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Standard
A standard can be defined as a set of technical definitions and guidelines-“how to" instructions
for designers and manufacturers.
−They serve as a common language, defining quality and establishing safety criteria.
−Examples- ASTM standard, ISO standard.
Code:
A code is a standard that has been adopted by one or more governmental bodies and has the force
of law, or when it has been incorporated into a business contract
• Only if Regulatory body in your Country has adopted said Code as law
• If not, Code will server as generally accepted guidelines for design, construction and
installation
• Examples- ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code , AWS D1.1 etc.
Material standard
•Material Standard cover..
−Manufacturing process
•Open hearth (OH), electro furnace (EF), basic oxygen (BO)
•Hot/ cold drawing, forging, extruding , bending , piercing, rolling etc..
−Chemical and Mechanical Property of raw material and finished product
•Carbon, Manganese, sulfur, silicon, Cr, Mo, Ni etc..
•yield, tensile strength, elongation, hardness etc..
Material standard
•Material Standard cover..
−Heat treatment requirements
•Normalizing, stress reliving, annealing, solution annealing etc..
−Mechanical testing requirements •Tensile test, bending test, Flattening Tests, impact testing
etc..
−NDT examination, inspection and testing requirements
•Radiography, Dye/liquid penetrant or magnetic particle, ultrasonic, visual etc..
−Acceptable tolerance for imperfection
−Defect repairs
•Extent of repair, method of repair and acceptance level
−Marking and certification requirements
•manufacturer’s name or brand, the specification and grade, Heat no. length, dimension etc..
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Dimension standard
•Dimension Standard cover..
−Different standard for different components gives product specific requirements
• Pipe
−Pipe sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, schedules, permissible variance,
markings and weight of pipe
•ASME B36.10 - Welded & Seamless wrought iron pipes
•ASME B36.19 - Stainless steel pipes Dimension standard
• Pipe Fittings
− sizes, inside and outside diameters, wall thickness, ratings, end preparation, tolerances and
marking requirements −
•Butt welded fittings
•ASME B16.9 - Factory-Made Wrought
•ASME B16.28 - Wrought Steel Butt Welding Short Radius Elbows and Returns
•Socket & Threaded fittings
•ASME B16.11- Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
Dimension standard
• Flange: Pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking and testing.
Flange bolting dimension and gasket requirements are also included
−NPS ½ through NPS 24
•ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
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Dimension standard
• Branch connection
−pressure-temperature ratings, size and types, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking and
testing
•MSS SP-97
•Bolting
− Included in Flange dimension standard
−ASME B16.5 /B16.47
•Gasket
Materials, dimensions, tolerances, and markings for metal ring-joint gaskets, spiral-wound metal
gaskets, and metal jacketed gaskets and type of filler material
−ASME B16.20 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges-RingJoint, Spiral-Would, and Jacketed
−ASME B16.21- Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
These specify the material by its Chemical and Physical properties. When specific model of
manufacture of the element is not to be specified, then the material can be identified by ANSI
Standards. The most commonly used AISI specifications are :
The American National Standards Institute's standards used in the design of the Piping Systems
are :
1-B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping: Piping for industrial plants and marine applications. This code
prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and
inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for electric generation stations,
industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants.
The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high pressure
water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 pounds per
squakre inch (PSIG) or 1 Kg per square centimeters, and high temperature water is generatked at
pressures exceeding 160 pounds per square inch (PSIG) or 12.5 Kg per square centimeters and /
or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F. (120 degrees C.)
2-B31.2 - 1968 – Fuel Gas Piping : This has been withdrawn as a National Standard and
replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2 is still available from ASME and is a good reference
for the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to the appliance).
3-B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping : Design of chemical and petroleum plants and refineries
processing chemicals and hydrocarbons, water and steam. This Code contains rules for piping
typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor,
and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals.
This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly,
erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code applies to piping for all fluids
including:
Complementing these codes are ASME VIII (Code for Pressure Vessel) and British Standard
BS5500 for unfired fusion welded pressure vessel.
The basic consideration of B31.1 Code is safety. It includes:
a. Material and component standards
b. Designation of dimensional standards for elements of piping system
c. Requirements for design of components, including supports
d. Requirements for evaluation and limitation of stresses, reactions and movements associated
with pressure, temperatures and external forces
e. Requirements for fabrication, assembly and erection
f. Requirements for testing and inspection before and after assembly.
Pipes: For pipes, the materials used in geothermal application are normally A53-B, A106-B and
API 5L-B pipe , with mill tolerance. Commercial available pipes normally have a mill tolerance
of 12.5% and pipe schedule numbers based in B36.10.
Fittings: For elbows, tees, and reducers, the material used in geothermal application is normally
A234 WPB. All dimensions are in accordance with B16.9. Flanges and valves rating Flanges are
rated to ANSI B16.5 standard, For those up to 24” diameter, they are rated to ANSI 150, ANSI
300, ANSI 600 and ANSI 900. For flanges of 26” and bigger , ANSI B16.47 applies. The flanges
are usually classified series A and series B. The material used for these flanges are A181 grade I
and A105 grade I. Valve rating is similar to the flange rating selected for the pipe.
B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other
Liquids : This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly,
inspekction, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural
gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid
anhydrous ammonia and liquid petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank
farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (makrine, rail
and truck) and other delivery and receiving points.
Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and the pressure
containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and supports, and other
equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not
include support structures such as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations.
B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components : This Code prescribes
requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and inspection of
refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for temperatures as low as -
320 deg F (-196 deg C), whether erected on the premises or factory assembled, except as
specifically excluded in the following paragraphs.
Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for refrigeration
piping in their respective jurisdictions. This Code shall not apply to:
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B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems : This Code covers the
design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for the
transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance of
those facilities.
B31.8S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines : This Standard applies to
on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that transport gas. Pipeline
system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported, including pipe,
valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations,
delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies. The principles and processes embodied in
integrity management are applicable to all pipeline systems. This Standard is specifically
designed to provide the operator (as defined in section 13) with the information necessary to
develop and implement an effective integrity management program utilizing proven industry
practices and processes. The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to the
entire pipeline system.
B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping : This Code Section has rules for the piping in
industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which does
not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1. This Code
prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation, inspection,
examination and testing of piping systems for building services. It includes piping systems in the
building or within the property limits.
Other major ANSI / ASME Standards refereed for the piping elements are :
ANSI B 1.1 - Unified Inch Screw Threads
ANSI / ASME B 1.20.1 - Pipe threads for general purposes
ANSI / ASME B 16.1 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ANSI / ASME B 16.3 - Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
ANSI / ASME B 16.4 - Cast Iron Threaded Fittings
ANSI / ASME B 16.5 - Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
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These standards provide information on the welding fundamentals, weld design, welder's training
qualifications, testing and inspection of the welds and guidance on the application and use of
welds. Individual electrode manufacturers have given their own brand names for the various
electrodes and the same are sold under these names.
These standards refer to the piping elements required for low pressure water services. These are
less stringent than other standards. Valves, Flanges etc., required for large diameter water
pipelines are covered under this standard and are refereed rarely by piping engineers.
In addition to the above standards and material codes, there are standard practices followed by
manufacturers. These are published as advisory standards and are widely followed. The most
common MSS-SP standards referred for piping are :
BRITISH STANDARDS :
In many instances, it is possible to find a British Standard which may be substitutes for
American Standards. For example, BS 2080 (British Standard for Face to Face or End to End
dimensions of valves) is identical to ANSI/ASME B16.10. Similarly BS 3799 and ANSI/ASME
B 16.11 also compare.
There are certain British Standards referred by Indian Manufacturers for Piping and Valves. The
most commonly referred British Standards in the Piping Industry are :
BS 10 : Flanges
BS 806 : Pipes and Fittings for Boilers
BS 916 : Black Bolts, Nuts and Screws
BS 970 : Steel for Forging, Bars, Rods, valve steel, etc.
BS 1212 : Specification for Float Operated Valves
BS 1306 : Copper and Copper alloy pressure piping system
BS 1414 : Gate Valves for Petroleum Industry
BS 1560 : Steel Pipe Flanges
BS 1600 : Dimensions of Steel Pipes
BS 1640 : Butt Welding Fittings
BS 1740 : Wrought Steel screwed pipe fittings
BS 1868 : Steel Check Valves for Petroleum Industry
BS 1873 : Steel Globe and Check Valves for Petroleum Industry
BS 1965 : Butt welding pipe fittings
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INDIAN STANDARDS :
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Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) have so far not developed an Indian Standard for the design of
Piping Systems. Hence, ANSI Standards ASME 31.1 and 31.3 are widely used for the design.
These standards also accept materials covered in other standards. Unlike American Standards,
Indian Standards cover dimensions and material specifications under the same standard number.
There are no groupings based on branch of engineering. Some of the most commonly referred
Indian Standards by Piping Engineers are :
There are certain other international standards, which are also referred in Piping Industry. These
are DIN standards of Germany and JIS standards of Japan. DIN standards are more popular and
equivalent.
Periodic review of the standards by the committee are done and these are revised to incorporate
the modified features based on the research and feedback from industry. It is, hence, necessary
that the latest editions of the codes and standards are referred for the design.
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locating information about the use of standards in government.
PLEASE NOTE: The primary focus is on federal agency use of
standards for regulatory and procurement purposes.
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