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1
Purpose
z Vent piping requirements
z Pressure drop calculation & basis
z Valve back-pressure allowances
z Single relief example
z Headered relief vent systems
z Methodology
z Example
z Vent piping recommendations
2
Relief Piping Length Limits
(ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2004 Appendix H)
⎛P ⎞
d ⋅ ln ⎜⎜ o ⎟⎟
L=
0 .214 ⋅ d 5 ⋅ Po2 − P22( ) − ⎝ P2 ⎠
f ⋅ C r2 6⋅ f
L = equivalent length of pipe system (ft)
Cr = rated capacity of relief device(s) (lbair/min)
f = Moody friction factor (-)
d = inside diameter of pipe (in)
Po = allowed backpressure at relief valve outlet (psia)
P2 = absolute pressure at outlet of discharge piping (psia)
3
Discharge Pressure Limit –
Choked Flow
C
P2,min = 0.6226 ⋅
d2
C = rated capacity through pipe segment (lbair/min)
d = inside diameter of pipe (in)
P2,min = absolute pressure at outlet of discharge piping (psia)
4
Fully Rough Friction Factor
1 ⎛ 12 ⋅ ε d ⎞
= − 2.0 ⋅ log ⎜ ⎟
f ⎝ 3.7 ⎠
Schedule 40 Schedule 80
NPS ID f ID f
¾” 0.622 0.0240 0.546 0.0247
1” 0.824 0.0225 0.742 0.0230
1-¼” 1.049 0.0210 0.957 0.0214
1-½” 1.38 0.0202 1.278 0.0205
2” 1.61 0.0190 1.5 0.0193
2-½” 2.067 0.0182 1.939
3” 2.469 0.0173 2.323
4” 3.068 0.0163 2.9
5” 4.026 0.0155 3.826
6” 5.047 0.0149 4.813
5
What is compliance?
z Is it having sufficient installed PRV capacity?
z Yes, but must also include vent piping system
effects.
z Is it having installed vent pipe equivalent length
less than limit?
z Works alright for relief vent systems with one PRV
z Too simplistic for headered vent systems?
z Is it limiting back-pressure on the PRV to that
required for a given valve?
z Yes…works as a test of compliance for both
single and headered vent piping systems!
6
Back Pressure: Po
z Use percent set pressure, P, specified by valve
manufacturer – or if no specific guidance exists–
z for conventional relief valves, 15% of set
pressure
[Po = (0.15 * P) + atmospheric pressure]
z for balanced relief valves, 25% of set pressure
[Po = (0.25 * P) + atmospheric pressure]
z for rupture members, fusible plugs, and pilot operated
relief valves, 50% of set pressure
[Po = (0.5 * P) + atmospheric pressure]
7
Example
8
Vessel Specifics and PRV
Choice
z V-1 HPR
z 72” Diameter, 13’-4” Long (1” relief
connection)
z MAWP = 250 psig
z Crequired = 40 lb/min
z 250 psig PRV
Cr = 47.5 lb/min
¾” FPT inlet, 1” FPT outlet
9
14.67 psia
Situation
z This represents
the minimum line
size allowed by 1” NPS Schedule 80
ASHRAE 15-2004 Leq = 40 ft
z Is this compliant?
10
14.67 psia
Initial Results
z V-1:
Po,max = 52.17 psia (15%) 1” NPS Schedule 80
Leq = 40 ft
Calculated
z 126 psia (45%)
In this case, the predicted pressure at the outlet of the pressure relief valve (126
psia) is greater than the allowable limit of 52 psia. This vent pipe system would
NOT comply with ASHRAE 15. Rather than a 15% back pressure, this vent pipe
system would impose a 45% back pressure on the relief valve.
11
14.67 psia
Compliant Results
z V-1:
Po,max = 52.17 psia 1-½” NPS Schedule 80
Leq = 40 ft
Calculated
z 45 psia √
In this case, the predicted pressure at the outlet of the pressure relief valve (45
psia) is less than the allowable limit of 52 psia. This vent pipe system would comply
with ASHRAE 15.
12
Headered Relief Vent Systems
13
Relief Vent Pipe Sizing
14
Solution Methodology
15
Example
16
Vessel Specifics and PRV
Choice
z V-1 HPR
z 72” Diameter, 13’-4” Long (1” relief connection)
z MAWP = 250 psig
z Crequired = 40 lb/min
z 250 psig PRV
Cr = 46 lb/min ¾” FPT inlet, 1-¼” FPT outlet
z V-2 LPR
z 54” Diameter, 151” Long (¾” relief connection)
z MAWP = 150 psig
z Crequired = 28.3 lb/min
z 150 psig PRV
Cr = 31.3 lb/min ½” FPT inlet, ¾” FPT outlet
17
Vent Piping Requirement
z PRV inlet size
z Maximum of relief connection size on the protected
vessel
z V-1: 1” relief connection > ¾” FPT PRV inlet √
z V-2: ¾” relief connection > ½” FPT PRV inlet √
z Branch relief piping size
z Minimum of outlet connection size on PRV
z V-1: 1-¼” outlet
z V-2: ¾” outlet
z Header main size
z Minimum area of sum of outlet areas of connected PRVs
18
Header Minimum Size
π ⋅ d PRV
2
4
N π ⋅d2
π ⋅ d header
2
4 i =1 4
z Simplification
N
d header ≥ ∑d
i =1
2
PRV ,i
19
Header Piping Size
20
14.67 psia
ASHRAE 15-2004
z Is this compliant?
¾” NPS Schedule 80
Leq = 10 ft
21
Step 1: 1-½” Schedule 80
d = 1.5”
P2
⎛P ⎞
d ⋅ ln⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟
L=
(
0.2146 ⋅ d ⋅ P − P
5
−0
2
2
2
)
⎝ P2 ⎠
f ⋅ Cr
2
6⋅ f
22
Step 2: ¾” Schedule 80
d = 0.724”
V-2 Branch f = 0.0247
C = 31.3 lbm/min
⎛P ⎞
d ⋅ ln⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟
L=
(
0.2146 ⋅ d ⋅ P − P
5
− 0
2
2
2
)
⎝ P2 ⎠
f ⋅ Cr
2
6⋅ f
23
Step 3: 1-¼” Schedule 80
d = 1.278”
V-1 Branch f = 0.0214
C = 46 lbm/min
⎛ P0 ⎞
⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
( )
d ln
0.2146 ⋅ d 5 ⋅ P02 − P22 ⎝ P2 ⎠
L= −
f ⋅ Cr
2
6⋅ f
24
14.67 psia
z V-1:
Po,max = 52.17 psia
1-¼” NPS Schedule 80
Leq = 20 ft
Calculated 67.2 psia
z 76 psia (25%) 8
z V-2:
Po,max = 37.17 psia
Calculated
With branch piping sized at the PRV outlet and the main sized to be the sum of the
outlet areas, this sizing would be insufficient to limit the built-up back pressure at the
outlet of both relief valves. It would not comply.
25
14.67 psia
Compliant Results
z V-1:
Po,max = 52.17 psia
1-¼” NPS Schedule 80
Leq = 22 ft
Calculated 23.8 psia
z 48.9 psia √
z V-2:
Po,max = 37.17 psia
Calculated
z 32 psia √ 1-¼” NPS Schedule 80
Leq = 13 ft
To make this simple headered relief vent piping system comply, we have to upsize
the branch line for V-2 and the header main.
26
30 psia
z V-2:
Po,max = 37.17 psia
Calculated
z 37.17 psia √ 1-½” NPS Schedule 40
Leq = 13 ft
27
Tips for Relief Piping Design
z Size mixing tees to be
the largest of the
connected piping
Leq = 10 ft Leq = 10 ft
Leq = 11.2 ft
All equivalent lengths for 2” NPS Schedule 40 fittings
28
Tips for Relief Piping Design
z Locate lower pressure set point valves near
header outlet
z If given the choice don’t mix set points
29
Tips for Relief Piping Design
z ASME BPVC Section VIII, Division 1 UG-135
Installation
z (a)
z PRVs intended for vapor service shall be connected
above the liquid surface
z PRVs intended for liquid service shall be connected
below the liquid surface
z (f)
z Discharge lines for PRVs shall be designed to
facilitate drainage
30
Conclusion
z New ASHRAE 15-2004 vent piping
requirements are more stringent than
previous versions
31
Questions?
32