4.

0 ENERGY BALANCE

4.1 Introduction

Energy balance for a system is done on the purpose for energy conservation. The energy
flow throughout the chemical process is explained in energy balance. Similar to mass
balances as discuss previously, a balance on energy is crucial to solving many problems
relating processes like heating, cooling and power consumption. The basis of energy
balance is: -

Accumulation of energy in a system = energy input – energy output

4.2 Equations used in calculations:

(a) General energy balance equation:

Input + Generation− Output − Consumption = Accumulation

Input = Output

(b) Equation for reactive process:

H =  ni (Hˆ i + Hˆ f ) −  ni (Hˆ i + Hˆ f )

outlet inlet

(c) Equation for non-reactive process:

 T1 
H i = ni  C p dT 

 
 Tref 

(d) Equation involving phase changes:

Tbp T
Hˆ i =  C p (l ) dT + Hˆ v +  C p (v ) dT
Tref Tref
(e) Equation for heat capacity (Cp):

T T

 C p dT =  (a + bT + cT + dT 3 )dT
2

Tref Tref

(f) Total heat of reactive process for energy balance:

HTotal = Hˆ r +  (H outlet −H inlet )

(g) Total heat of non-reactive process for energy balance:

H Total =  (H outlet − H inlet )

4.3 Assumptions on calculations:

1. The system is considered to be open system and operates at steady state.

2. Density, specific heat, heat of reaction and heat of formation remains

constant throughout the ranges of temperatures involved.

3. The reference condition for all components involved is at 25°C and 20°C (for
components utilizing Kopp’s Rule) at 1 atm.

4. Effects of pressure drop on the process stream is neglected when pressure

difference is less than 50 bar.

5. Kinetic energy and potential energy are neglected for this calculation.

6. There is no accumulation of material and energy throughout the process.

Atomic Heat Capacities for Kopp’s Rule

Cp [J/(g-atom.°C)]

Element Solids Liquids

C 7.5 12

H 9.6 18

B 11 20

Si 16 24

O 17 25

F 21 29

P 23 31

S 26 31

All Others 26 33
 4.4 Energy Balance Calculation

4.4.1 Energy Balance on Heater, E-105

3 8

E-105
T = 25°C T = 100°C
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm

Figure: Heater (E-105)

Table 4.1: Reference State: C6H14(l) at 25°C at 1 atm

Component ṅin, 3 Hin, 3 ṅout, 8 Hout, 8 Qout - Qin
(mol/h) (kJ/mol) (mol/h) (kJ/mol) (kJ/s)
C6H14 2321 0 2321 2,321 -43.631
Stream 8

(C6H14(l), 25°C, 1 atm) (C6H14(v), 100°C, 1 atm)

Ĥ a Ĥ c
Ĥ b

(C6H14(l), 68.74°C, 1 atm) (C6H14(v), 68.74°C, 1 atm)

68.74
Hˆ a =  0.2163 dT
25

Hˆ a = 9.461 kJ / mol
Hˆ b = 28.85 kJ / mol
100
Hˆ c =  0.1374 + 40.85 10
−5
T − 23.92 10−8 T 2 + 57.66 10−12 T 3 dT
68.74

Hˆ c = 5.320 kJ / mol

Hˆ 3 = 9.461+ 28.85 + 5.320 kJ / mol

Hˆ 3 = 43.631 kJ / mol

QE −105 = ( H stream 8 −  H stream 3 )

QE −105 = −43.631kJ / h
 4.4.2 Energy Balance on Heater, E-106

4 10

E-106
T = 25°C T = 100°C
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm

Figure: Heater (E-106)

Table 4.2: Reference State: H2(g) at 25°C at 1 atm

Component ṅin, 4 Hin, 4 ṅout, 10 Hout, 10 Qout - Qin
(mol/h) (kJ/mol) (mol/h) (kJ/mol) (kJ/s)
H2 49603.175 0 49603.175 2.164 -2.164

Stream 10

(H2(g), 25°C, 1 atm) (H2(g), 100°C, 1 atm)

100
Hˆ 10 =  0.02884+ 0.0076510
−5
T + 0.328810−8 T 2 − 0.869810−12 T 3 dT
25

Hˆ 10 = 2.164 kJ/mol

QE −105 = ( H stream 10 −  H stream 4 )

QE −105 = −2.164kJ / h
 4.4.3 Energy Balance on R-102

T= 150 °C
31
P= 2 atm

T= 150 °C
32
P= 2 atm
T= 150 °C
33
P= 2 atm

R-102

T= 150 °C
34
P= 1 atm

Table 4.3: Reference State: C3H8O3 (l), C27H48O20 (l), H2O (l) at 25 °C and 1 atm
Component nin, 31 Hin, 31 nin, 32 Hin, 32 nin, 33 Hin, 33 nout, 34 Hout, 34 Qout - Qin
(mol/s) (kJ/mol) (mol/s) (kJ/mol) (mol/s) (kJ/mol) (mol/s) (kJ/mol) (kJ/s)
C3H8O3 (l), - - - 0.12 28.13 0.12 28.13 0
C27H48O20 - - 0.07 105.86 - 0.07 2.11 -7.27
(l)
H2O (l) 27.3 9.43 - - - 27.3 9.43 0
Total 257.439 7.4102 3.3756 260.9623 -7.27
Sample Calculations:
Starch (C27H48O20)
Inlet, S32

H1
(25 °C, 1 atm, liquid) (150 °C, 2 atm, liquid)
Ha
(25 °C, 1 atm, liquid) (150 °C, 1 atm, liquid)
Hb
(150 °C, 1 atm, liquid) (150 °C, 2 atm, liquid)

=
150 𝐽
Ha = ∫25 16.88 𝑚𝑜𝑙 . ℃ 𝑑𝑡

Ha = 16.88 (150 − 25) 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Ha = 2.11 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1
Hb = 𝑉∆𝑃 = × (𝑃2 – 𝑃1)
𝜌

1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 8.314 𝐽

Hb = 𝑚3
× (2 − 1)𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 692.601 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08206 𝐿.𝑎𝑡𝑚 × × ×
940 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾
𝑘𝑔
1 𝑘𝐽 1000 𝐿
×
1000 𝐽 𝑚3

Hb = 103.75 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
.
H1 = Ha + Hb= (2.11 + 103.75) 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 105.86 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Water (H2O)
Inlet, S31
H1
(25 °C, 1 atm, liquid) (150 °C, 2 atm, liquid)
Ha
(25 °C, 1 atm, liquid) (150 °C, 1 atm, liquid)
Hb
(150 °C, 1 atm, liquid) (150 °C, 2 atm, liquid)

=
150 𝑘𝐽
Ha = ∫25 75.4 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 . ℃ 𝑑𝑡
Ha = 75.4 × 10−3 (150 − 25) 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Ha = 9.43 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1
Hb = 𝑉∆𝑃 = × (𝑃2 – 𝑃1)
𝜌

1 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 8.314 𝐽

Hb = 𝑚3
× (2 − 1)𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 18.02 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08206 𝐿.𝑎𝑡𝑚 × × ×
1000 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾
𝑘𝑔
1 𝑘𝐽 1000 𝐿
×
1000 𝐽 𝑚3

Hb = 0.0018 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

H1 = Ha + Hb= (9.43 + 0.0018) 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 9.4318 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Glycerin (C3H8O3)
Inlet, S33

H1
(25 °C, 1 atm, liquid) (150 °C, 2 atm, liquid)
Ha
(25 °C, 1 atm, liquid) (150 °C, 1 atm, liquid)
Hb
(150 °C, 1 atm, liquid) (150 °C, 2 atm, liquid)

=
150 𝐽
Ha = ∫25 225 . ℃ 𝑑𝑡
𝑚𝑜𝑙

Ha = 225 (150 − 25) 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Ha = 28.125 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1
Hb = 𝑉∆𝑃 = × (𝑃2 – 𝑃1)
𝜌

1 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 8.314 𝐽

Hb = 𝑚3
× (2 − 1)𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 92.09 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08206 𝐿.𝑎𝑡𝑚 × ×
1260 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾
𝑘𝑔
1 𝑘𝐽 1000 𝐿
×
1000 𝐽 𝑚3

Hb = 0.0074 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

H1 = Ha + Hb= (28.125 + 0.0074) 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 28.1324 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Water (H2O)
Outlet, S34
H1
(25 °C, 1 atm, liquid) (150 °C, 1 atm, liquid)

=
150 𝑘𝐽
Ha = ∫25 75.4 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 . ℃ 𝑑𝑡

Ha = 75.4 × 10−3 (150 − 25) 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Ha = 9.43 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
4.4.5 Energy Balance on R-100

T= 100 °C 6

P= 1 atm

T= 100 °C
7
P= 1 atm

T= 100 °C
8 T= 100 °C
P= 1 atm 15
P= 1 atm
R-100

T= 100 °C
P= 1 atm 10

T= 100 °C
11
P= 1 atm
 Table 4.5: Reference State: C2H4 (g), C6H14(g), H2(g), TiCl4(S), (C2H5)3Al(S) at 25 °C and 1 atm
Component nin, 6 Hin, 6 nin, 7 Hin, 7 nin, 8 Hin, 8 nin, 10 Hin, 10 Nin, 11 Hin, 11 nout, 15 Hout, 15 Qout
(KJ/mol) (KJ/mol) (mol/s) (mol/s) (mol/s) (KJ/mol) – Qin
(mol/s) (KJ/mol) (mol/s) (mol/s) (KJ/mol) (KJ/mol)
(KJ/s)
C2H4 - - - - - - - - 49.51 H5= 3.57 49.49 H6 =3.57 -0.071

C6H14 - - - - 9.67 H3=12.15 - - - - 9.65 H7=12.15 -0.24

H2 - - - - - - 551.15 H4=2.16 - - 550.46 H8=2.16 -1.49

TiCl4 3.51 H1=9.75 - - - - - - 3.51 H9=9.75 0

(C2H5)3Al - - 3.16 H2=16.13 - - - - 3.16 H10=16.13 0

Total 9.75 16.13 12.15 2.16 3.57 43.76 -1.801

Sample Calculation:
Ethylene (C2H4)
Inlet, S11
(25 °C, 1 atm, gas) (100 °C, 1 atm, gas)

H5

𝑇2 𝑇2
𝐻5 = ∫𝑇1 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑇1 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 2 + 𝑑𝑇 3 ) 𝑑𝑡
100
H5 = ∫25 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑡
11.47 ×10−5 ×(1002 −252 ) (−6.891 ×10−8 ×(1003 −253 ) 17.66×10−12 ×(1004 −254 )
H5 = 40.75 × 10 -3 (100-25) + + +
2 3 4

H5 = 3.57 KJ/mol

Outlet, S15
(25 °C, 1 atm, gas) (100 °C, 1 atm, gas)

H6

𝑇2 𝑇2
𝐻6 = ∫𝑇1 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑇1 (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 2 + 𝑑𝑇 3 ) 𝑑𝑡
100
H6 = ∫25 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑡
11.47 ×10−5 ×(1002 −252 ) (−6.891 ×10−8 ×(1003 −253 ) 17.66×10−12 ×(1004 −254 )
H6 = 40.75 × 10 -3 (100-25) + + +
2 3 4

H6 = 3.57 KJ/mol
ΔH = (∑ Hout - ∑Hin)
ΔH = 43.76 KJ/mol – (9.75 + 16.13 + 12.15 + 2.16 + 3.57) KJ/mol = 0 KJ/mol
4.4.6 Energy Balance on R-101 and S-100

20 T= 115 °C
P= 15 atm
T= 115 °C
P= 27 atm

19

S-100

T= 100 °C T= 115 °C
P= 30 atm 16 21 P= 10 atm

T= 100 °C R-101
17

P= 30 atm T= 115 °C
22

P= 25 atm

T= 100 °C
18

P= 30 atm
 4.4.6.1 Energy Balance on R-101

Table 4.6 Reference State: (C2H4)4183 (S), C2H4 (g), C6H14(g), H2(g), TiCl4(S), (C2H5)3Al(S) at 25 °C and 1 atm
Component nin, 16 Hin, 16 nin, 17 Hin, 17 nin, 18 Hin, 18 nin, 21 Hin, 21 nout, 19 Hout, 19 nout, 22 Hout, 22 Qout -Qin
(mol/s (mol/s) (mol/s)
(mol/s) (KJ/ (KJ/ (mol/s) (KJ/ (mol/s) (KJ/ (KJ/ (KJ/mol) (KJ/s)
)
mol) mol) mol) mol) mol)
(C2H4)4183 - - - - - - - - - - 72.55 H14= 1462702.32
20161.30
C2H4 49.49 H1= - - 59.42 H6= - - 36.54 H9= - - -5547.63
73.41 73.41 66.98
C6H14 9.65 H2= 9.67 H6= - - - - 19.03 H10= - - 46.60
12.54 12.54 15.18
H2 550.46 H3= - - - - - - 508.36 H11= 30.54 H15= -4358.52
68.06 61.69 57.14
TiCl4 3.51 H4= - - - - 0.98 H7= 3.51 H12= - - -4.82
10.07 11.80 11.99
(C2H5)3Al 3.16 H5= - - - - 0.94 H8= 3.37 H13= - - -4.32
16.94 19.60 20.07
Total 181.02 12.54 73.41 31.40 175.91 20218.44 1452833.63
Sample Calculation:
Ethylene (C2H4)
H1
Inlet, S16
(25 °C, 1 atm, gas) (100 °C, 30 atm, gas)

Ha
Hb

(100 °C, 1 atm, gas)

H1 = Ha + Hb= (3.57 + 69.84) KJ/mol = 73.41 KJ/mol

Ha =

Ha = 40.75 × 10 -3 (100-25) + + +
Ha = 3.57 KJ/mol

Hb = VΔP = × (P2 – P1)

Hb = × (30-1) atm × × × × ×
Hb = 69.84 KJ/mol
Inlet, S18
H6
(25 °C, 1 atm, gas) (100 °C, 30 atm, gas)

Ha
Hb

(100 °C, 1 atm, gas)

H6 = Ha + Hb= (3.57 + 69.84) KJ/mol = 73.41 KJ/mol

Ha =

Ha = 40.75 × 10 -3 (100-25) + + +
Ha = 3.57 KJ/mol

Hb = VΔP = × (P2 – P1)

Hb = × (30-1) atm × × × × ×
Hb = 69.84 KJ/mol
 H9
Outlet, S19
(25 °C, 1 atm, gas) (115 °C, 27 atm, gas)

Ha
Hb

(115 °C, 1 atm, gas)

H9 = Ha + Hb= (4.36 + 62.62) KJ/mol = 69.98 KJ/mol

=
115
Ha = ∫25 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑡
11.47 ×10−5 ×(1152 −252 ) (−6.891 ×10−8 ×(1153 −253 ) 17.66×10−12 ×(1154 −254 )
Ha = 40.75 × 10 -3 (115-25) + + +
2 3 4

Ha = 4.36 KJ/mol

Hb = VΔP = × (P2 – P1)

Hb = × (27-1) atm × × × × ×
Hb = 62.62 KJ/mol
ΔH = (∑ Hout - ∑Hin)
ΔH = (20218.44 + 175.91) KJ/mol – (181.02 + 12.54 + 73.41 + 31.4) KJ/mol = 20095.98 KJ/mol
4.4.6.2 Energy Balance on S-100

Table 4.7: Reference State: C2H4 (g), C6H14(g), H2(g), TiCl4(S), (C2H5)3Al(S) at 25 °C and 1 atm
Component nin, 19 Hin, 19 nout, 20 Hout, 20 nout, 21 Hout, 21 Qout - Qin
(mol/s) (KJ/mol) (KJ/mol) (KJ/mol)
(mol/s) (mol/s)

C2H4 36.54 H1=66.98 26.31 H4=38.08 - - -1445.56

C6H14 19.03 H2=15.18 13.70 H5=15.02 - - -83.10

H2 508.36 H3=61.69 366.02 H6=34.42 - - -18762.32

TiCl4 3.51 H4=11.99 - - 0.98 H9= 11.80 -30.52

(C2H5)3Al 3.37 H5=20.07 - - 0.94 H10= 19.60 -49.21

Total 175.91 87.52 31.4 -20370.71

Sample Calculations:

Ethylene (C2H4)
Inlet, S19 H1

(25 °C, 1 atm, gas) (115 °C, 27 atm, gas)

Ha
Hb

(115 °C, 1 atm, gas)

H1 = Ha + Hb= (4.36 + 62.62) KJ/mol = 69.98 KJ/mol

=
115
Ha = ∫25 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑡
11.47 ×10−5 ×(1152 −252 ) (−6.891 ×10−8 ×(1153 −253 ) 17.66×10−12 ×(1154 −254 )
Ha = 40.75 × 10 -3 (115-25) + + +
2 3 4

Ha = 4.36 KJ/mol

Hb = VΔP = × (P2 – P1)

Hb = × (27-1) atm × × × × ×
Hb = 62.62 KJ/mol

H6
Outlet, S20
(25 °C, 1 atm, gas) (115 °C, 15 atm, gas)

Ha
Hb

(115 °C, 1 atm, gas)

H6 = Ha + Hb= (4.36 + 33.72) KJ/mol = 38.08 KJ/mol

=
115
Ha = ∫25 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑡
11.47 ×10−5 ×(1152 −252 ) (−6.891 ×10−8 ×(1153 −253 ) 17.66×10−12 ×(1154 −254 )
Ha = 40.75 × 10 -3 (115-25) + + +
2 3 4

Ha = 4.36 KJ/mol

Hb = VΔP = × (P2 – P1)

Hb = × (15-1) atm × × × × ×
Hb = 33.72 KJ/mol

ΔH = (∑ Hout - ∑Hin)
ΔH = (87.52 + 31.4) KJ/mol – 175.91 KJ/mol = -56.99 KJ/mol
 4.4.7 Energy balance on, T-100

112.36 kJ/mol
23

T = 90 °C

P = 25 atm
14813.32 kJ/mol
20527.35 kJ/mol
22 T-100 24

T = 115 °C T = 90 °C

P = 30 atm P = 25 atm

20.46 kJ/mol
14

T = 25 °C
P = 10 atm

Table 4.8 References state: ( C2H4 ) 4183 (g), N2 (g), H2 (g), at 25 °C and 1 atm
Input Output

S14 S22 S23 S24

Composition
nin Hin nin Hin nin Hin nin Hin
(mol/s) (kJ/mol) (mol/s) (kJ/mol) (mol/s) (kJ/mol) (mol/s) (kJ/mol)

Nitrogen, N2 49.57 20.43 2.25 68.45 44.16 56.38 - -

Polyethylene, 14,813.3
- - 20,458.9 - - 0.019
0.017
( C2H4 ) 4183 0 2

Hydrogen, H2 - - - - 19.13 55.977 - -

Sample Calculation
Nitrogen (N2)
Stream 14 : Hin = 20.43 kJ/mol
(25 °C, 1 atm, g) (25 °C, 10 atm, g)
1 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 8.314 𝐽 1 𝑘𝐽
Hin = 1.2504 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 × (10 − 1)𝑎𝑡𝑚 × 28.02 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08206 𝐿.𝑎𝑡𝑚 × × ×
𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 1000 𝐽
1000 𝐿
𝑚3

Hin = 20.43 kJ/mol

Stream 22 : Hin = 2.614 + 65.84 = 68.45 kJ/mol

(25 °C, 1 atm, g) (115 °C, 30 atm, g)

Ha Hb

(115 °C, 1 atm, g)

115 °C
Ha = ∫25 °C 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
115 °C
= ∫25 °C (29 𝑋10−3 ) + (0.219 X10−5 T) + (0.5723 X 10−8 𝑇 2 ) – (2.871 X 10−12 𝑇 3 )
(0.219 X10−5 ) (1152 – 252 ) (0.5723 X10−8 ) (1153 – 253 )
= (29 𝑋10−3 )(115 − 25) + + -
2 3
(2.871 X10−10) (1154 – 254 )
4

= 2.61 + (0.0138) + (2.87X10- 3) - (0.013)

= 2.614 kJ/mol
1
Hin N2 = 𝑃 (P2 – P1)
1 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 8.314 𝐽 𝑘𝐽
= (30 – 1) atm X 28.02 kg/kmol X X X X
1.2504 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.08206 𝐿.𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 1000 𝑘𝐽
1000 𝐿
X 1 𝑚3

= 65.84 kJ/mol

HDPE ( C2H4 )4183

Stream 22 : Hin = Ha + Hb = 20,103.498 kJ/mol + 355.41 kJ/mol = 20,458.90 kJ/mol
(25 °C, 1 atm, g) (115 °C, 30 atm, g)
Ha Hb

(115 °C, 1 atm, g)

 115 °C
Ha = ∫25 °C 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
115 °C 𝐽
= ∫25 °C 223372.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 °C 𝑑𝑇

= 223372.2 (115 – 25)

= 20,103,498 J/mol
= 20,103.498 kJ/mol

1
Hb = 𝑃 (P2 – P1)
1 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 8.314 𝐽
= 970 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (30 – 1) atm X 117333.15 kg/kmol X 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 X 0.08206 𝐿.𝑎𝑡𝑚 X 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 X
𝑘𝐽 1000 𝐿
X
1000 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑚3

= 355.41 kJ/mol

Hydrogen (H2)
Stream 23 : Hout = Ha + Hb = 1.87 kJ/mol + 54.12 kJ/mol = 55.977 kJ/mol
(25 °C, 1 atm, g) (90 °C, 25 atm, g)
Ha Hb

(90 °C, 1 atm, g)

90 °C
Ha = ∫25 °C 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
90 °C
= ∫25 °C (28.84 𝑋10−3 ) + (0.00765 X10−5 T) + (0.3288 X 10−8 𝑇 2 ) – (0.8698 X 10−12
𝑇 3)
(0.00765 X10−5 ) (902 – 252 ) (0.3288 X10−8) (903 – 253 )
= (28.84 𝑋10−3 )(90 − 25) + + -
2 3
(0.8698 X10−10 ) (904 – 254 )
4

= 1.8746 + (2.859X10- 4) + (7.82X10- 4) - (1.42X10-3)

= 1.87 kJ/mol
1
Hb = 𝑃 (P2 – P1)
1 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 8.314 𝐽 𝑘𝐽
= 0.08988 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (25 – 1) atm X 2.0 kg/kmol X 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 X 0.08206 𝐿.𝑎𝑡𝑚 X 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 X 1000 𝑘𝐽
1000 𝐿
X 1 𝑚3

= 54.12 kJ/mol
Nitrogen (N2)
Stream 23 : Hout = Ha + Hb = 1.89 kJ/mol + 54.49 kJ/mol = 56.38 kJ/mol
(25 °C, 1 atm, g) (90 °C, 25 atm, g)
Ha Hb

(90 °C, 1 atm, g)

90 °C
Ha = ∫25 °C 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
90 °C
= ∫25 °C (29 𝑋10−3 ) + (0.219 X10−5 T) + (0.5723 X 10−8 𝑇 2 ) – (2.871 X 10−12 𝑇 3 )
(0.219 X10−5 ) (902 – 252 ) (0.5723 X10−8 ) (903 – 253 )
= (29 𝑋10−3 )(90 − 25) + + -
2 3
(2.871 X10−10) (904 – 254 )
4

= 1.885 + (8.19X10- 3) + (1.36X10- 3) - (4.68X10-3)

= 1.89 kJ/mol
1
Hb = (P2 – P1)
𝑃
1 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 8.314 𝐽 𝑘𝐽
= 1.2504 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (25 – 1) atm X 28.02 kg/kmol X 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 X 0.08206 𝐿.𝑎𝑡𝑚 X 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 X 1000 𝑘𝐽
1000 𝐿
X 1 𝑚3

= 54.49 kJ/mol
HDPE ( C2H4 )4183
Stream 24 : Hout = Ha + Hb = 14,519.193 kJ/mol + 294.13 kJ/mol = 14,813.32 kJ/mol
(25 °C, 1 atm, g) (90 °C, 25 atm, g)
Ha Hb

(90 °C, 1 atm, g)

90 °C
Ha = ∫25 °C 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
90 °C 𝐽
= ∫25 °C 223372.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 °C 𝑑𝑇

= 223372.2 (90 – 25)

= 14,519.193 kJ/mol
 1
Hb = 𝑃 (P2 – P1)
1 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 8.314 𝐽
= 970 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (25 – 1) atm X 117333.15 kg/kmol X 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 X 0.08206 𝐿.𝑎𝑡𝑚 X 𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝐾 X
𝑘𝐽 1000 𝐿
X
1000 𝑘𝐽 1 𝑚3

= 294.13 kJ/mol
4.4.8 Energy Balance on C-101

6000 kg/h 6000 kg/h

Ethylene = 1 Ethylene = 1

T = 25oC P = 1 atm T = 100oC P = 30 atm

Molar flowrate Ethylene = 59.41 mol/s

References state: Ethylene (g, 25 oC, 1 atm)

Substances ńin ( mol/s) Ĥin (kJ/mol) ńout ( mol/s) Ĥout (kJ/mol)

Ethylene 59.41 0 59.41 Ĥ1

Ĥ1
o
Ethylene (g, 25 C, 1 atm) Ethylene (g, 100 oC, 30 atm)

Ĥa
Ĥb
Ethylene (g, 100 oC, 1 atm)

100
Ĥa = ∫25 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇

11.47×10−5 (1002 −252 ) (−6.891×10−8)(1003 −253 )

Ĥa = 40.75 × 10−3 (100 − 25) + +
2 3

17.66×10−12 (1004 −254 )

+ 4

Ĥa = 3.57 kJ/mol

Ĥb = 1/ρ (P2 – P1)

1𝑚 3 28.05 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 .𝐾 8.314 𝐽 1𝑘𝐽 1000𝐿

Ĥb = 1.18 𝑘𝑔 × (30 − 1)𝑎𝑡𝑚 × × 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08206 𝐿 . + + 1000𝐽 +
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 .𝐾 1𝑚 3
Ĥb = 69.84 kJ/mol

Ĥ1 = Ĥa + Ĥb = 3.57 kJ/mol + 69.84 kJ/mol = 73.41 kJ/mol

4.4.9 Energy Balance on C-103

5000 kg/h 5000 kg/h

Nitrogen gas = 1 Nitrogen = 1

T = 25oC P = 1 atm T = 25oC P = 10 atm

Molar flowrate Nitrogen = 49.57 mol/s

References state: Nitrogen (g, 25 oC, 1 atm)

Substances ńin ( mol/s) Ĥin (kJ/mol) ńout ( mol/s) Ĥout (kJ/mol)

Ethylene 49.57 0 49.57 Ĥ1

Ĥ1
o
Ethylene (g, 25 C, 1 atm) Ethylene (g, 25 oC, 10 atm)

Ĥ1 = 1/ρ (P2 – P1)

1𝑚 3 28.02 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 .𝐾 8.314 𝐽 1𝑘𝐽 1000𝐿

Ĥ1 = 1.2504 𝑘𝑔 × (10 − 1)𝑎𝑡𝑚 × × 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 0.08206 𝐿 . + + 1000𝐽 +
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 .𝐾 1𝑚 3

Ĥ1 = 20.43 kJ/mol
4.4.10 Energy Balance on F-101

54

T= 180 °C
P= 1 atm
37

T= 90 °C
P= 1 atm
38

F-101

43

Sample Calculation

TPS Inlet, S37

(25oC, 1 atm, Liquid) → (180oC, 1 atm, Liquid)

𝑇
H = ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 (T2=180oC T1= 25oC)
1

H = 261,640 J/mol
 1
Q = 𝐻 𝑥 𝑀𝑊 𝑥 (𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 )

261.64𝑘𝐽 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 1000𝑔

Q= 𝑥 𝑥(0.018𝑥 9950.25) 𝑥( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 692.661𝑔 ℎ𝑟 1𝑘𝑔

Q = 67,653.44 kJ/hr

TPS Outlet, S38

(25oC, 1 atm, Liquid) → (90oC, 1 atm, Liquid)

𝑇
H = ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 (T2=90oC T1= 25oC)
1

H = 109,720 J/mol

1
Q = 𝐻 𝑥 𝑀𝑊 𝑥 (𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 )

109.72𝑘𝐽 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 1000𝑔

Q= 𝑥 692.661𝑔 𝑥(0.018𝑥 9950.25) ℎ𝑟 𝑥( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑘𝑔

Q = 28370.79862 kJ/hr

H2O Inlet, S37

(25oC, 1 atm, Liquid) → (180oC, 1 atm, Vapor)

(25oC, 1 atm, Liquid) → (100oC, 1 atm, Liquid), Ha

(100oC, 1 atm, Liquid) → (100oC, 1 atm, Vapor), Hb

(100oC, 1 atm, Vapor) → (180oC, 1 atm, Vapor), Hc

𝑇
Ha = ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 (T2=100oC T1= 25oC)(Liquid)
1

Ha = 2.5441 kJ/mol
Hb = Hv

Hb = 40.656 kJ/mol

𝑇
Hc = ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 (T2=180oC T1= 100oC)
1

Hc = 6.032 kJ/mol

H = Ha+Hb+Hc

H = 47.2321

1
Q = 𝐻 𝑥 𝑀𝑊 𝑥 (𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)

47.2321 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 1000𝑔

Q= 𝑥 𝑥(0.178𝑥 9950.25) ℎ𝑟 𝑥( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 18𝑔 1𝑘𝑔

Q = 4,647,493.008 kJ/hr

Outlet, S38

(25oC, 1 atm, Liquid) → (90oC, 1 atm, liquid)

95
H = ∫25 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇

H = 2.2023636 kJ/mol

1
Q = 𝐻 𝑥 𝑀𝑊 𝑥 (𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)

2.203 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 1000𝑔

Q= 𝑥 𝑥(0.178𝑥 9950.25) ℎ𝑟 𝑥( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 18𝑔 1𝑘𝑔

Q = 216,768.4074 kJ/hr
Glycerin Inlet, S37

(25oC, 1 atm, Liquid) → (180oC, 1 atm, liquid)

𝑇
H = ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 (T2=180oC T1= 25oC)
1

H = 39,525 J/mol

1
Q = 𝐻 𝑥 𝑀𝑊 𝑥 (𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)

39.525 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 1000𝑔

Q= 𝑥 92.09𝑔 𝑥(0.004𝑥 9950.25) ℎ𝑟 𝑥( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑘𝑔

Q = 17082.5771 kJ/hr

Glycerin Outlet, S38

(25oC, 1 atm, Liquid) → (90oC, 1 atm, liquid)

𝑇
H = ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 (T2=180oC T1= 25oC)
1

H = 16,575 J/mol

1
Q = 𝐻 𝑥 𝑀𝑊 𝑥 (𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 )

16.575 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 1000𝑔

Q= 𝑥 92.09𝑔 𝑥(0.004𝑥 9950.25) ℎ𝑟 𝑥( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑘𝑔

Q = 7163.66 kJ/hr
HDPE Inlet, S37

(25oC, 1 atm, Liquid) → (180oC, 1 atm, liquid)

𝑇
H = ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 (T2=180oC T1= 25oC)
1

H = 34,622,691 J/mol

1
Q = 𝐻 𝑥 𝑀𝑊 𝑥 (𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 )

34,622.691 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 1000𝑔

Q= 𝑥 117124𝑔 𝑥(0.004𝑥 9950.25) ℎ𝑟 𝑥( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑘𝑔

Q = 2,353,091.979 kJ/hr

HDPE Outlet, S38

(25oC, 1 atm, Liquid) →(90oC, 1 atm, liquid)

𝑇
H = ∫𝑇 2 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 (T2=180oC T1= 25oC)
1

H = 14,519,193 J/mol

1
Q = 𝐻 𝑥 𝑀𝑊 𝑥 (𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ 𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 )

14,519.193 𝑘𝐽 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 1000𝑔

Q= 𝑥 117124𝑔 𝑥(0.004𝑥 9950.25) ℎ𝑟 𝑥( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑘𝑔

Q = 986,780.51 kJ/hr