TECHNICAL REPORT

On

A TRIBUTE TO STEPHEN HAWKING

NAME : TRIDIB BHUNIYA

STREAM : ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

CLASS ROLL NO : 04

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO : 10400316045

YEAR : 2nd

SEMESTER : 4th
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

• I would like to take the opportunity to express my gratitude to those people

without whom this project report would not have seen the glory of success
.

• I would like to thank my Technical Report Writing and Language Lab

teachers Samapika mam and Mousumi mam for helping me throughout the
process.They gave us the liberty to choose a topic on our own and also the
confidence to make a report on our own.

• I would also like to thank my Institution and faculty members of the ECE
department for helping me throughout.I would also like to extend my
gratitude to my family and well wishers.

TRIDIB BHUNIYA
 Institute of Engineering and Management

• CERTIFICATE

• This is to certify that TRIDIB BHUNIYA , student of 2nd YEAR , from

electronics and communication engineering(ECE) , has carried out
the topic “A TRIBUTE TO STEPHEN HAWKING ” for technical report
writing under my supervision and guidance.

• Teacher’s signature
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EARLY LIFE
4. EDUCATION
5. STARTING IN CAREER
6. CAREER IN THEORITICAL PHYSICS
 The Singularity Theorem
 Research On Universe & Black Holes
 Big Bang Theory & Beginning Of The Universe
7. HAWKING AND SPACE TRAVEL
8. TV AND FILM APPEARANCES
9. POPULAR BOOKS
10. AWARDS,HONORS AND PRIZES.
11. CONCLUSION.
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 ABSTRACT
• Scientist Stephen Hawking was known for his groundbreaking work with
black holes and relativity, and was the author of several popular science
books including 'A Brief History of Time.‘

• His books helped to make science accessible to everyone.

• At age 21, while studying cosmology at the University of Cambridge, he

was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

• Hawking was a fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), a lifetime member of

the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential
Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.
 INTRODUCTION

• Stephen Hawking was regarded as one of the most brilliant theoretical

physicists in history.

• His work on the origins and structure of the universe, from the Big Bang
to black holes, revolutionized the field, while his best-selling books have
appealed to readers who may not have Hawking's scientific background.

• He recently died on 14th March,2018.

• For fellow scientists and loved ones, it was Hawking’s intuition and
wicked sense of humour that marked him out as much as the fierce
intellect that, coupled with his illness, came to symbolise the unbounded
possibilities of the human mind.
•
• In this brief biography, we look at Hawking's education and career —
ranging from his discoveries to the popular books he's written — and the
disease that robbed him of mobility and speech.
 EARLY LIFE
 Stephen William Hawking was born in Oxford, England, on January 8, 1942, the
300th anniversary of the death of Galileo—long a source of pride for the noted
physicist.
 His parents were Dr. Frank Hawking and Isobel Hawking. He had two younger
sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward.

 Stephen Hawking was born into a family of thinkers. His Scottish mother earned her
way into Oxford University in the 1930s—a time when few women were able to go
to college. His father, another Oxford graduate, was a respected medical researcher
with a specialty in tropical diseases.
 Stephen Hawking's birth came at an inopportune time for his parents, who didn't
have much money. The political climate was also tense, as England was dealing with
World War II and the onslaught of German bombs. In an effort to seek a safer place,
Isobel returned to Oxford to have the couple's first child.
 The Hawkings, as one close family friend described them, were an "eccentric" bunch.
Dinner was often eaten in silence, each of the Hawkings intently reading a book. The
family car was an old London taxi, and their home in St. Albans was a three-story
fixer-upper that never quite got fixed. The Hawkings also housed bees in the
basement and produced fireworks in the greenhouse.
 In 1950, Hawking's father took work to manage the Division of Parasitology at the
National Institute of Medical Research, and spent the winter months in Africa doing
research. He wanted his eldest child to go into medicine, but at an early age,
Hawking showed a passion for science and the sky. That was evident to his mother,
who, along with her children, often stretched out in the backyard on summer
evenings to stare up at the stars. "Stephen always had a strong sense of wonder,"
she remembered. "And I could see that the stars would draw him."
 Hawking was also frequently on the go. With his sister Mary, Hawking, who loved to
climb, devised different entry routes into the family home. He loved to dance and
also took an interest in rowing, becoming a team coxswain in college.
 EDUCATION
 Early in his academic life, Hawking, while recognized as bright, was not an
exceptional student. During his first year at St. Albans School, he was third from the
bottom of his class.
 But Hawking focused on pursuits outside of school; he loved board games, and he
and a few close friends created new games of their own.

 During his teens, Hawking, along with several friends, constructed a computer out of
recycled parts for solving rudimentary mathematical equations.
 Hawking entered University College at Oxford University at the age of 17. Although
he expressed a desire to study mathematics, Oxford didn't offer a degree in that
specialty, so Hawking gravitated toward physics and, more specifically, cosmology.
 By his own account, Hawking didn't put much time into his studies. He would later
calculate that he averaged about an hour a day focusing on school. And yet he didn't
really have to do much more than that. In 1962, he graduated with honors in natural
science and went on to attend Trinity Hall at Cambridge University for a PhD in
cosmology.
 In 1968, Hawking became a member of the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge. The
next few years were a fruitful time for Hawking and his research. In 1973, he
published his first, highly-technical book, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time,
with G.F.R. Ellis.
 In 1979, Hawking found himself back at Cambridge University, where he was named
to one of teaching's most renowned posts, dating back to 1663: the Lucasian
Professor of Mathematics.
 STARTING IN CAREER

 When Hawking began his graduate studies, there was much debate in the physics
community about the prevailing theories of the creation of the universe: the Big
Bang and Steady State theories. Inspired by Roger Penrose's theorem of
a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes, Hawking applied the same
thinking to the entire universe; and, during 1965, he wrote his thesis on this
topic. Hawking's thesis was approved in 1966. There were other positive
developments.
 Hawking received a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge;he
obtained his PhD degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in
general relativity and cosmology, in March 1966, and his essay "Singularities and the
Geometry of Space-Time" shared top honours with one by Penrose to win that year's
prestigious Adams Prize
 In 1973 he left the Institute of Astronomy and joined to the Department of Applied
Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at Cambridge.
 He became Professor of Gravitational Physics at Cambridge in 1977.
 He then began his lifelong research and teaching association with Cambridge
University.
CAREER IN THEORITICAL PHYSICS

 The Singularity Theorem

 Doctor Stephen Hawking and his fellow scientist Roger Penrose established a theory
about the black holes. Conveniently explaining a black hole can be described as a
region in space time with such an immense gravitational force that every particle
including the electromagnetic radiations of visible light cannot escape
it. Doctor Hawking developed a theorem to explain what is at the center of a black
hole. According to him particles moving inside the black hole when reach it center
they are crushed with a gravitational force of infinite magnitude. Eventually these
particles become one singular particle this theory is called The Singularity Theorem.

 Albert Einstein was the one who predicted or explained the existence of black holes
for the first time in 1916 but Stephen Hawking explained how the degenerating or of
them. Doctor Hawking discovered the Hawking Radiation. From the time a black hole
is formed an exchange of positive and negative particles begins. Positive particles are
rejected while negative charges are attracted towards the black hole and fill it up but
this requires a long period of time. Doctor Hawking explained all of these
phenomena despite of his disability and in a rather astonishing way that is without
any practical calculations instead he developed the these theories in his mind.
 Reasearch On Universe & Black Holes

 In 1974, Hawking's research turned him into a celebrity within the scientific world
when he showed that black holes aren't the information vacuums that scientists had
thought they were. In simple terms, Hawking demonstrated that matter, in the form
of radiation, can escape the gravitational force of a collapsed star.
 Another young cosmologist, Roger Penrose, had earlier discovered groundbreaking
findings about the fate of stars and the creation of black holes, which tapped into
Hawking's own fascination with how the universe began.

 When Hawking’s radiation theory was born, the announcement sent shock waves of
excitement through the scientific world. Hawking was named a fellow of the Royal
Society at the age of 32, and later earned the prestigious Albert EinsteinAward,
among other honors. He also earned teaching stints at Caltech in Pasadena,
California, where he served as visiting professor, and at Gonville and Caius College in
Cambridge.

 In August 2015, Hawking appeared at a conference in Sweden to discuss new

theories about black holes and the vexing "information paradox." Addressing the
issue of what becomes of an object that enters a black hole, Hawking proposed that
information about the physical state of the object is stored in 2D form within an
outer boundary known as the "event horizon." Noting that black holes "are not the
eternal prisons they were once thought," he left open the possibility that the
information could be released into another universe.
  Big Bang Theory
& Beginning Of The Universe
 In a March 2018 interview on Neil deGrasse Tyson's Star Talk, Hawking addressed
the topic of "what was around before the Big Bang" by stating there was nothing
around. He said by applying a Euclidean approach to quantum gravity, which
replaces real time with imaginary time, the history of the universe becomes like a
four-dimensional curved surface, with no boundary.

 He suggested picturing this reality by thinking of imaginary time and real time as
beginning at the Earth's South Pole, a point of space-time where the normal laws of
physics hold; as there is nothing "south" of the South Pole, there was also nothing
before the Big Bang.
 HAWKING & SPACE TRAVEL

 In 2007, at the age of 65, Hawking made an important step toward space
travel. While visiting the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, he was given the
opportunity to experience an environment without gravity. Over the course
of two hours over the Atlantic, Hawking, a passenger on a modified Boeing
727, was freed from his wheelchair to experience bursts of weightlessness.
Pictures of the freely floating physicist splashed across newspapers around
the globe.

 "The zero-G part was wonderful, and the high-G part was no problem. I
could have gone on and on. Space, here I come!" he said.

 Hawking was scheduled to fly to the edge of space as one of Sir Richard
Branson's pioneer space tourists. He said in a 2007 statement, "Life on
Earth is at the ever-increasing risk of being wiped out by a disaster, such as
sudden global warming, nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus or
other dangers. I think the human race has no future if it doesn't go into
space. I therefore want to encourage public interest in space."
 TV AND FILM APPEARANCES
If there is such a thing as a rock-star scientist, Stephen Hawking embodied it. His forays into
popular culture included guest appearances on The Simpsons, Star Trek: The Next
Generation, a comedy spoof with comedian Jim Carrey on Late Night with Conan O'Brien,
and even a recorded voice-over on the Pink Floyd song "Keep Talking." In 1992, Oscar-
winning filmmaker Errol Morris released a documentary about Hawking's life, aptly titled A
Brief History of Time. Other TV and movie appearances included:

The Big Bang Theory’

In 2012, Hawking showed off his humorous side on American television, making a guest
appearance on The Big Bang Theory. Playing himself on this popular comedy about a group
of young, geeky scientists, Hawking brings the theoretical physicist Sheldon Cooper (Jim
Parsons) back to Earth after finding an error in his work. Hawking earned kudos for this
lighthearted effort.

‘The Theory of Everything’

In November of 2014, a film about the life of Stephen Hawking and Jane Wilde was
released. The Theory of Everything stars Eddie Redmayne as Hawking and encompasses his
early life and school days, his courtship and marriage to Wilde, the progression of his
crippling disease and his scientific triumphs.

‘Genius’

In May 2016, Hawking hosted and narrated Genius, a six-part television series which enlists
volunteers to tackle scientific questions that have been asked throughout history. In a
statement regarding his series, Hawking said Genius is “a project that furthers my lifelong
aim to bring science to the public. It’s a fun show that tries to find out if ordinary people are
smart enough to think like the greatest minds who ever lived. Being an optimist, I think they
will.”
 POPULAR BOOKS
A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes

The Universe in a Nutshell

The Grand Design

The Theory of Everything:

Origin and Fate of the Universe

George's Secret Key to the Universe

Black Holes: The Reith lectures

George and the Unbreakable Code

George and the Blue Moon

George and the Big Bang

Black Holes and Baby Universes

George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt

On the Shoulders of Giants

The Large Scale Structure of Space-time

God created the Integers

 AWARDS , HONOURS AND PRIZES
 1975 Eddington Medal

 1976 Hughes Medal of the

Royal Society

 1979 Albert Einstein Medal

 1981 Franklin Medal

 1982 Order of the British

Empire (Commander)

 1985 Gold Medal of the Royal

Astronomical Society

 1986 Member of the Pontifical

Academy of Sciences

 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics

 1989 Prince of Asturias

Awards in Concord

 1989 Companion of Honour

 1999 Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society[46]

 2003 Michelson Morley Award of Case Western Reserve University

 2006 Copley Medal of the Royal Society[47]

 2008 Fonseca Price of the University of Santiago de Compostela

 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in the United States
 CONCLUSION
 He died on 14th March,2018.

 Hawking is a man of integrity, strength and determination. He is also humble, because

regardless of his accomplishments while living with his disability, he still claims that he is
no genius. Though in a wheelchair, Hawking is married and has a family. Besides his
accomplishments in research, he has won recognition for being on TV Programs such as
Star Trek: The Next Generation and being entertained at the White House. With all the
things that this man has accomplished, it goes to show that a disability may slow you
down and interrupt your life, but it doesn’t have to mean that your life is over. You can
still do great things and prove your worth.

 Stephen Hawking has shaped the fundamental thinking of black holes and the cosmos,
furthering astronomy by a milestone. By persevering through the hardships, he has
helped shape our understanding of the universe. Despite the challenges in his life, he
feels that the discoveries are worth it .

“However difficult life may seem,there is always something you can do and succeed at.”
---Stephen Hawking
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Google.

• Quora.

• Wikipedia.

• Youtube.

• www.Britannica.com

• www.space.com

• www.hawking.org.uk

• www.biography.com