STATEMENTS OF PHYSICAL INORGANIC PRACTICUM

A. Title
Ion-Ion Reactivity Of Transition Metals
B. Objective Experiment
Study The Reactivity Of Transition Metal Ions
C. Literature Review
Transition elements are as aggregates having skin - skin d and f are partially filled.
Transition metals are all metals and hard metals are mostly deliver heat and electricity. These
metals form many colored and paramagnetic compounds. The nature of the transition
elements are
 Metal, practically everything is hard, strong, high melting point, high boiling point and
can deliver heat and electricity well,
 Forming alliances with one another and with the elements - elements like metal,
 Many of them are quite electropositive to dissolve in mineral acids, although such lofty
have electrode potential is so low that no effect by a simple acid, with a few exceptions
 These elements have mixed valence and ions as well as colored senyawaannya at the
level of oxidation if not virtually all because the skin is partially filled,
 These elements forming at least some of the compounds paramagnet [1]
The first series transition element is the element - transition metal element located
padanperiode top in the group of transition metals on the periodic table of elements. Element -
the element include sc, ti, v, cr, mn, fe, co, ni, cu, and zn. These elements have valence
electrons in d orbitals that have some properties such as the catalyst, the solution's color, and
magnetism. Element - the element is despite the geometrical structure of compounds the
complexity of the more predictable than complex compound class of lanthanide, from left to
right has the number of valence electrons, the number of electrons in d orbitals, effective
nuclear charge, the radius of cations varies so as to have reactivity different against a
particular anion.
In some cases, the reactivity of transition metal ions associated with the properties of
hardness and softness of the cation and anionnya. Reaktifitas a compound can be observed
from the change in color or the formation of a precipitate. Reactivity of a particular compound
containing transition metal ions depends on several factors, such as the charge and ionic radii
and orbital electron configurations in different d. Reaktifitas with stability, where reactivity is
more emphasis on the speed of a chemical reaction with other substances while stability is
focused on the value of k produced a reaction. A compound can be volatile will react quicker
than inert compounds [2]
Transition metals first series (3d), second (4d), and third (5d), shows the chemical
properties are very close together in the period, and the similarities and the differences in the
type indicated by the faction. Elements of the main transition sequence containing atoms -
atoms or ions with d orbitals are not fully charged. While the transition elements in containing
atoms with f orbitals are not yet full. Chemical properties of these elements are important
theoretically and practically. One important element of the transitional nature is its ability to
form complex ions. The properties of the transition elements of the first series, for example,
has a high melting point, good electrical conductivity, and moderate to high hardness is a
result of the rapid availability and orbital electron to electron and orbital to form metal
bonding.
Crystal field theory (english: crystal field theory), cft, is a model that describes the
electronic structure of transition metal compounds that are all categorized as a coordination
complex. This theory was developed according to the change in energy of five degenerate d
orbitals when surrounded by ligands. When ligands approach the metal ions, electrons of the
ligands will be within walking distance of some of the metal d orbitals and away from the
other, causing the loss kedegeneratan (degeneracy). Electron orbitals of the ligand-d and repel
each other. Therefore, the electron-d adjacent to the ligand will have a larger energy from the
remote ligand, causing separation of the orbital energy-d.
This separation is influenced by the following factors: the properties of the metal ion,
the metal oxidation circumstances. Oxidation state greater cause greater separation. The
composition of the ligands around the metal ion. The properties of the ligands surrounding the
metal ion. Stronger ligand effect will cause a larger energy difference between the 3d orbitals
of high energy with low-energy. The magnitude of the energy difference between the two
groups orbital δ depends on several factors, such as the properties of the ligands and complex
geometrical structure. Some of the ligands always produce a small δ value, while others will
always result in a greater value. Metal oxidation states also affect the magnitude of δ between
energy (energy level) is high and low. In the compound, transition element always has an
oxidation number of positive and its value may servatius from +1 to +8. There are some
important things, the first of many transition elements have more than one oxidation number.
Second, the stability tends tansisi element that has higher oxidation states, generally, the
highest oxidation number of these elements have the same with their group. Third, the bottom
of the transition elements tend to have more than one stable oxidation states [4]
Activity coefficients depending on the size of hydr ated ions. Generally, the ions of
smaller show behavior that is more away from the ideal behavior than indicated by ion greater
at the same ionic strength. In general, the activity of the ions would have a smaller effect on
the activity of a neutral molecule rather than on the activity of other electrolytes. Ions can
indeed affect the molecules to a certain extent by interacting with existing depot-dipole or
even induce a dipole-dipole it. Named is normal if the activity coefficient of a neutral
molecule is considered valuable one under conditions of a normal solution [5]
Nickel is a silvery white metal that is hard. Nickel is clay, malleable and very sturdy.
The metal melts at 14550c, and slightly magnetic. Ion-ion reaction of nickel (ii), namely:
 With a solution of sodium hydroxide (naoh), resulting in green precipitate nickel (ii)
hydroxide.
Ni 2+ + 2oh-→ ni (oh) 2 ↓
 With a solution of ammonia (nh3), resulting green precipitate nickel (ii)
hydroxide. Ni 2+ + 2nh3 + 2h2o→ ni (oh) 2 ↓ + 2nh4 +
 With a solution of potassium cyanide (kscn), produce green precipitate nickel (ii)
cyanide. Ni 2+ + 2cn-→ ni (cn) 2 ↓

Zink is a white metal -kebiruan; this metal is quite malleable and ductile at 110-1500c.
Zinc melts at 4100c and boils at 9060c.reaksi zinc ions:
With a solution of sodium hydroxide (naoh), resulting gelatinous precipitates as
white, namely zinc hydroxide.
Zn 2+ + 2oh-→ zn (oh) 2 ↓
With a solution of ammonia (nh3), zink hidroksida.yang produce a white precipitate
soluble in excess reagent and in a saline solution ammonium. Karena produce
tetraaminazinkat (ii).
Zn 2+ + 2nh3 + 2h2o→ zn (oh) 2 ↓ + 2nh4 + [6]
D. Experimental Methods

1. Tools And Materials

Table 1. Practical Tools

No Tool's Name Picture Function Category

.
1. Test Tube Used As A Container For 1
Reacting Substances.

2. Test Tube Used As A Place Of A 1

Rack Tube Containing Fitrat.
 3. Drop Pipette As A Means To Take Good 1
Solution In Small Amounts

4. Spray Bottle 1

5. 5 Ml 1
Measuring Cup Used To Measure The
Volume Of Chemical
Substances In Liquid Form.

Table 2. Materials

No Name Of Material Category Physical Properties Chemical Properties

.
- Molar Mass - White Or Practically
1 Naoh Special
39.9971 G / Mol White
(Sodium Hydroxide) - Density 2.1 G / - Shaped Pellets,
Cm3 Flakes Or Rods
- Melting Point 591 Very Basic And Easily
K Ionized To Form
- Boiling Point Ions Of Sodium
1663 K
- Soluble In Water
2 Potassium - Colorless Crystals
Special Iron (Iii) To Red
Thiocyanate - Odorless
- Tasteless
(Kscn)
- The Molecular
Weight Of 97.18 G
/ Mol
 Density 1,89
- Ammonia Including
3 Ammonia (Nh3) Special - Room Temperature
Highly Stable
Gaseous And
Compound.
Colorless
- Ammonia Is
- Strong Odors
Flammable In Air
- Boils At A
Temperature Of - Ammonia Is
Oxidized When
239º C (-35º C) At
Reacted With Metal
A Pressure Of 1
Atm Oxides At High
Temperatures

4 Natrium Carbonate Special - Colorless Crystals - Soluble In

- Odorless Water
(Na2co3) - Tasteless - Strong Base
- The Molecular Solution
Weight Of 97.18 G /
- Insoluble In
Mol
- Density 1,89 Ethanol And
Acetone
- Soluble In
Glycerol And
Dimethylforma
mide
- Shaped And Dark - This Metal Is Hard
5 Manganese (Ii) Special
Green Powder To Melt But Easily
Chloride Oxidized.
- Molar Mass
(Mncl2) 125.844 G / Mol - Are Highly Reactive
And In The Form Of
Powder Burns With
Oxygen
- And Soluble In
Dilute Acid.
- The Molar Mass Of - Amoniumbesi
6 Ammonium Iron (Ii) Special
392.13 G / Mol Sulfate Dissolved In
Sulfate - Solubility In Water Water To Produce
(Nh4) Fe (So4) 2 269 Kg / M³ Aqua Complex,
- When Dissolved, It
7 Iron (Iii) Nitrate Special - The Molecular
Formed A Yellow
Formula Of Fe Solution Due To
Fe (No3) 3
(No3) 3 Hydrolysis.
- Molar Mass 241.86 - Commonly Found In
G / Mol The Form Of
- Melting Point 320.2 Nonahidratnya
°K
- The Boiling Point
Of 398 ° K
- Formula: Crcl3 - Compounds Of
8 Chromium (Iii) Special
Chloride - The Molar Mass: Chromium (Iii)
158.36 G / Mol Usually Has A Slow
Crcl3 - Melting Point: 274 Reaction Rate
 152 ° K
- Density: 2,87 G /
Cm³
- Boiling Point: 1,573
°K

- Formula: Cocl2 - Soluble In Water

9. Cobalt (Ii) Chloride Special
- The Molar Mass: - Attract Water
Cocl2 129.839 G / Mo Molecules In The
Crystal Structure
- Formula: Cucl 2 - Partially Soluble In
10 Copper (Ii) Chloride Special
- The Molar Mass: Water, But Highly
Cucl 2 134.45 G / Mol Soluble In
- Melting Point: 771 ° Concentrated
K Hydrochloric Acid.
- Boiling Point: 1266
°K

- Formula: Nicl2 - Nickel Salts Are

11 Nickel (Ii) Chloride Special
- The Molar Mass: Carcinogenic
Nicl2 129.5994 G / Mol
- Melting Point: 1274
°K

- Formula: Zncl2 - Very Soluble In

12 Zinc (Ii) Chloride Special
- The Molar Mass: Water
Zncl2 136.286 G / Mol
- Density: 2.91 G /
Cm³
- Boiling Point: 732 °
C

2. Work Scheme
start

1. Prepare a test tube of 10 pieces

2. Adding 2M NaOH little by little to the 1M

MnCl2 solution until it's over.

3. Repeat the first experiment for all metal

solutions but with 50% NaOH reagent, 1 M
KSCN, 1M Ammonia, 1M Sodium Carbonate
4. Repeat 1-2 experiments but replace MnCl2
with (NH4) 2 Fe (SO4) 2, Fe (NO3) 3, COCl2,
Deposition, gas and
CrCl3, CuCl2, NiCl2, ZnCl2
color change in