ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER AND

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
OLEH :
DON HAIDY ABEL , ST, MBA&E
WHAT IS YOUR PREVIOUS
EXPERIENCE WITH COMPUERS?
COMPUTER ARE EVERYWHERE

qEmail, memos and letter

qNumerical and Financial analysis

qInstructions and grading

qAssignments and Research

qPlay games and surf internet

qCommunicate with friends and family
COMPUTER IS…...

q Accept data (Input)

q Process the data according to specified rules ( Process)
q Produce results (Output)
q Store results for future use ( Storage)
 SIX (6) ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• Professionals : Computer programmers
• End-User : without much technical knowledge of IT

• Data: Consists of the raw facts and figures that are processed into information.
Information : Summarized data or otherwise manipulated data. Ex: Text, Graphics, Audio, Video
• Units of Measurement for Capacity: KB (1000 bytes) , MB (1 million bytes), GB ( 1 billion bytes)
 DATA & INFORMATION
q A collection of raw facts and figures is called data.
q It may consist of numbers, characters, symbols etc
•

q Processed data is called information.

q It is more meaningful than data.
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4. HARDWARE
• Input operation : Data is entered or otherwise captured electronically and is converted to a form that can be
processed by the computer. Ex: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone
• Processing operation – the data is manipulated to process or transform it into information. Ex: CPU, RAM.
• Output operation – the information which has been processed from the data, is produced in a form usable by
people.Ex: Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Headphone
• Secondary Storage operation – data, information, and programs are stored in computer - processable form. Ex:
Harddisk, Flashdisk, CD, Diskette

Hardware – consists of all the machinery and equipment in a computer system

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A hardware mechanism that transforms information in the
external world for consumption by a computer
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• A Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the component in a digital computer

that Interprets computer program instruction and processes data
• 2 Major CPU manufactures for computers: INTEL and AMD
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• When choosing a CPU, consider its Speed
• 2 main factor of CPU’s speed:
• Clock Frequency (GHz)
• Amount of cache memory (MB)
TASK
INTEL AMD
….... …...... …....... …......
Clock
Frequency
(GHz)
Cache
Memory
(MB)
Price ( $)
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• Central Circuit Board making up a personal computer

• Computer is built with CPU, Main memory, and other
components on the motherboard
• Other components: external storege, controllers for
video and sound and peripheral devices are typically
attached to Motherboard via edge connectors and
cables
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• Generating and Outputing image to a display

• If it’s integrated in the motherboard, it will use the
computer RAM memory. If it isn’t integrated, it has its
own video memory -> VRAM
• An important element of video memory is the Z-buffer,
which manage the depth coordinates in 3D graphics
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• A computer expansion card that can Input and Output

sound under control of computer programs
• Built in on the motherboard
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• Computer memory that is directly accessible to the

CPU of a computer without the use of computer’s
input/ output channels
• Being used to store data that is likely to be in active
use
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• Read Only Memory that a class of storage media

used in computers
• Data stored in ROM can’t be modified
• ROM is a non-volatile storage. Data remains
unchanged even after switching off the computer
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• Random Access Memory that is type of data storage
used in computers
• It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow the
stored data to be accessed in any order ( random)
• Data stored in RAM can be modified
• RAM is a volatile storage. Data will lose after
switching off the computer
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• Computer memory that is not directly accessible to

the CPU of a computer, requiring input/output
channels
• Being used to store data that is Not in active use
• Slower than Primary storage but it has Higher storage
capacity
• Non-volatile,data remains unchanged even after
switching off the computer
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Output devices include any hardware that translate
information processed by the computer into a form
that human can understand

• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

• LED (Light-Emitting Diodes)
• Full HD
• Quad HD
• 4K / Ultra HD
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• Luminance , Black level: Brightness (nits)

• Size, measured diagonally
• Dot pitch
• Response time
• Refresh rate
• Input lag : Difference in time between mouse moving
and action appearing on screen
• Power consumption
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• Inkjet printer : Tiny droplets of liquid ink

• Laser printer : Xerographic printing process
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 SIX (6) ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• A Set of instruction given to the computer to solve a problem
• A single/ collection of programs that performs a particular task
• There are two (2) types of Software on the basis of its functionality:
• System Software
• Application Software
Software

System Application
Software Software

Operating Utility Device Custom Packaged

System Programs Driver Built software
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• It is used to control the usage and allocation of

different hardware component
• This software is developed to control the hardware
components
• Example:
• Operating system ( DOS, Windows, IOS)
• Utility programs ( data backup programs, etc)
• Device driver
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• A set of programs that manages all computers components
and operation
• A collection of software that manages computer hardware
resources and provides common services for computer
programs
• A computer can’t do anything without OP

• A type of system software that allows a user to analyze, configure

and maintain the computer
• The Utility programs keep computer system running smoothly
• Most operating system include different built-in utility programs.
The user can also buy stand alone utility programs
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• A program that is used to operate and control a device
attached to computer
• Provided by manufacture of devices. The devices can’t
function properly without device driver
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• Developed to perform some specific task. These are

specially designed to solve the problems of users
• Using to provide audio, video or multimedia
entertainment to the users
• Example: Microsoft Office, Adobe photoshop
• Custom-built software
• Packaged software
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• The software are designed according to the requirement
of particular customer
• The professional team of programmers depending on the
requirements to develop these programs
• Cost of customized software is more than the packaged
software
• Example: Patient information system, inventory system,
college admission system and examination system
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• Known as off-the-shelf (ready made) programs. It’s

designed for sale to general public
• These facilitate the users in all field of life
• Example: Microsoft Office, ORACLE, Graphics software,
Communication programs
 SIX (6) ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• A connectivity means that a computer must be connected to other computer specially through the internet.
• Using the INTERconnected NETwork, people can share and access data and greatly expand ones capability
and reach

• -à Continue to INTERNET OF THINGS!