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All power system equipment is designed to withstand surges caused by

lightning strikes and switching operations. Surges can damage


electrical equipment or rotating motors with coils. To protect the most
expensive high-power transformer in a substation, there are two
transformer winding options. (the interleaved coil and the original
disc coil)

After simplification, the transformer winding can be represented by a


circuit consisting of series inductors and a series/ parallel
capacitors. When the sinusoidal voltage is applied to the equivalent
circuit, the voltage distribution is determined by the capacitance.

If Cg is total capacitance of the winding to earth, Cs is series


capacitance measured

from end to end of the winding, l is total winding length and the
neutral is solidly

earthed, then the voltage at a point distant x from the neutral end of
the winding is given by:

𝛼𝑥
𝑣 sin ℎ 𝐶𝑔
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑙
α=√ 𝐶
sin ℎ𝛼 𝑠

Both the initial voltage concentration at the line end, and also
subsequent high oscillatory voltages in the body of the winding should
be reduce. Therefore, transformer insulation can be used more
efficiently and it is safer when it encounters surge. Improving the
initial voltage distribution of the winding can not only reduce the
difference between the initial response and the final response of the
winding, but also reduce the subsequent oscillation.The initial voltage
distribution is determined by the capacitance ratio, so increasing Cs
or decreasing Cg can achieve this effect.

Solutions for improving voltage distribution

interleaving of windings:

1. change distribution of turn-to turn capacitance, thus increase total


series capacitance while leaving leakage capacitance unchanged.

2. decrease a and more uniform voltage distribution.

3. reduction of a from 10-12 to 3-4 can be achieved. More difficult to


manufacture but common.

Capacitance network of disc type coils for (a) simple conventional disc and (b) interleaved
disc.
3. Interleaving of windings could change distribution of turn-to turn
capacitance, thus increase total series capacitance while leaving
leakage capacitance unchanged. It could make voltage distribution more
uniform.

5. If the oil is not purified, the value of the dielectric coefficient


will be less than that of the insulating oil, and breakdown is likely
to occur.

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