Running head: THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY TODAY Borgers 1

The Impact of Technology in Society Today

Shelby Borgers

Dakota State University

GS 491 Independent Study – Capstone

2 April, 2019
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This essay is an examination of the importance of technology in society today, as it pertains

to the General Studies major I have chosen for my degree from Dakota State University (DSU).

For the Bachelor of General Studies (BGS) degree, I have chosen three areas of emphasis;

Education, Technology, and Science and Math. I intend to share with you, information regarding

the role technological advance plays in society, how technology affects relationships and impacts

individuals’ communication and social skills, as well as how technology affects employment. I

also intend to share with you, details in reference to the role technology plays in the fields of

education, science, and math, as well as the role science and mathematics play in many technology-

based fields.

Technological advance has always played a significant role in society. In 1989, only 15

percent of homes in the United States had a personal computer. It is important to note that at this

time, none of the personal computers were connected to the Internet. “By 2011,” according to the

United States Census Bureau, “75 percent” of United States homes “had computers and more than

70 percent were surfing the Internet” (Mossberg, 2014). Technology plays a crucial role in society

today, as can be seen by recent rapid technological advancement; i.e. smartphones. Many

technological devices impact the daily lives of individuals. Without the aid of technological

devices, most, if not all, individuals’ lives in the United States would be significantly impacted.

For instance, individuals may fail to wake up timely, forget important events, miss crucial

meetings, and be out of the loop on important conversations that would normally take place via

text message, phone call, email, and videochat etc.

Technology affects relationships. Technology impacts both personal and professional

relationships. Technological advancement via electronic media affects how individuals form new

relationships in their personal lives. With advancing technology, it has become less common to
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meet individuals and form lasting relationships with them without technological help. For instance,

many individuals use online resources, such as Match, Tinder, PlentyOfFish, and Bumble.

Furthermore, with electronic media, individuals’ personal relationships are not always ‘personal’.

For example, an individual may be Facebook friends with someone, but may not actually be friends

with them in real life, or may not know them, or have met them at all. In this manner, social media

can become dangerous to some users, especially impressionable adolescents just trying to fit in

and make friends.

Technological advancement via electronic media can greatly impact individuals’

communication and social skills. By communicating with others via electronic media sources, such

as FaceTime or Skype, individuals lack the opportunity to practice talking to others people in-

person. It is completely different because in-person, individuals need to understand social cues,

such as eye contact, body language, and what verbiage to use for particular situations. These social

cues are key to forming new and lasting relationships. Furthermore, technological advancement in

electronic media is of great significance today and will continue to be important in the future.

“Their specific features aside, smartphones and tablets have ushered in a new phase of human

existence, what has been called “The Age of Connection,” an era in which anyone with a telephone

or an internet account can potentially reach anyone similarly equipped almost instantaneously”

(Volti, 2017, p. 279).

Today, due to the prevalence of smartphones, tablets, the internet, social media, and many

apps, face-to-face communication has changed. It is no longer necessary to be in the same room

as someone else for face-to-face communication. The creation of FaceTime is one of the many

technological advancements in electronic media that have allowed individuals to speak to others

face-to-face without being in the same location. In this way, technology enables individuals,
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businesses, and corporations etc. to build and maintain relationships on a global level. For

example, by using videochat apps, such as Skype or FaceTime, a company, based in the United

States, could speak personally to investors located in Japan.

Technology also affects employment. For example, although mass production lowered the

number of workers needed to build a car, employment in the automobile industry increased along

with the spread of mass-production technologies. During the twentieth century, the automobile

industry was the greatest job generator. “Although direct employment in the automobile industry

has steadily declined in recent years, the approximately 250 million cars and light trucks on

America’s roads provide employment for legions of mechanics, sales personnel, and insurance

agents” (Volti, 2017, p. 192). Additionally, employment is provided for many workers who have

jobs that indirectly relate to the “automotive culture and are employed in everything from oil

refineries to fast-food restaurants” (Volti, 2017, p. 192). As mass-production technologies became

increasingly prevalent, employment opportunities changed.

The assembly line is one example of a mass-production technology that dramatically

changed the employment industry, especially the automobile industry. The assembly line was the

“ultimate marriage of machine technology and the division of labor” (Volti, 2017, p. 216). “Instead

of using a variety of skills and working at their own pace, workers perform specialized and

repetitious tasks that are dictated by the tempo of the moving line” (Volti, 2017, p. 216). The

development of the assembly line is attributed to Henry Ford.

Henry Ford, along with his colleagues, introduced the moving assembly line in 1913, which

allowed for small batches of automobiles to be produced by workers “with a multiplicity of skills”

(Volti, 2017, p. 216). With the introduction of the assembly line, significant price cuts were able

to occur because the time needed for manufacture was dramatically reduced and the “substitution
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of low-wage, unskilled labor for the high-priced labor of all-around craftsmen” was allowed (Volti,

2017, p. 216). Additionally, the “typical automobile assembly line” was “churning out 50 to 60

vehicles per hour” (Volti, 2017, p. 216). This dramatic increase in production led to the need for

more employees or workers. As the automotive industry continues to grow, employees will likely

find themselves having more job security.

As the example of the automotive industry indicates, if the demand for products and

services increases at the same pace as productivity increases, technological advances will not lead

to job losses. Additionally, product or service prices can play a role in the level of demand. “If

productivity increases bring down the cost, more people can afford it, thereby increasing the size

of the market for that product,” in this case, automobiles (Volti, 2017, p. 190). As demand

increases, employers may be motivated to hire more employees or workers to meet the increased

demands. “Much of the history of mass production conforms to this pattern, as exemplified by the

automobile industry and the interrelated increases in productivity, employment, production, and

purchases that began when Henry Ford began to produce large numbers of Model T cars” (Volti,

2017, p. 190).

The ongoing development of high-tech industries will be a source of future job growth.

Technology can actually create jobs. Many jobs that can be found today did not exist in the past,

such as X-ray technicians. Additionally, locomotive engineers did not exist prior to the

technological advancement that led to the railroad industry. When one thinks about it, a pattern

can be found among the technological growth. As technological advances continue to take place,

more products will be created. Thus, more people will need to be employed to make and look over

these new technologies.

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For example, as technological advances have been produced; such as microwave ovens,

food processors, smartphones, personal computers, Wi-Fi routers, big-screen HD televisions, and

Blue-ray players; new employment opportunities have been allowed to be created in the forms of

manufacturing, marketing, and servicing. Additionally, solar panels are a great technological

advancement that has both economic and environmental benefits as they harness solar energy.

Some other examples of new employment opportunities include occupations such as “genetic

engineer, global positioning system technician, website designer, and social media strategist”

(Volti, 2017, p. 191). Technology will continue to further develop and create more employment

opportunities.

Unfortunately, the ongoing development of high-tech industries may also be a source of

job scarcity. Some technological advancements destroy existing human jobs. Fully automated

industrial processes have greatly affected employment by reducing the need for human labor in

many industries. Although the total employment has massively increased over the past century,

many jobs held and performed by manufacturing workers have been lost due to mechanization.

The total employment has increased because many jobs have been created, not in the “production

of things but in the supply of services, segments of the economy including, but not limited to,

education, medicine, entertainment, law enforcement, wholesale and retail sales, and

transportation” (Volti, 2017, p. 195). Service occupations are rapidly outnumbering other

occupations and the amount of workers performing “service-type functions in the manufacturing

sector is large and growing” (Volti, 2017, p. 195). This indicates the nature of work is changing.

Furthermore, the “desire for services shows no signs of abating,” which will contribute to

the likely generation of an abundance of future jobs (Volti, 2017, p. 196). However, it is important

to recognize that although total employment has increased, many individuals have still suffered
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from unemployment due to technological advancements in mechanization. The process of

technologically advanced machinery making the need for human workers inessential will likely

continue to occur in future years. Human workers will continue to become dispensable, as the jobs

they hold are replaced.

Technological change not only affects industrial work, but also white-collar work. The

typical workplace in the employment industry today is not in the factory, but rather, in the office.

“More workers are engaged in what the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics classifies as “office and

administrative support occupations” than any other type of work, comprising about 16 percent of

the nation’s labor force” (Volti, 2017, p. 220). In many instances, technological

advancement/change has increased skill requirements of employees, as well as allowed for greater

responsibilities to be undertaken by employees in clerical departments. However, in some

instances, new technological development has diminished employee skill levels. For example,

technological advancements in maintenance and repair jobs can lead to fewer maintenance

requirements. Many times, when repairs are necessary, workers can accomplish the tasks simply;

they may simply need to disconnect a part and replace it with a new one. Overall, most methods

of employment today, require technologically advanced skills.

Technology also affects businesses, corporations, and industries electronically. E-

commerce is the “buying and selling of goods or services using the internet, and the transfer of

money and data to execute these transactions” (“Ecommerce Definition – What is Ecommerce”,

n.d.). E-commerce outlets, such as Amazon, have become prevalent in society today. They attract

an abundance of customers. One reason why e-commerce is increasingly popular is that it is not

hindered by store hours. Physical stores are only able to be open certain hours of the day, while e-

commerce sites are able to be open 24-7, or twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.
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Unfortunately, e-commerce has taken a toll on physical buildings owned by businesses, also

known as stores. As more people resort to online transactions, less people make purchases in actual

stores. This leads to stores not making enough profit to cover their overhead costs. Eventually,

many stores close, or are bought out by other businesses, as can be seen recently, by Shopko,

Younkers, Sears, and Charlotte Russe stores. Since 1994, e-commerce has grown significantly.

“BigCommerce cites that ecommerce is growing 23% year-over-year, and according to eMarketer,

global ecommerce sales are expected to top $27 trillion in 2020” (Ecommerce Guide, 2019). It is

important to note that these statistics solely include the retail sector. The e-commerce industry will

likely continue to be of great prevalence in the future.

Technological change has affected the distribution of income in recent years. “The growth

of income and wealth inequality has been one of the most profound economic and social changes

over the past four decades. To cite one indication of growing inequality, in 1975, the top 20 percent

of American households accounted for 40.7 percent of the income received in the United States.

By 2011, their share had climbed to 52 percent. Even more extreme has been the relative gain of

households in the upper 1 percent, from around 10 percent of the nation’s total income in the 1970s

to more than 20 percent in 2012” (Volti, 2017, p. 198).

Recent decades have contributed to both job losses and widening income economic

inequalities as has been marked by substantial technological advances, economic globalization,

altered family structures, reductions in government benefits for poor people, tax policies that have

favored upper-income groups, increased immigration, stagnant minimum wages, and the erosion

of union power. “When assessing the importance of technological change in promoting inequality,

it is worth noting that all industrialized nations have also been the scene of significant advances in
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technology, but few of them have exhibited income and wealth inequalities as large as those of the

United States” (Volti, 2017, p. 200).

Technological change puts some individuals at a disadvantage, such as those with only a

high school education or less, and older workers, especially ones with limited skills. “For the nation

as a whole, the job losses suffered by older workers will likely be a growing problem as the

population of the United States collectively ages; whereas there were 63 million men and women

aged 55 or older in 2002; by 2025, there are projected to be 103 million of them” (Volti, 2017, p.

200). Older workers can receive training to be equipped to assume new jobs, but many employers

simply desire to hire younger employees that can help their business thrive in an ever-changing

technological society. Additionally, businesses may save money by hiring new, younger

employees as they will likely have a lower starting pay. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly

important in many occupations to have high educational credentials. In many occupations, solely

having a high school education is no longer enough. Those without high educational credentials

may experience diminished incomes or job loss as they are replaced by other, more qualified

employees with higher educational credentials, or robotic machines.

Wages and salaries are based on “employee’s contributions to the organizations they work

for, but they also reflect factors external to individual workers such as minimum-wage laws, tax

policies, and the extent to which federal, state, and local governments support or oppose

unionization” (Volti, 2017, p. 200). To get an idea of the current income inequality in the United

States, “one would have to go back to the 1920s to find the same degree of income inequality in

the United States as exists today” (Volti, 2017, p. 200). If current employment trends continue,

substantial wage and salary differences will likely endure. In the future, I expect that technological

change will continue to significantly impact the distribution of income. However, government
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policies can also be enacted and used as an influence. In this way, income distribution can move

in the direction of equality.

Technology has created new jobs, but what is the nature and pay of those jobs? “On one

hand, technological change has resulted in the emergence of many new, high-paying occupations

and business opportunities. On the other hand, technological change has been implicated in

diminished economic opportunities and an overall reduction in wages for significant portions of

the labor force” (Volti, 2017, p. 198).

It can be said that technological change may, eliminate jobs, but not work. This means that

certain jobs that workers perform may be eliminated due to technological change or advancement,

but the actual workload may not change. For example, technological advancement may eliminate

certain jobs, such as jobs on an assembly line. A particular job that a worker does may be replaced

by machinery. However, technological change does not always eliminate, or even reduce, work.

The worker may still need to perform the same amount of work. This means that businesses can

use increasingly advanced technology to accomplish more tasks in a given time frame in order to

maximize profits. They make more money and actually save money by not having to pay more

employees.

Technology also plays an ever-growing important role in education. In the past, technology

in education was a rarity. In classrooms nationwide, it was common practice for students to share

textbooks and learning materials. Additionally, students utilized libraries for information research

and literary reading. Today, libraries have become almost obsolete; “massive amounts of

information (books, audio, images, videos) are available at one’s fingertips through the Internet”

(Purdue University, 2017). Educators are also affected by technological advancements. In the past,

educators played a strong role in students’ learning. Educators no longer simply deliver a lesson,
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but rather, support and guide their students’ learning; they “guide students in developing skills in

problem solving, research, and decision-making” (Lynch, 2017). Teachers facilitate students’

learning via technological resources and technology-focused activities that encourage students to

apply their critical-thinking and problem-solving skills.

Technology is “used to support both teaching and learning” (U.S. Department of

Education, n.d.). By incorporating technology into the classroom, educators are able to effectively

connects with their students, no matter their learning style. Technology assists in the classroom by

making learning more collaborative and project-based. Additionally, educators are incorporating

a STEM education into their classrooms. STEM education is “an interdisciplinary curriculum

designed to motivate students to learn more about science, technology, engineering, and

mathematics” (Lucas, 2014). Technology has allowed for students to obtain an interactive learning

experience. “Students learn by doing, researching, and receiving feedback,” which allows students

to “become passionate about what they are learning” (Lynch, 2017). An example of an interactive

technological learning experience might be that students “may study geography using interactive

software such as Google Maps or Google Earth, instead of looking at a picture” (Lynch, 2017).

Furthermore, simulation software has allowed educators to incorporate diverse learning topics into

the education curriculum that students would normally not experience. For example, “by using

specific simulation tools, students can see planetary movements, how a tornado develops, or how

dinosaurs lived” (Lynch, 2017). In this way, students are better able to connect what they learn to

real life occurrences.

Technology also allows students to learn about real-world issues by encouraging educators

to incorporate current events into their learning models. “By using the Internet, students can

research real issues happening at that moment that are related to the classroom curriculum. This
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helps students understand that the lesson being taught refers to real problems and real people”

(Lynch, 2017). In this way, students learn that what they are being taught pertains to them and has

value both inside and outside of the school environment.

In many schools, students use technological devices, such as SMART boards, computers,

and iPads, on a daily basis. Educators are given the opportunity to teach their students “digital

citizenship skills” (Mareco, 2017). Students learn how to use technological devices in a correct

and responsible manner. “If used correctly, mobile devices and the applications they support will

help prepare students for their future careers” (Mareco, 2017).

Dropboxes and other online submission methods eliminate the need for assignments to be

physically turned in. Today, students can submit assignments from nearly anywhere across the

globe; the only real requirement is access to Wi-Fi. Also, many standardized tests have adapted to

an online medium; more standardized tests are being “administered via technology than paper and

pencil” (Herold, 2016).

Additionally, students can partake in online courses; “48 states and the District of

Columbia currently support online learning opportunities” (U.S. Department of Education, n.d.).

By taking courses via an online medium, students are able to obtain flexible learning schedules

and take courses they might not be able to take in a traditional classroom. Online learning

opportunities can “increase educational productivity by accelerating the rate of learning; reducing

costs associated with instructional materials or program delivery; and better utilizing teacher time”

(U.S. Department of Education, n.d.). “Technology infuses classrooms with digital learning tools,

such as computers and hand held devices; expands course offerings, experiences, and learning

materials; supports learning 24 hours a day, 7 days a week; builds 21st century skills; increases

student engagement and motivation; and accelerates learning” (U.S. Department of Education,
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n.d.). As technology continues to advance, the options for incorporating technology into the

classroom become limitless.

Students learn and are taught in many different ways. As students learn, they utilize

different parts of their brain and three primary brain networks come into play; recognition

(representation), strategic (action and expression), and affective (engagement). The recognition

(representation) networks contribute to how students gather facts and categorize what they see,

hear, and read. Identifying letters, words, or an author’s style are recognition tasks. Educators can

use technology in the forms of videos and audio books to assist the development in this part of the

brain. The strategic (action and expression) networks contribute to planning and performing tasks,

or how students organize and express ideas. Writing an essay or solving a math problem are

strategic tasks. Educators can use technology in the forms of video production and group projects

to assist in the development of this portion of the brain. Affective (engagement) networks

contribute to how learners get engaged and stay motived; how they are challenged, excited, or

interested. Educators can use technology in the forms of interactive whiteboards, such as SMART

Boards, interactive displays, and iPad applications (apps) to assist in the development of this part

of the brain (CAST, 2018).

Technology also plays an important role in the fields of science and math. Science is

defined as “the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through systematic observation and

experiments,” and technology is defined as “the application of scientifically gained knowledge for

practical purpose” (Wood, n.d.). Scientists use technology in nearly every experiment. The

equipment necessary to perform experiments is considered technology, such as a Bunsen burner.

Through technological advancement, scientists are able to perform increasingly advanced

experiments with highly advanced technological equipment, such as spectroscopes for

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spectrometers, massive telescopes, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners, microscopes,

and precision measurement electronic devices. Additionally, “computers have revolutionized

science more than any other device” (Wood, n.d.). Computers allow scientists, and other

individuals, to retrieve and analyze large amounts of data in a statistical format. “The kind of pen-

and-paper calculations that would have taken months can now be done in mere minutes” (Wood,

n.d.). Over the course of history, technology has become a necessity to the field of science.

Within the fields of science and math, technology plays a strong role in research and

development (R&D) programs. The field of medicine, which falls under science, has greatly

evolved over time, making it into a successful R&D program. The field of medicine plays a

fundamental part in society. Thanks to modern medicine, life expectancies have increased, many

diseases have been eradicated from society (i.e. Smallpox and Poliomyelitis (Polio)), and medical

procedures and medications have become safer and more reliable. Over time, through research and

development, numerous problems within the field of medicine have been resolved. Knowledge

plays a huge role in the field of medicine and in the future, it is likely that diseases such as syphilis,

HIV/AIDS, and, potentially, cancer, stand a good change at being cured. However, it will take a

lot of time, money, and R&D. “The realization of the potentialities created by research

breakthroughs usually requires a lengthy process of development. Numerous problems have to be

resolved, and, equally important, the new material or device has to be put into a form that allows

it to be produced at a reasonable cost” (Volti, 2017, p. 44). The scientific field of medicine will

continue to further in its advancement and will also continue to play a key role in society. Without

the field of medicine, many individuals would pay the ultimate price with their life.

In the field of math, technology plays a prevalent role. For example, calculators are

technological devices that work as assistive technology in math classrooms nationwide. Students
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use calculators to check their work, solve problems, and/or obtain visual representations, in the

form of graphs, for particular equations. In mathematics classrooms, is has been found that the

“strategic use of technological tools can support both the learning of mathematical procedures and

skills, as well as the development of advanced mathematical proficiencies, such as problem

solving, reasoning, and justifying” (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2011). It is

important to note that in mathematics classrooms, in order to use technology in an effective

manner, it should be used as a supportive tool to aid teaching and learning. Examples of assistive

technology include virtual tools, such virtual whiteboards, number lines, graphs, and student

collaboration apps (Picha, 2018).

Technology plays a prominent role in the fields of science and mathematics. Likewise,

science and mathematics play a prevalent role in many technology-based fields, such as

engineering. Engineering is defined as “the application of knowledge in the form of science,

mathematics, and empirical evidence, to the innovation, design, construction, operation and

maintenance of structures, machines, materials, software, devices, systems, processes, and

organizations” (Wikipedia, 2019). There are many types, or branches, within the field of

engineering; chemical, civil, electrical, mechanical, aerospace, nuclear, structural, biomedical,

computer, industrial, and environmental (Lucas, 2014). Each field is centralized around science,

mathematics, and technology.

In conclusion, technology has and will continue to play a crucial role in society.

Technology greatly affects relationships, communication, social skills, and employment.

Additionally, technology plays a significant role in the fields of education, science, and math.

Likewise, science and mathematics play a noteworthy role in many technology-based fields.

Lastly, I am content with my chosen major for the Bachelor of General Studies (BGS) degree, with
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emphasis areas of Education, Technology, and Science and Math from Dakota State University.

Education is very important to me and each emphasis area that I have chosen to pursue will play a

key role in my future plans and/or goals. Through my pursuit of a BGS degree, I have taken a wide

variety of courses which will help me to be more well-rounded in my knowledge and education,

as well as more marketable. Obtaining a broad-based, well-rounded education will prove to be

valuable to me in the future.

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