C APITOL U L 1

SISTEME ELECTROENERGETICEDE BORD

1.1. EVOLUTIA INSTALATIEI BLECTRICE

A AERONAVELOR

. lrltret'girt
trlt:cLric5
a inceput sd fie utilizatl la bordul aeronavelorincd de
la rrlrar'lIirrP|irucloraparatede zbor cu motor, pentru aprindereaamestecului
€Hrltttrrtrl.odaLi cu dezvoltareagi perfec{ionareaaeroiravelors-au extins gi
lit.laln!llk'tle lrord carenecesitauun-consumsporit de energieelectricd:insta-
lalllle qlr,lrrr:rilzire,aparateleradio, iluminatui electric etcl
l'r'lrrrt'k,irrst,alatii
electriceau fost de curent alternativ la frecvenla de
€otl l2(l(l llz. Prin anul 1920 s-au adoptat sistemeleerrergeticede curent
€llerrrntlvrlc ll.v gi apoi de 12 v. primele instrumente9i moioareelectricede
frr. HPrr.i(i'labo.rdulaeronavelor prin anul 1g30.curind dupi
3f;-ltlr nrr gerrer':rliznt
.gFl,n sistemele electroenergeticede c.c. cu teniiunea".u"rie
de
94 V,
, lI rlot'ettittllrl ciucileasitualia s-a schimbat radical ca urmare a dezvol-
tElll |.rrrrrkterllrilca aeronavelor,a creqteriicomplexithlii misiunilor avialiei
g::lli!'.;l u. Jrt'r'fo.rnanfetor de zbor. Aparifia avioanelorcu propulsi" pii'
F€t'llF,fl fo,,{llrr('rrrru factor important care a influenlat dezvoltareainstala_
r.k'r:tr'.icc;i de automatizarede Ia bord. Ca urmare,puterea
!il:'j.,:':,:l,ir,e,
lttsltrltllri|lc itol'onav(:
Ffi*:l],:u a crescutvertiginos,iar sistemulelectioenerge-
tfF tlF f rrrrtl R lttt't'ltttlsir lribii o irnportanldvitald pentru indeplinireamisiunilor
€E lh'r
l'ttlet.rrrlrrlrrlol rtr:r.pl,orrlt:lor de energieelectricdde la bordul unui avion
],irirHr'ri .srtr rlu 150-360 kw, iar in cazuri specialese atinge
:t1:.1!u
triY;
.lll,'Fi,,',,11.rrrrlrrrr.,urr:r.r'refele.ierectrice-
de bord este cuprinl[
ilt rl [lntthrrr,irr rrrrrsir irrr,n,grrrrri
cchipamentelectrica" ra lorlj.ir'u.ril
ffackl i grel e l sl r, l rr. jr r l t lr '[ r r . lr r r : or nponen[ ainst alaliei elect r ice
a aer o-
l l tel gr l tl tttl ei ' ttt, i tt I r 'r i sr rlr r r lr r r r r it : r 'om nl; oar eelect r ice, r elee, cont ac-
5le *to,
l o.u,' ,u.l tri l rtrrl l Ill n t t lt it r t r l r t sir nI ilir r r cvoi: rclc a se m lr i t ensiunear elelei
.n=
- erd l tt 1rt,' rt' rrllr islf r lr r r r linI lr r lc l sr r gcr r t r r lliza,c. clpuf in pc avioanele
H
!f
| rL' l rrrrrr, r . ir lr r lilulr , , p; jsl1, ; 111r r . k.1r : l, r . ocnct . gctr li: i( ,. , . a. cr r Lonsiunea
$ faecsu|
I H ftl l l B \' 1i l [tu, 1 '1'111, r ll , r t (
l{l llz, ir r r l) ( , ulllr ir vioir nckrcr r sislqr ) r sclgc[ , 19-
rL' I l l l l tl l r \ v I r nlr ; r lr lr sr . \ . r r lr ( , t , elr r lt . r r sir r r r r .rrlo
r it t t 0/ 220V.

-!6tl uu l: l
 Tot consum 't ?r l.
ELECTIIOIINI')lt(;l'l'l'l(: Itparatel e de pilot aj si :nar l: . t .-ici. sint _a. par at er er e ect r ice de conr . r orsi r t r : , r ; r;rrr.
1.2. l)lilrlNrnEA sISTBMULu igaJie, echipam ent ul r adiot ehnic, sist er n. l( .r 1.
DE BORD < l ucereau t om ar - r a- ae. ooav"ior , inst alaqiile r.,,r,
f ot o, ar m am enr ul dc bo|r r r , r ,
^^.*'
<lar p_rinspecificul lor fac obieciul altor'discipline.
instalalie elcctrit:d" tlt lxtrrlst' ittltr-
generali I)in punctul de vedere al
lrt ;rrr r'Iiirttr('rr(:('rrmai ryl: e l e c t 'r 'i . i i ' s i s t t r t r l t t l t l t l .condiliilo,r de utilizare se dist.ing:
r'k'r'l|ici' sisteme erecrroener-getic-e principaie (sEp), ;;;
l, dr :rt't;rrrrl)l'l ,,,,,* . , 1, , , ., r i "O - u. r "at ir ' Ur "f * ' J " pr""um"li
" r t e r g i e cortst'.'.11;1[otii
Ir:ze consum at or ii de bor d in . or r , llt ii
;ioj"d;inate sri .rirrr.rr
r, ,r, |,rir,.,,. ,,r ,rr.,r, i,,tl,
ir,l,f ;;;;i;i;[.tri"" all:r rrrrlrr'i tlecit nor m ale de zbor .
melcanice' sau dc sisteme electroenergetice -.ini
'r' ,,, irrrlrrtl "t"li'"otiit" auriliare (s8,4), desrinate sr.i :rsirlrrr.
""'' ''*ili""il{: t ' t "t nu* de ener Sie el e c l 'r i c d ' qlimentarccu elt{'rqLe' rrl i rnenta r eainst alaf iei e] ect r ice de bor i
rlr".,t t a sot "ur"
, r r - ""iiajui"r r o. , r nr ", r r r r r r. . ir r r l
t l, , lrir.t
"''"'""" "" Jota tu-" sistemde trrt fnnc['ioneazd m ot oar ele avionului.
f ',ifl ',r't,"' .t'''li')");":'"'t'';'ii;;; d i n i n s t a l a l i a e l e c t 'r i t : i r
[I Ilnel
g.rrcrator ( acf io'at de un, m ot or pr opr i')
Acest sist em esi" f o. m at r lir r lr ., r r
c nm poneubeior
, l,rtti*l:'r'lttl.L'llt'""tt""' i' lt ' l transmiterea disLributia ener- cil , ; ; 6i; "; ; "i" r er ear a t lu r r . r l.
!r"llllltil '9 i Se sistentul erectroenergeticrre"aictie (.grt/)
. , Fa" i!.r:!' r itit: "*i"'*til"
lt t ot lt t t : { r t ' ea'"o"t ' ""i"'
ci '"i"u,'u electricl' ;;;i;Li'Je u.igu.,, ,rirrrt.rr
t' ,,,1,'n, ttl"t'irice' l i ' ' ca consum at or iior eiect r ici in zbor ".t"int egr aia
gi.i t lrr I rtr "o"ilJJ*i" d e r e c e p t 'o ri L avar ia u r LL. _ut ui. r . r . r r ,
it ' "f "4" n i c i o c a t e g o r i e 't,rrclgetic principal.
,,1, = F i,a r i ei;,1 '',t,"' t iit ] t i"r t ' r r c r ilr t t ' ic "o
cirola sistemul erectroe_nergetic auririar - de.auarie(sE.4A) are rolul
t l r . I r i' i de a i'rrr,Jrri
' ,F * rIrllri=l t' tt lt t t r lr r lr lr t l: t t t s r t t t lhlt t l ins Lat r a l i i l o r l *1 , t " J "lt'l*e a d ci u
u lp l i n d e con- ruri.ti t fu' cf ia s, EA r asolcit qif unc! . ia
sE, 4 inr b"; ln; ; ; ; il'Jur r "r nr pr ir r ci; r ; r r r , .
r lc l: t s r t ls e la co n s u m a L o r i ' sistemul de alintenlare ilectrici de qerodrom
I 11e isii r rl* I lt ir n ''"1 ' l f ' ""' ""' it r t q i g 'o l t : o l p r e c u r n '; i c l i spo- r" ..t".e ru*s.rsele el.r:rr.i.r,
l1 r ' r r "' t t l" ( ' r ' r r r r r lt t lit t ' "i' iL"- t t J " f rl .r' i oaI' e avionului, , car e per m it alim ent ar ea
ilrr, ir lr rle t lri" ' "" it nt our i c l e t l i s L r i b u [ 'i e ' cuple' T)rtze' t ui pe- iim f ui*st alionir . ii lr r sr l.
1"' r ' r ' i"r r ir Irr irr:cs.tscop avio'ut
;iri t le +le * tt"* l..""" t ""lit ' f ' ' ' 1 prizd exterioarr adecvatd.
I)rin sursd printar.d.de "ste'pre.rer;t;;';
inergie erectric(tse infelege o instarafie
rtr I
ene t gia neelect r icd ( m elani"a, - - i"r *i. ; , 'cnim ice, - - t r ia. auliceca'e r.rrrrrs.
llliIE
lllrllrg
|,l rra Irl l tIti t tlrFrrrrr!rl
l IF l l Ii ||tl
frlltl l ,i|,' It.tttr lr .l.l( .( .ll' ( ) cllcr geticepotfi:r lecur entc on-
''r.rr.r'rrir:
,rtttri electricd. in majoritatea el<: . ) ir r
t"""",,'1'"1,'lJ:::1.;:l:;:"':;j:;,;:;";,";;';;;'
; ;i. ,t*slrl
q llF ! r r ir lli' ir tr il ltlir lt.
,''1":.r"^
,t'l'r'c." nit:":|,*:ijlJ"n-"i::11; cazurilor, p; primal rtr.
;i,:ii:::,:i:.:r:j:*ff|#"il"j'J!?i:1
,,,,,,,1,,'r.","",l,lii'ii'';,,;,1'i,11::"',:il'i;,i:,1,:l:l de geue-
' tl l i tttt' ttt' areste e f or m at clin gener at or ul de_. boid ";;;;;'#i"_ut
t)r'irrsisremde alimentare primar-auri/iar
u. lionuf a"'ir ot o. . r t ar , ior r r r lr r i.
i"1'*''i""''"cc]11j*rnlzate
,:':jj;,,';::";:jlu'il,','.,"'ul'".'"i"|'' rl r.o i rrsl alaf ieauxiliar i de f oit d.
se ir;i;r;;J ui g;rr".utor acIi,rrrrr
l)r'irr sislcrnsecund"arde ctiimentare
se
r' l .r' l i ,rrrcc auic car e. - conver t e; t ee. ner gia _in{elege un dispozitiv elect'i. slrrr
elect r ici a sist eniulLr ipr im a' r . r . ir r
* rr.rgi . r' l cclr icd, dar I a par am et r ii de"t ensiune
r:, ll
trrr' l l l r,l r, ct . r . oener get ice si il; ; ; ; f dlit "r ili cle ai si. sr r . _
i, lul
pr im ar e.
l r t l l r " :' r r " tlllltl Ilrrl .xis[a gi sislemeterliare tle alimentare
rt.i tl (! tl c c.c. ci t;i electricd,care au rol'l clc , (.or_
ll, lr, , l , , r u l ! r t i
lltitlt
...t ;tl
r r 1 ' r ,r' "-
r ltl
.,rii lt r,rrr,l
1 ' "t'1""f !11'l l l:tl
'l ;l.ll (l rt' tl.t.tt.tl {i r r f ur nizald de sist em ul
. ' f i / ' , i ' , l , r ! " ! t t "tttttltlltt '
t.'t" r'tl t'i "t" l i i t:cargdi ntfg' secundar i" ul( i .
tlr r "l"t' r ltitt' l tttr' l ti ' .s1rr t 't r xem plu,dacS. sist em ulpr im ar
rlt ' ' ltff Il l g.rttl t'al ' pti tt est e"n"r
de ia. gi"""l*. fii. a
r ecve'{d "* v, r . ir r , il: r
! | 't rt ! r l r t ; t l r " ,1 ,' "' '
, r r r . ' ' l ' l"l"it* r l"t' ' l) r ' . lt' It"t t' l rj t'l tt'
i r 1rr'1tti r" ti rr .' r:' Ir' rrr ill sct : r r ildarde alim ent ar c i: st e de c. c. "u 'r r r . ; r
rr. l{' r l r " t ' ' "' tl ottsttl nato-
l' ;r lr lr r l r ' ;t l ;t l l rtrl ;rl l trtcttl l ttt'l t
fi r r ;r' r' rr I 'r r 'r r vcnI acousr . : r nt i sc r ear izeazir r . "al- *"r j, n^t - "r n,zr , i lir r r r : . lir *, ; r
: , 1' , lt t t t t l t r l l r t r t t r" l ' t"' "":"' t cu' inver iu'oa", - r t , , r . zir r r ; r ,
"' r ' ' it' ' 1 "" * r i rl r,rrl. sislr . r r r cler lialc de alir net tr . ar _e
t | | . | | i. | , t t ' ; r I i l . r , ; t z ; r i ' . . . .' tittl.;t= l:tlr ' ttl.I| | ltt:.i| .tt.r .l,r .tr Ir .r Ii l .r'ri It..|)tt[ctnavea et ect r ici. "ua"
rt.ri 1l'rr.rirl.:trt',,1'' '' " ' "" '..i:,',;l;iill',:11,,,:':;,,1";1,',ii]ll,,r,l'?,il.lt]i:
t'iu:'::."'l:l'.'i::.l;:;l;,,"::,,llil;;;i:\t"ll;'Jt'll1l!1u.:L."i"i
lt ir l v : t ll f l r il
f l trfr;t t t t t t r t it t 't to:
rr,,rfrlr,l rl tt ur llit . r t t r t tSislcr
l t t t : llt : lorsisler
l.
', neleelcct r oener get iccde b0r . r l
1) <tl. l.i r t t ot t r .
I ' i,l' ',,.1 ',',,',,,'rt,l.l r iis l. t t t nelcclcclr . ocncr . get . ice m oir or . i. r r r , ,
li, l, I r r t ilr r csr , Pr:,n i.
,,,i,1,.,,.,,,',, r',,,i,,r,ir,,'r'
"'l'"'r,'"'" l t ' l t t r t .l ttttttttl ,r '
Ptr l Vi i zttl ( l ( 'l r u r r si l tg tr r g cr tcl a t.o l
tr!llrt
l a b o l tl . A'i r :r r r cl t. r r r r l l i

'l.ii',1i,,'l),"i;l"l' eitid,'o""te in' i t t t , l . , : u l r , jn l r ,r .l r i Il r l c r r r rsi sl e l r r c r ,l cr ,l l i i t,r r <r i :a .r r l i cc

,, ,J,;: i''..,',',li"ii:;i1,;i,,i"':i:ill'ii"in
c ' "c ' 'g i e i l a c o n s u m a t o r i
"oiiub'5'
s e f a c e s ub l , r l i . i . r t 'lr l . t.g tl l r r ( 'p 'r r l( 'u r r r r r r i 'i 'r r l
n r r r l l i ,,l r u r l , r r r r r r r i r r .r rt.;r
tl . r r r ,r ti i r n :,,r .,,,i ;i .i ,,
fr J,,,,,.,,1 .,,,,,.,,.
l r i :r l l
l' t : t t t s lniLc r c lt I 'i i n . r ,i 1 ;r r l i;r
i l r r .l r r r r r r,l.i l r i si sl r ,r r r r .l o r .
rlilrrlr t{.tltt'r-:llt' 1' r ,k,r :l .r .o r .r r t,r .r .l .clu.itit.cl i zi r l c l l r l r o r .r l si r r l .
' it i' : """ E l r i l r l t . , r l i i r r l r r l r r .l r r l l .l .
(l l '('.('
l r I l t l l :l
de crrelgie".1::t-i:i.i.,::J:jf:,ffi:jltl;
s:rrrr'ortstttttalori
l,rirr r.r,r.r,/rtr,(rr'(, tlcct' siL ir pent'r'tt Itl l 'l tl l l {)l tlltt' tl
rrrr' t t l r ' l r ' : ; i l t ; 1 t r ^ r l r r lr ' lr tltr l:r lr o ltl [i tl r ttl r;rl t' tl tr' r" t trttrtr
l t.;i ,i t1;' i t' " l tr
;rrr r r r r r ir( , . r r , r r r . l ,, :,,;;:,;;;,' ,' i " ,' r,:i .' i ,. ' ,1 I :t IoNt)t,1,il1,ilt)t,ltrIN(il,toNAtil,:
i l I l tl ('i l a l l I \t't,t,:lu t ;t,oil t,;t,il|,t.tilf
t,tNt,It (i t,t,t.t(
;tr'l i ttl tl tt i I' lcr ' l t tl' t' ; :I tf t ; tton t)
r lr itt' :r lzit' ' i fr"'l ;tl rtti ;t i l " l l l r;l
rrr',1 ;rl :rIrt i l j tt' tl l i rrr' l or l trrtr' Ii orrr.;tz :r i rt r' ,rrrrti l ti rl r,l l ,r,l rtl r.
:,tr'l t'ttt rl " tltttttttt:tl ;' t l' t' ttttt:tliz:tr ' " rl ' i" r rl ,l ti l , l , rr' tr, .,rrr r.rrrr,,l t,,,,t,l l ;rl :r
\rr' .rr' .r
;t lllttlo;ll( ' lol ;' ,,;,;,;' ,,"' ;.' ,' ,' ,.,r,. 1,.,r;rrrr.rrr,
'rl '.l r'!l l {l l' l} r ll tlllt' r lr ri: !I l e,r i i ,'i li t,.rrri l l t trr ,l ,,i l :r l ,ti l l r(. t||;tl t
;t\ l{ ' ;r tr r l' l ':! l .r, l ott , l ,rrr,rl r, t I l ,' ,,1,,t1
ttt ,l i tl ;tl l l lll"!l{ l 1t' lt' r lf ll{ ' trt,.,,i l ri ,,
 T
'l 'A l tl ')l 'tl l ' t'l
r illd0 clir nir 5i t lc sl. ar clrlllm osli) l'oi,coi lllili it t t por '-
l )i rrt,rc Ii rr:l ,or . ii( 1at '(1,
tlcttsit'itLcaacrului' ternpct'ttl'ttt'rr'
ttntl stnt, lllnirl,o;'ii: prosilllcit.itl,mosfcricl,
l h r . | r u r o lr ll u lcttl,r lo l lll s{ lslo lllo lo r e lcctrocncrgetl tl o
rr* l rl l rrrr' ;r' r n.rtl ' tr l ni: r ln r nar il"im d' ozonul' ionizar ea ; i r adiaf iilc' l) ir r t r r r

Tonsiuncr Tensiunea la Frecvcnla

'l'll)[l Flnl.tnllllll
Observatii
lirlrtl surgci clcotrjcc teceptoale Tlz
EIBI FlttFl' rl 6hr!l riI'[(!rgcl,l(1 V

27+ro% V :28,5+ .2%

t )r! r'l l l 'r'l l l ;[ 3 /o
2t3,1'r
Sc n d r n itc: In caz de cu regulatof
llllll de precizie
2tJ,l>.1:4"/o avarie se
2tJ,lt_l:7t'/o admite
20v

ttllt t [ J / t : 10l: ] % 2001]15l5% f-40o+5%

l l r, r ru r,Il Hz daci aclio-
Itl i ,l rl l l r ' lt :lor.tI :l')(, *5% 300- 900
i rsl l t narea este de la
ftn r'rtttrl ti tt t;r lr iLl M.T.P .

l't itla: c ' ) ,r lo llllt) :.5 o/o 4ooll% u:208+

l l e r t t t c t t l r lllt' t {(2,1-I)lo crt
2 ( X) lr i' )% Se admite
r r r r l i V l t i f l t i l l l ltl regulator de
400x2%
f t s l v e l t l € e l slr lll precizie
*el 6

0:00- (Il,
400:t5% ln unele cazuri ( (rsl,egradientul de temperaturd;
I l c r r r tr t t l rr ltr t
llb I ft' ) ( ,
f:400-17
o/sHz ls fnre: altitudinea;
ilrtliv ltl{rllrlf$t!ll
-5%
ll
I ii flFr tFl!1f, | rill
06 bemPeraturala sol'
E l q l rl &

:t{l I ir "i,
,t(x)lr2ilo ln cazuri sPe-
l l c rttrr,l tl iillr it= 150
ciale
ttttl i v r'tt rtl' ( v( ' ll l' ir rr r r lr t t iln
il' / | ll' ) , , f:400t1% rt0
ti l (=ttl th li l l l l tl sau /40
f . . 4 0 0 +0 , 1 % 4il
?(t \-r 6,
l.r 0
rEl'

: ! 0- i: : l% 36* 5 % Se utilizeazi
: i r ' r ' i l ! r ( l l |ttt | ) o r r r r t 0 t t l .ttllt' t' gi frecvenle de
r r u l . l v t l i f t l zllt ( :u 500, 800, 1 00t) ' 6il
[ t ' u t ' r ' e t t I I ts l lllr ili- 1 200, 2 000,
zrll,tl lll (:cis 4 000 qi 10 000 'l l l l
tt-

I,l b!/t)t318 0 tJJ0 q 5 6 0

trltnl H[k"il
U b
27 +loo/o P ul sati l adl rri -
l )rl ctttt'l tt. coltli- 2U,5:l:$ %
sd a tensi tttti i :
illlll I'l g . t.l , Va l l u !i n l t'tr tl tct'ttl tr r 'ltll tr n ( 't{f( 'r cl
8% t1p trllolllltlt: l' FlllllltlilrFll: I - vArlli
C tll ftlltrrl!ts .r'll,
t slllllrrfFl'a Htnllrlill'fl; 3 "- Inrlra'

FF|lauerrt eie.-ti.'
t7
lf i
 lfr'l:r;rllrlrrrlrr r r . : r r lr . || t ! r 'l|r 'r "
lr' lr'lt'|.1 t;ttt''r'i'
l, r r r r ; i; r ir r lr l; r : t p r o r r l r l r l i r , . i O Lrrr,;rrlir.:.i irr lilrri Iti i rIi t l i rrrrr' l r::ru r r , g: r clut lc 'lt t t 't t r lt zli it t z. ot t ltr lr l t t 'z. lt t l: t llI lr 'SP( |t r lt t t l
lt ' t t t lr c t lr lt t r lt : r ( ' r ' r lt t i l; int in( , ( '( ) l s l i n r l l r ; i st : it r l, it t t lc it t t r r r lr : 'i
l' r l\ltt l('ltllr t ' r : t lt t t ; t it t t ' t ' ; t c s ii t ' r ' r ' lr s c i-irr l i n g i n ( l r l i , r
t '1 1 ; r l l rt . r r l ) ( i . l l , , ( 1 . i l u,,[,.,,t,,.,r.s1.,, r ] vilir : r rliilr r lr irr r xlr r r , r '. r '. lli lr ir vit t r t t t lt t i
r r r r n 0'02 r 't t l'
"lr''i(l
rr;rr:r rlr. llilr (l lr r r llilr r r lir r c lr < lr , 5O lir r r ( lig. l . l ; 'r ) .
r i , , r r ', , \ , 1 l o i l 1 c s t . : r l i . - trttti ' l l z,;;i :rrrr' l i l . t r t lir r ict t 'r 'i*st r ir t t 't t l 0, 21- ;i
ltrrr,r, r ililr s ( ' r ' r ' r lc < lir r I ' igr r r . it l. l, t r ' t em p e r a t u r a i rccsL0tviblalii
l )l rt,(}r.i 1.Ir ' s0 pf oduc acceler af iide vibI . alic alc cit r ol' v; r lot i
acoelet a( iilorr lr '
\.,l"rl. irr lirrrilr'lr ' r . . p' s l' r ' r r i s i t lopopar t z ei,
at,mosfericr poate luir p,,t ,,fi ,i g,' -tO g, i lr l in zot r a cle r nonlar e a m ot oar elor nivelul
d,e la f50.c pinr la _80.C. accasL[ valoar e'
i' li: r (lr'rr"t rtrttrtttlo t r : i r t lt ' r r r pe|. aI u|ii ior ipens e a z d i l l rrrrl i r' . poal c dcp[ ; i
in parte efdctele micsorll.ji in ; ll
rl' t r ''tlrtltt;rt'trtltti : t s t t ; t t : t r 1' uit r nr lui t er m ic
al instalatiilor electrice. S.ddercu ,\or:rtt' i l soc produc la bor : d la at er izar e ; i pe t im pul zbor t r lr r i
lr rrrlr'r;rlrtrll irrt'i t t l' lt t t ' n( - i r r c g: rliv d z ls lr pr a l ,trr.bul elt [ . M ai pot apSr ea ; oculi la scoat er ea dispozit 'ivelot '<ltl'rr 'i
funcfionirii unui rnare tl trrA fr.r.i r
4e et c') ' pr ecum , 9i la t t t ilizir . r '; t
rr' ,1 ;rl;:rrr',i :r;r;il : r r t ' r lc lr or c l, jnc lus iv
is upr a u n o r s u r s e e l e c l r i c e , 'uar snaI r c u r l r t,uri i fr,' t" ;,rLc de f r inar e, f r ine aer odinam ice t 'egt r l: r
a acceler at oar elor de decolar e. l) e
r"' t. r;r;rrl irrrlt'o s t ' r r i lr r r r ; r lt ' r ' iir or -de
ac um ula t o a r e f o r o s i t e I a b o r d agrr,ui rl cl ordc cat apulbar e sau
,.,rr. iau ir . calcule ( dat or at e socudlor ) au valoar ea cle'l) q i; r t '
tl, ;l\ ,il li'
"o ;i ;,;,i ,,.,i 1i i i c.ut" r .
accelerafia ['rt5rrit:
ItI tr'1 1trl:rrr( ' lr r l ilr ' ( ' ( ^s iUponl. r u r Sc ir ea f o r {a t d
a Llnor instalatii eleclrice
rlnrn s,: ii,r* r"o*u de aterizarea forlat[ pe sol sau pe ape'
rlr' ;rrrlr r,, r;r rlr. r , r , r . r r r plr rgc ir c r . a[ , oar ele
de b o i c l , a " l l fti nt' ttl .i tl a 25 g .
clin atmosferi
I r. :! rrir.r r1 ; ,,,',,,
J r r iz c r lir r : r r r r ic r , .I ) aL< lr it i f r in r r i i , a e l u" "l p et "s; t; e c a p t a l , l a o t e m _ ' | rt:t,Iera| i i l eau, deasem enea'oinf luenllm ale€suplainst alalieielectexccll-
r it : t '.
evoluliilor
I . r;rlilr'r l),, r,rr;r c r iolr r ' ; r or r r ; r r , r ' r r l. r r lii0 a m ed i u l u i a m b i a n t , c a i e d e p i 'd e
de Lh,rrrrl i rvi onul ui nu se f ace cu vibeze const ant e. Dat or it [
pe timpul-ev,-
1r' rlr:rl rtl r rlr', r,t r lr . z lr ot . iut,, o,. l)ol procluce acceleralii de valoare importanLs. Astfel
iiitirr,,, 1,,, i,rioorr"le interceptoare' pol' aLinge-valori de 1?r g'
o ,, 0 l _ 5 .(v7100) ,
[.c], (1.1) -acceleraliile
considera ca apar acceleralii pini la 7 g. Va,r'irr-
iar lrr .rrzul avioanelor lrele se
t t lllr 1 r,,lr r t l r , ;;r motoaretir pro"ou"e o acceleraiie longil,udinala de numai 0'5 g"
r l1 zl,6 t. itt tr t/S. ll* lrrr.{irr'ii
,l ,t,rl | l rri c ci cu t t t l
l, r r r r r rf ir r r il, r i i l ri l ri l r r.i rl rr:rr p c n rrrr r[c i rea i nsLal a!.i i l or
de bord este avut in vedele c5' acegt i f act or i nu aclioneazl Separ a|,
|,':r t r ! r i lr r r r r lr.r.J lI i rl rrrrrl l rrl trl i r d e (1 .1 ) qi mai mull' importanIll
cfrrfnlll gr':rd cle simultaneitale, ceea ce accentueazl'
(t, ,-,,,,.i,i.,,,1,iilor la proiectarea instalaliilor electrice de bord.
0 I /i (y /1 0 0 ) 2, l t.--1,
:,,.i fr lr 111r ' r ilr , l/ . l l l i .r, (), l l r (\,l t l t I l (V /100)ri arpentru 11< Ii < B 0km,
ll, /.tli l{}ilt : '
'ri I ..1
'.r.
lrrr:rlr l,rl,.1 1r 1,lr ; I r r ir | r . t r r llr ir s t r zb o a r i c u 2 0 0 0 k r n / o r I t e m p e r a _ 1.4. CERINTELE TEITNICO'ECONOMICE IMPUSE
lrrr. r :ir r rrlirr lr irrrr l r lr . 1r 1. , r . , , lrl(, X) , ( l t ,lr ilr r .
;i la alLibUdinea de l1 km. SI STEMELOR ELECTROENERGETICE DE BORI)
l''rlr r'\ rrl.rr r ; r r r r r ; r . ur ; r \ .j. ; r nr , lor . r r ilr t r r . s o t t i c e
aceasti compensare este
iil. t rlir i.ltlrr ',i lrr l r r r il, ' , ; r , , r . t r , r r r r 1. , :llr
r : r ll0 lr r o <l : r l i t . n f id e r d c i f e a i n S t a t a {i i l O r elecl"r iccl
lir r lttrr. rl r. l rrrl rl !rrrl nrl rrrr(l r; i com plexit at ea f uncliilor indeplinit e de insbalaliile
car e lucr eazS.r idici o ser ie cle exigenI tr
I rrtt'lrlrrlrtt tttt t t lt t t r ' "lr ' illr rl r l l rt,l ' 1,r,,,' ,rrr1ir cona4iit e specif icein
; r ; r |ir r r r r , lill ( , i | l f i r r d i c i c o r i f i n u t u l i n v a p o r i pr oiect anlilor . Acest e exigenle in par t e coincid cr r
rlr' :r;r;r ;rl irrrrrl',rlr r r l. r r r ir r r r ; r r r ' . r ir r r : , or r t r : r: r I' fal :r.,,t,,,1t' trt 'i, . r ilor9i
;r 1 r . t t r l r i ,a d i c r c 9 n ! i n 1 t 1 l d e a p i
lrlt rrrr rrr'lr rr lrrlr r lr . ; r i. r , : , r : r r lr . r lr lr r r l ir r r . r . lr i r r r l * .1,, 1' ,,,l ,rr,,,.or. icirinsiaf
lei alii elect r ice.Exist [ ins[ un num er de cer in{e spt '-
rlc l:r altitudirrea de 6 000 rn. r'ri i l r ni l l l :
l' ;rtI r'"''trtIltt lt'ttlt t t ; r llr lr r r lir r i r r r lr i ilr ; r ri r lt' ( i ( X X ) ri fl l ,ri ,
rn, rrmicli;al.ea absolutir
r",ll rl.. trlrlu irt ll.l ll ll , ' , r r r ' r r r llnl) ( r . l; r r r iv r , lr r l 'Bi1;rrtrtrrltt ln frrncfionarc. Toate instalaliile ele-9tLic9de bord trebuie sir
r r r i ir . i i c a c s [ e d e f O g 7 i f . p . i n
:' r;ttlt'tr':t ttttttrlll;r{it ' , ' r ; r r t lr lt t t t t lulur r lt ox illr ' r r ai frri n i rri rl l tr si gt t t '1n1iin f unc[ . ionar ein or ice condif ii de zbot ' Pent r t t r elt li-
s t , r r . r l r r c r rc o n s i c l c r a b 'i i p e l i c u l a
r lt . ; r olilr r r . jr r . r r r ' ( ) l u l u l u c t r l . ,i * F:r rr r r l) t : r 'aLiv, conr ponent ele inst ala! - iilor ^elect r icese cot t s[ 'r t liest '
; l c <r o l e <t l . o ai," " n ' * .,,l rrr
aa, i l ,r1r-rr l r.l i i ' rl o;gir :; i cr r inaLer ialeciL I nai aclecval- e.I n plus, sisl. er neledt l ilr t '
. l) r ' or lilr ' r . o UZut . i' t: t c ( : ( , r r l t u t l . i r i r J l e r i i l o r m a g i l i l o l
,.; ttl I r r
r ' h' r ' llit r ' . i l 6 t,rrrl n i .i l l l ri pt 'ir t , r - rst r : cut 'i[ . aLctzbor t t r lui sinl. dublale sau t r iplat c'
,,,1 I
,-1 ' It..t\/.nI
' , ,
f I
{ .o rr(i rrrrtrrli rr vrpori de api a rrnui m3cl r ucr. !l !l l rfutrl run, n1; r cut . it {ii1i llabar ilulr r i. 0 ccr in! 5 m ajor : irir . npr r sii ir t st alr r -
I ,, , I I . J .rXl ,.' . vr llt t m t r lui [ . t t 1. t t l'tcolt
- r t ' ll) ( ]
v i t| ti r7 .rr
rri l i l L c tr L ernpcr.al rrra.l )e ai ci peri col rrl l i i l t,r ,.1r., , r
l ri r,, rlr : i, , , r 't l r ist . r r ', r r il. , "'', ', .
r lnr r r t ir lii ;i
, :, , , , 1 , , ' , , , r ).' ,,t/1 rl r..ri tJlr lii ljr r lir r r ir r r 11r r sigulr
t r r t r r ( t 'iilt lt t t t t : I iot t t lr t l
1i il sir nPlit ir I ii it t
' : l, , l r' rrn rrt' rrs i i l :rpi i e i c onti urrre i n aeruI di rr i nreri or.sl i tt,l tl ol ,,r.
I - ! ' 1, , r 1 ' r , t:tt i tts l :rl l rl i i S rrl l l l ttl i tl l c tts i 0tl l tl tl tl tl trtr l :t
r' o . .g ' c { i l l e e l e ctri ce atunci ci nd se trece de l ;r & '*rl '+1111r, l ,,r'l t tpl rttl r l tt' l ' tttl l tv t' l rtt
t , f I , , f *) - I I l rri l l (' (' (f{ )l l (l
- llt l ' rl l tl s i l ' :l
, ; , t t . \- J ' - | j I -"r",,r
rr:rn p c l u r.rrriri c l i c ate l a temperaturi sc5zrrLe,si dr,. ,,,1r 5rrt !1r.i r i 1r.j tri .:rl trl i i rrl i l r' :r :ty i 6tl trl tti , tl tl r:i

,"',i,'l*
" ' r,r !:,'r,J"""
ll"l:';:",,:':,,t;;1lH'l*". 'ri
i#;fl,"*:xttn"t"ro
llilt q

l r.l t. i rrrl rrrs i i rl t: s pttIi rrl l i rrri l .l rl . rl i s l rrtrri l ri l

rr,,,l ri r:l i r.:r rl r.l gtrl rl l i l
I r,*rl l tl rr
Vihr uliile s int p r o d u s e l a b o r d i n p r i r r r : i l l r r l r l c rr,rl l tr' r.p1r' t,rrl :rl r' :r i tts l l rl ;rIi t' i tl l t' trl ti t:t' (rs l t' l tt' tt' s ;tl s i t s r'
f ie L lj. V;rri;rli;r r.. r 1 i tl eFt,i t*t.r. l rr,l l tl ;r
I rrrrr ;r.r rrlrr l"r;rl ,, , , ll, ' , , l s is lt ' lt t t t l r le lllolllt ls i c s i r l r ' l 'i l u r u 'i l c r l c : r , . r . ( . : u 1 f r' :rl i l ;rIi r' l t.r' l .r' i tt' s ttpt' t' i ol ttt' . l )(' i l l i { ' l l l (' l l (' i l s i '
r,(. i tl i l i ;e=e,t:rl r,rr;rl r'r.;oi rn.r,rr
tr,. (1 ,.r.r1,.... r : i( . ilt . { l) ( , s r r lr r . : r l' ; r ( ;:r| \ , i , , r r i l l r r i . ] \ l l r i l l ' ttl ti tt' ri
lrol pr.orlrrt.0 r i i ti l gti l tc 11r.rl r.r,. :r,,,rr,,i rl ,' r:rl ,i l :r:r:,;rt,i tti l rtt;trl rrri :,i l ri l r' tttt' t' i l tti t' r"
lli l ll
r
electrleeavlntl l, verlerc drrrur,areclusrlde serviciu n inslula[:iilorcle MASADIIzDoltASISTIIMULUIll[t'CTlt0|'N|tltGrlTIC
borcl
eomparnllv ctt irrst.ttlafililelercslrc; lu sftrqit;se recomanclfcregterea[ensiunii
6l frecven[trltlt: lucru a rcfelelorde bord prccum gi a turafiei maginilorelectrice. l D up[0ul nS .aat '6t at , ir-ii'masd
r st alaliaef ect r icidebor dseim o.
punes[ r r ibit
deoi minim['Dar existl d,:ot:l]?i:*^:1-:::
.BhnplltntonIn oxplo.atara gi see-uritateaeehipaiului gi pasagerilor.conform ;#til,tiiti*[, masd zbor(saumasatle
d"e
eeest'r cerirr[einstalafiile de bord trebuie astiei concefute"gi amplasaieta ilill;il,,l|iffifii;i;ili ei aea-numita
electrice
br''rl lrrell;rl1pr:rmit[ un-accesu$orgi o utilizaresimpli r""rioru. Se impune
ttrt tnai rntrlI autom-atiza.reafuncfionirii tuturor agregatelor 'il"rlo a, construcliea instalalie_teleclrice-reprezintdmasa t'turor coml)o-
"^ astfel incit
nttntErttltnembrilorechipajuluisd poatd fi redusla 3 sau Jhiur oumai Ia doul €lor careintr[ in "ntu*Httr tunc]ionalaI^:,tt:illi^"^gt:g::-$-",,r1,:tthlil;
putere a agregatului, masrt
pentru una gi acee_a$i
lr€rsoanc.In accsl scop-tr-ebuieaplicate cu cea mai mare atenlie principiile ;'.il;.ili;-"i""tri"e.
et'gorromlei. ;fi.r;;"te varia in runc.tiede: tehnologii ae fabricalie, felul curen-
de m-ontaj'
ql,tt.t,:l^ggl-uq:re.al securitlfii, avind in vedere c6 tensiuneare!e- ,"i,i-ti,it",'rrecvenfi, condiliile electrice saua
,_, ^'l,lj, fi d0.200/115V, trebuie si
lFl Fo€t€ 'b;;ffi-;but"" a"iini"o'"it'""'u"9: 11:' :^li:3t"!iei
se exclud[ posibilitatea intrdrii in con- '
ref r_ll .echlpoJutuisau-pasagerilgrcu elementelece se gisese sub tensiune ;;;il"; i*tr:tq.jntroducem urmltoarele notafii: (motor electric' releu' intre-
catr te ternperaturimai harf de 70.C. "lnr
'r €r- masa parlrt "LJii"" a instalaliei
r u p d t o i fi n a l d e cu r sl e tc') ;.
! a .- ! /- ^ r - - ^ +^ - a * n \.
etc');
Tehnologll. do rcnarafie simple gi pre! de eost redus. Sistemul electro-
r lflrr - ;i'iletaii *""""i"" a initataliei (reductor'pompl -a*nx
tre,buieastfel conceput-incii avaiiile sr poat[ fi depistate reme- .- masa aparaiffi ;:i;1111" cbmandd agregatul (intrerupl-
iT.:I-g€tl.c ;i , fra,r ""i"
gltlf. .clt m.alrepede,penlru a reduce durata de indisponibilitite a aeionavei. 'r'E6
tor, rel6u, siguranle etc');
+'€Rttu roducerca cheltuielilor de intrelinere gi reparalii se impune reali_ -""riarit*igi3r, -
etectriceinstalate la bord pentru
perfecfionate, cu resurs[ mare, caie permit o cregtere fnu * *".- 11!Llei
::=?,]t]9,1._€gregatc alimentarea agregatului;
€6ntl6€febllE s duratei de utilizare intre reparafii. Trebuie avut in vedere
* masa suportului de rezistenli a agregatului;
9.q9lrlltgl€ prlvlnd.siguranfa in funcfionare,-greutateaminim6, durata mare pe avion a agregatului (carcase'
fl€ :€fvlclu ql preful de cost redus sint contridictorii. De aceeatrebuie ana- - masa elementelor de montaj
llEet fE€ar€ eez ln plrbe pi stabiliti condilia de compromis cea mai ralio_ tuburi etc.);
de c.c. aferenti pentru alimentarea
3ell, - masa sistemului energetic
..flVel,ul lgdul d0 porturbalii. Instalalia electric[ de bord trebuie astfel agregatului;
f€elltetE tnolt rE nu. aioctezef'uncfionareainstalaliilor radiotehnice de bord, energetic de c.a. aferentl pentru alimentarea
- masa sistemului
pllotal gi-navigalie etc. pentru u
.i.,!.qfr€t€lorde proao"" asemenea agregatului;
Inf€ftpr€tlf€ €t[e neeesarsd se ia m[suri specialede"o.u a aeronavei, determinatl de existenla agre-
limitaie a nivelului zgo-
Hst€lgr fadlecleul,rlcepl a cimpului magnelic prin folosirea filtrelor gi a uior 'r " - masa suPlimentarila bord (spoiul de greutate al motorului de
ffirr
gatului resPectiv
€BfEE€epeolclc, suplimentar necesar
Evion, sistemului de ricire, combustibilului
Ilulata mlnlm[ pontrr progdtire gi intrare in regim nominal de funefio, agregatului etc.).
nnl€, AecgEtEeerlnfE are.o maie importanld mai ale",s de c.c. aferentS. pentru alimentarea
pentru avioanele mili- Mccealstemului electroenergetic
!ll::
AF!'lgalelc cure rr.rlllzeazd
.energia eiectricd pr"io* pi t rtlrtl electric se determin[ din relatia
FlBlsalllltll eleetrrtetrergelic "o*po"u"i"r"
trebuie astfel realizate incit indiferent de con-
tllHlle _etmoaferlee,rlnreln pregltirii, pornirii gi atingerii rnz.r--Y or, (1.2)
- - farametrilor nomi-
rall rd fle elt mal acrrllh.
Vlrlnornbllllntlrn.
Dr,
1s4ntl1.Instalatia electricl a aeronavelortrebuie pro-
leelntAastfel lrrclt nd fie;tufiu vulnerabill, s[ rezisteta explozii la incendii. rcprczinti..masa sistemului energeticde c'c' (indicele 16 aral"l
Si #{g -componenteleprecizate de lit
In aceatacop, hr npccialia 'avioanet. *ilit".u, trebuie s6 fie studiate varian- cu n""".io coustd din
tele probabllc dc lovire pi modul ln care se va asigurafunclionareain ttt1,1 la tn62)i
conti-
nuqrc a sletemuluielectroenergetic de c.c. inclusiv consu-
pinr la aterizaie.De asemenea, pentru a lruio.ou tiii"tn a consumatorilor
qi. explozii,-instalalia electricr trebuie sr fie iobust[ inal,orii cu rcgim cle scurl'irduratS;
::iir,ll,"lrr,incentlii 9i
r€sUzntddln rnnterialecu proprietdli adecvate. pttlcrcit clccIiicd n agregatuluirespectiv'
'Fr tlc c'it' (t'crrncnullnsr) sc calctrlcitzl
-
Iutorcohlmbnllllttntcn-agregatelorgi unifiearea fabricafiei componentelor. :let,entutuitllctrl,rttttrtcrget,ic
freltru a re reallzrro exploitaie ugour'6 o reducerea cheltuielil6r de repa- ulE klcntitrtleru(1.2).
ti
re{ii gl lntro}inereoe-imirunerealilarca tul.uror agregatelorgi componcntelor u Retunttvci,
Frpllrnentar!1, condi(ionn.tri
nre.a,.
Inatalc{lllorelecbricoltt tin ascmencaglad cleprcci-zie"lncf L s[ poat[ fi oriclncl *er,,,rr,vcl',,si
1r,*Lo rlc,it":li,"iJ,1t,,itt:l:fl;
tlc'ii;ill:: 2- 2(fd. tttitsit
=Ut,ttrruttt,,it"-Jr.ri1i,it 'ti
Itrlocull,o crl nltelccxisl.enlclrr sloc. - €i€ntclor dgtlgalulrri.
g0 2t
 ( lt t t t t ' r ' s lt ' ; r l c t:i z l rl is r' ;l o rtl r' l ttt:e l a rrrrl r:trl rrl
nl i l sci (l (: r:rl rrsl r.ttcIi c;i l l 'n l ': l l l ( l r tttt'tl l ttl g cttt't:tl r r t'ttl tl i :
Iru u ili r lc z lr ol t r i rrs l trl i r(i i l o rc k rc l .r' i r:t: rl rr l l or.< 1. '; :.,. t 's l t '
t ; t tttl r tttttr ttl 'tr l si sl t'r n ttl tti d tl a c!i o r r i r t'c;
A I t $t t t lr t t r t ' r tl ttrrtt l rg rc g a Itrl rric l c trL l i cfIlI consi derareamasei si stemul ui il' t l t tt'l tl ;r zl l o l r tl tr i l
rh 'r ' lillr r r , r ' { r . lir : r ,s l t: < l i rt.I d c s u rn a l t l ll sl a g o n L u l tr i d e r i ci r e '
lllr
I l rs,n nrr ,l-nt2o]_ ntsol rnanJm;A+ rn6A. In a sa $ i d e b i tu l co m b u sl "i b i l u l u i 9 i r L l e i r r l r r i
(1.3) I r r r . ; r z r r l r r r . [ .a r e l o r cu r e a cfi e ,
n a cl d e b i l "e l e sp e ci {i cc I'i r -
l'lttstrlolrtli ir sisl,cmului elect'oenergetic aferent[ unui agregat €lttl i , , r .a yr r :|, cu u n i ta te a cl e tr a c!i u 'e .
devine
'r l r t .i,,
jiru:r,,r,l i r r '1 ..
iri.t,Iirrnc t"-"ot"o'e cu m'9i respectivmi' rela{ia(t'8)
M7 s ,r:m 7 n !m s a , (i.4)
(m'{m'"7)
,11,u(l 1-oc*g*v)Mrs* '''')' (l '{))
lllu:;rt irrsltrlrrlria agregatului este dati de snrna #"!mI fft!-no
Mrtn:Mrad,*Mzs.a, (1.5) ggdrr V l stl vi tcza de zt r or , in m / s'
rrrrrlr r;r' (iutr sr:irrnadc masa aferentd. a sistemului electroenergetic.
f ' r iir r r r r r . strlrr z b o r a u n u i a g re g a t s e i n fel ege suma
nI ,no:Ivlrro*msd, (1.6)
I rr lntl re ( ir t ' s r ' : rru u a L i t d e ma s a d e m o n ta j ci t gi de toate masel esupl i men-
l!llLt tl l r! fir,r'rrrilrvoicare condifioneazd. funcfionarea agregatului reipectiv"
Iilr t r. |s |r r r lr lrr, rn a s a d e z b o r a u n u i g e nerator de bord se cal cul eaza cu
fnrrrrrrln
M n *: M 6 e * rnsx* nns"I rrrg,, (1.7)
tit r trlrr, ,'l/,u r r , ; r l r,z i rrl i rma s a i n s ta l a td a g e neratorul ui ;
,il rrff n ri rs l s u p l i me n ta rl d e mo ntaj ;
l l 1 9 ,, rrrrrsirsrrplimentarl a motorului, combustibilului, uleiului gi
s l l rrc l rrri i a p a ra tu l u i d e z b or aferente func{i ondri i , al i men_
Irrri i ;i ;rc { i o n l ri i g e n e ra torul ui ;
llllr rrrrrriirsis[.cmului de rdcire a generatorului, care depinde
rh , r' i l r,z l r,a l L i L u d i n e ag i d e durata zborul ui .
I t t lr r lr r llir lt r I l t'rl r i tr' { i o rri u ' ae g e n e ra to ru l u ise i nl el ege i ntregul echi pament.
Ii i l r' i |lillllt , igr f llf l l rrrrs rrri s i i rc l re l g i e i d e l a mo torul de avi on l a generator.
llr r r f i |t r ' r . lllll l l tc tttt' i r l rt z l ro r c o mb u s ti b i l ul gi agentul de rl ci re se col sum[
.
tl ttl f ot lt t , t t t it : iitt lt ' zl to t rt s i s l ,r' rrrrrl u e il e c tro e n ergeti C pentruun avi on cu motor
r'l i r: r irnr , r , r 1r lt r r r ir r,rr l ' rurrru l l r

, l/ , u ( l I l [j I r.),\/rr..
l (rrr l n t" T )7 ' 3 $ P s j -m,T l ue-\s.r]o), (1.g)
'
Ts\" \c\o
l l l rrle: , r . l' r ' pt ' ( ' zi l tl it'i rtl ro r'rrl
l tl i rr[,rem a s a a e ro naveisupl i mentati de prezen!.a
s isl l rrrrrl rrir' k rc l .r' o e n e rg e tigci masa ei de construc[i e;
fl t ' r r p or' lrrl tl i rrl t' o l n a s a i n s ta l a fi ei de acl i onare a generatorul rri
r y i rrr;rs uc i tl c c o n s L ru c fi e ;
'r' r ' itl )o Il rrl d i rrl ,re m a s a s i s te mul ui de rrci re a generatorul ui ;i
r r r :rs i rc i c k r c o n s l .ru c ti e :
ilt t r r ;rs rrn ro l .ol rrl rri ra p o l l .aL i l a l l rrLer.ea gcnerat,orrrl rri ;
lll I r lr ' l ri l rrlrl r c o rrrl l rrs l i l l i lg i rrl c i p t: rrrri l al ttr tl tr
l l rrl cl c i r rrrol or.rr,
Irri s i llc olii;
l'u prtl r , r r , ; r 11t ' lt ' r . r r lolr r lr r i, ir r liW ;