It strikes the target plate or disc positioned above it. An arrangement is made for the
movement of the plate under the action of the jet and also because of the weight placed on the
loading pan. A scale is provided to carry the plate to its original position i.e. as before the jet
strikes the plate. A collecting tank is utilized to find the actual discharge and velocity through
nozzle.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the reaction force produced by the impact of jet of water on to variety type of target
vanes. To experimentally determine the force required to keep a target at a datum level while it is
subjected to the impact of water jet. The experimentally measured force is compare with the
theoretical calculated force .

INTRODUCTION

The impact forces are measured using a lever mechanism and loading weights. The impact forces
of water jet are set via flow rate. Normally, the jet of water with average velocity W from the
nozzle impinges straight on the impact surface and turns to flow radially outward from the axis of
the impact surfaces. Thus, the theoretical jet force can be calculated from the principle of linear
momentum. And the density of the water is ρ = 1 kg/L.

i. For Plate:

Fth = V × ρ (W1 – W2)

If W2 = 0 then,

Fth = V ρ W1

ii. For Hemisphere:

Fth = V × ρ (W1 – W2)

If W2 = -W1 then,

Fth = 2 V ρ W1

iii. For Slope:

Fth = V × ρ × W1 cos α

If α = 45° then,

Fth = Fx cos α

= V × ρ × W1 cos2 α

Note: Point out the direction of coordinate axis.

 iv. For Cone:

Fth = V × ρ × (W1 – W2x)

If α = 45° then,

W2 = - W1 cos α

W2x = W2 cos α

Fth = V ρ W1 (1+ cos2 α)

The velocity, W1 of the jet from the nozzle is calculated from the volumetric flow V and the
cross-sectional area, AD of the nozzle:

4𝑉 𝑉
𝑊1 = =
𝜋𝑑2 𝐴𝐷

𝜋𝑑2
where, 𝐴𝐷 = 4

Nozzle diameter, d = 10mm

APPARATUS

i. HM150 impact of jet as shown in Figure 1

a. Loading weights
b. Lever mechanism
c. Deflector
d. Nozzle
e. Perspex vessel
f. Drain connection
g. Base plate
h. Inlet connection
ii. Various deflectors
 Plate
 Hemisphere
 Slope
 Cone
iii. A set of weights
iv. Stop watch
 X

Figure 1 HM150 impact of jet

Figure 2 Detail view X

 Figure 3 Detail view Y

Image in the Lab of Impact Jet Apparatus

RESULTS

Table 1.1 Results of Measurement for 90⁰ Deflection

Deflector Plate ( 90⁰ deflection )

Force F in N Measuring time in second ( s) Flow rate in liter per second ( L / s )
0.2 60 10/60 = 0.1667
1 36 10/36 = 0.2778
2 27 10/27 = 0.3704
Measured Volume 10L

Table 2.1 Results of Force Calculation for 90⁰ deflection

Deflector Plate ( 90⁰ deflection )

Velocity w₁ in
Flow rate V in Calculated Force Fth in N Measured
m/s ( Flow rate / Percentage Error %
L/s Fth= V ρ W1 Force in N
Area )

0.1667 x 10-4 /
Fth=0.2778)(1)(2.1227) = [|0.3531 - 0.2 | / 0.2]
0.1667 7.853 x 10-5 = 0.2
0.3531 x 100% = 76.56
2.1227

0.2278 x 10-4 /
Fth=(0.1667)(1)(2.9008) = [|1-0.6612| / 1] x
0.2778 7.853 x 10-5 1
0.6612 100% = 33.9
=2.9008
0.3704 x 10-4 /
Fth=(0.3704)(1)(4.7167) = [|2-1.7473| / 2 ]x
0.3704 7.853 x 10-5 = 2
1.7473 100% = 12.65
4.7167
 Table 1.2 Results of Measurement for 180º deflection.

Deflector Hemisphere (180º deflection )

Measuring time in
Force F in N second (s) Flow rate in liter per second ( L / s )
0.2 70 10/70 = 0.1429
1 50 10/50 = 0.2
2 31 10/31 = 0.3226
Measured Volume 10L

Table 2.2 Results of Measurement for 180º deflection

Deflector Hemisphere (180º deflection )

Flow rate Velocity w₁ in m/s ( Calculated Force Fth Measured

Percentage Error %
V in L/s Flow rate / Area ) in N Fth =2 V ρ W1 Force in N

0.1429 x 10-4 / 7.853 Fth=(2)(0.1429)(1)( [|0.521- 0.2 | / 0.2] X

0.1429 0.2
x 10-5 = 1.8197 1.8197 ) = 0.5201 100% = 160.03

0.2 x 10-4 / 7.853 x Fth=(2)(0.2)(1)(2.546

0.2 1 [|1-1.018| / 1] = 1.872
10-5 =2.5468 8) = 1.018

0.3704 x 10-4 / 7.853 Fth=(2)(0.3226)(1)(4. [|2.6504| / 2] x 100% =

0.3226 2
x 10-5 = 4.1079 1079) = 2.6504 32.52

Table 1.3 Results of Measurement for 45º and 135º deflection

Deflector Slope (45º and 135º deflection)

Measuring time in second
Force F in N (s) Flow rate in liter per second ( L / s )
0.2 68 10/68 = 0.147
1 26 10/26 = 0.3846
2 17 10/17 = 0.5882
Measured Volume 10L
 Table 2.3 Results of Measurement for 45º and 135º deflection

Deflector Slope (45º and 135º deflection)

Flow rate Velocity w₁ in m/s ( Calculated Force Fth in N Measured

Percentage Error %
V in L/s Flow rate / Area ) Fth= V × ρ × W1 cos2 α Force in N

Fth =
0.147 x 10-4 / 7.853 x [|0.1376 - 0.2 | /
0.147 (0.147)(1)(1.8721)cos2 45o 0.2
10-5 = 1.8721 0.2] X 100% = 31.2
= 0.1376

Fth =
0.3846 x 10-4 / 7.853 [|1-0.6612| / 1] =
0.3846 (0.3846)(1)(4.8972)cos2 1
x 10-5 =4.8972 4.1
45o = 0.9590
Fth =
0.5882 x 10-4 / 7.853 [|2-1.7473| / 2] x
0.5882 (0.5882)(1)(7.4901)cos2 2
x 10-5 = 7.4901 100% = 10.15
45o = 2.2029

Table 1.4 Results of Measurement for 45º deflection

Deflector Cone (45º deflection)

Force F in N Measuring time in second (s) Flow rate in liter per second ( L / s )
0.2 82 10/82 = 0.122
1 44 10/44 = 0.227
2 28 10/28 = 0.357
Measured Volume 10L
 Table 2.4 Results of Measurement for 45º deflection

Deflector Cone (45º deflection)

Velocity w₁ in
Flow rate Calculated Force Fth in N Measured
m/s ( Flow rate / Percentage Error %
V in L/s Fth = V ρ W1 (1+ cos2 α) Force in N
Area )

0.122 x 10-4 /
Fth= (0.122)(1.553)(1+cos2 [|0.2842 - 0.2 | / 0.2] X
0.122 7.853 x 10-5 = 0.2
45o) =0.2842 100% = 42.1
1.553

0.227 x 10-4 /
Fth=(0.227)(2.891)(1+cos2
0.227 7.853 x 10-5 = 1 [|1-0.9844| / 1] = 1.56
45o) =0.9844
2.891
0.357 x 10-4 /
Fth=(0.357)(4.546)(1+cos2 [|2-2.434| / 2] x 100%
0.357 7.853 x 10-5 = 2
45o) =2.434 = 21.7
4.546

CALCULATION

𝜋𝑑2
𝐴𝐷 = 4

d = 10mm 10 x 10-3 m

A = π ( 10 x 10-3 )2 = 7.853 x 10-3 m2

4
ρ = 1 kg/L

For plate :
Volume (m3 ) 10
Flow Rate, Q (m³/s) = = 60 = 0.1667
time (s)
𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋(10 𝑥 10−3 )2
A= = = 7.853 x 10-5
4 4

𝑄 0.000167
V, w1 = 𝐴 = 7.853 𝑥 10−5 = 2.1227

Fth= V ρ W1 = (0.1667)(1)(2.1227) = 0.3531

For Hemisphere
Volume (m3 ) 10
Flow Rate, Q (m³/s) = = 70 = 0.1429
time (s)
𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋(10 𝑥 10−3 )2
A= = = 7.853 x 10-5
4 4

𝑄 0.0001429
V, w1 = 𝐴 = 7.853 𝑥 10 −5 = 1.8197

Fth = 2 V ρ W1 = (2)(0.1429)(1)( 1.8197 ) = 1.0366

For Slope
Volume (m3 ) 10
Flow Rate, Q (m³/s) = = 70 = 0.1429
time (s)
𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋(10 𝑥 10−3 )2
A= = = 7.853 x 10-5
4 4

𝑄 0.0001429
V, w1 = 𝐴 = 7.853 𝑥 10 −5 = 1.8197

Fth= V × ρ × W1 cos2 α

Fth = (0.147)(1)(1.8721)cos2 45o = 0.1376

For Cone
Volume (m3 ) 10
Flow Rate, Q (m³/s) = = 60 = 0.1667
time (s)
𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋(10 𝑥 10−3 )2
A= = = 7.853 x 10-5
4 4

𝑄 0.000167
V, w1 = 𝐴 = 7.853 𝑥 10−5 = 2.1227

Fth = V ρ W1 (1+ cos2 α)

Fth= (0.122)(1.553)(1+cos2 45o) =0.2842

𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100%
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
DISCUSSION

i. Compare the theoretical and measured force for each for the deflectors.

For this experiment, we used 10 litre of water and a nozzle of diameter 10mm.Based on the time
recorded and the information above, we are able to calculate the calculated force, Fth and the percentage
of error. First, we convert the unit of the flow rate, Q from L/min to m3/s for the easier of calculation. For
the calculated force, Fth and percentage of error, they are calculated according to the formulas below:

For Plate : Fth = V × ρ (W1 – W2)

Theoretical Fth= V ρ W1 = (0.1667)(1)(2.1227) = 0.3531

Measured = 0.2

Hemisphere: Fth = V × ρ (W1 – W2)

Theoretical Fth = 2 V ρ W1 = (2)(0.1429)(1)( 1.8197 ) = 1.0366

Measured = 0.2

Slope: Fth = V × ρ × W1 cos α

Theoretical Fth = (0.147)(1)(1.8721)cos2 45o = 0.1376

Measured = 0.2

Fth = V ρ W1 (1+ cos2 α)

Theoretical Fth= (0.122)(1.553)(1+cos2 45o) =0.2842

Measured = 0.2
 i. Comment on the accuracy of the experiment and ways of improving it.

𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100%
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

In this experiment, when the measured increased, the time needed for the level in the volumetric
tank to rise from 20 to 30 litres decrease. This results in a decrease in the flow rate. When comparing
the three types of deflectors, the flow rate for the hemisphere is found to be the lowest. The
percentage of error ranged from around 1.872% to around 160.03%.Some of the percentages of error are
very large due to several errors made during the experiment. One of the error s may be the error made
during setting the pointer, the pointer may not precisely set to zero due to parallax error .Another
possible error Is the error made when recording the time. Other than that, error made when adjusting
the main cock is also possible. The main cock may not properly open causing the pointer not exactly
at zero. Another possible error can be occurred avoid shaking the water bench , so that the water
level set to a balance position. In addition adjust the adjusting nut above the spring correctly ,
make sure the nut us clean and in fine condition. To prevent zero error or systematic error during
the experiment make sure the weight at correct position.

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the calculated force is correlated with the measured force. Both of the forces will
have directly proportional relation. Theoretically, the calculated force should be the same as the
measured force. However, this cannot be achieved experimentally due to the error s made during the
experiment. Form this experiment, the flow rate for the hemisphere is found to be the lowest and thus
require a longer time for the volumetric tank to rise from 20 to 30 litres. The difference between
calculated value and measured value may mainly due to human and servicing factors such as
parallax factor . This error occur during observer captured the value of the water level. Besides
that error may occur during adjusting the level gauge to point at the white line of the weight pan
it also may be because of water valve not completely closed during collecting the water , this
may affect the time taken for the water to be collected.
REFERENCE

1. Coursehero (February 2014). Fluid Mechanics (impact of jet) [online] Available at

https://www.coursehero.com/file/21893558/Lab-report-Fluid-Mechanics-impact-of-jet/
[Accessed 20 March 2019].
2. gerry (July 2015). Impact Of Jet [online] Available at
http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~gerry/class/EAS361/lab/pdf/lab4_impactOfJet.pdf [Accessed 19
March 2019].
3. researchgate.net (November 2014). Measurement of Flow Rate and Impact Force on
Different Vanes through Impact of Jet[online]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326711584_Measurement_of_Flow_Rate_and_
Impact_Force_on_Different_Vanes_through_Impact_of_Jet [Accessed 2. March 2019]
4. staff.fit.ac (March 2013). IMPACT OF A JET [online] Available at
http://staff.fit.ac.cy/eng.fm/classes/amee202/Fluids%20Lab%20Impact%20of%20a%20J
et.pdf [Accessed 20 March 2019].