Analisa Struktur DG Metode Cross PDF

Mekanika Struktur 3
Chapter 4
by
Dr.-Ing. Ir. Josia Irwan Rastandi, M.T.
Program Pendidikan Sarjana Ekstensi

Departemen Teknik Sipil
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
Hardy Cross
Professor of structural engineering at the
University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana
born Feb. 10, 1885, Nansemond County, Va., U.S.

died Feb. 11, 1959, Virginia Beach, Va., U.S.
Moment Distribution Method
• was first introduced by Prof. Hardy Cross in September 1932 in
ASCE Journal which was entitled "Analysis of Continuous
Frames by Distributing Fixed-End Moments„
• depended on the solution of three problems for beam constants:

the determination of fixed-end moments, of the stiffness at each
end of a beam, and of the carry-over factor at each end for every
member of the frame under consideration.
• Computer-oriented Matrix Analysis Method
• Providing a better insight into the behavior of structures
• Removing the solution of simultaneous equations
4. Moment Distribution Method 1

In the early 20th. Century........
The development of a new material, reinforced concrete, made it
imperative to find solutions for statically indeterminate frames. Monolithic
reinforced concrete structures are highly indeterminate. Hence methods
which gave reasonably accurate results and did not require an
horrendous amount of calculation were a necessity.
"Forming hinges was simple with iron, but difficult with reinforced
concrete. It created statically indeterminate frames continuing through
several spans, a difficulty surmountable only by using analytical methods"
[Holger Falter, Architecture and Mathematics, 1998]
“In Hardy Cross' day, if you wanted to design a highway bridge, or if you
wanted to design a high-rise building, you would end up with several
thousand simultaneous mathematical equations. And there were no
computers of the kind we have today. He developed a procedure by
which, in a very short time, you could actually analyze or design a very
complex building or bridge and calculate all the stresses in it."
[Zia Rizzaq, professor of civil engineering at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, 1995]
4. Moment Distribution Method 2

„There is continuous production of analytical
tools, continuous accumulation of data from
test, continuous construction of bigger and
supposedly better machines and structures. But
we need now TO TAKE STOCK OF what we do
not know, what we need to know and why“
from :
Hardy Cross, 1952, Engineers and Ivory Towers
16. Moment-Distribution Method
• Developed by Hardy Cross in 1924

• Computer-oriented Matrix Analysis Method
• Preliminary design
Check of computerized analyses
Providing a better insight into the behavior of structures
• Removing the solution of simultaneous equations
• Displacement Method (Stiffness Method)
16. Moment-Distribution Method 1

16.1 Definition and Terminology
Sign Convention
Member Stiffness
2 EI
M M nf = (2θ n + θ f − 3ψ nf ) + FEM nf
θ L
A B 4 EI
M= θ
L L
EI = Constant

4 EI
M= θ
L
Force = Stiffness × Displacement

Moment = Stiffness × Rotation
Stiffness = Force / Displacement

= Force corresponding to a unit displacement
Stiffness = Moment / Rotation

= Moment corresponding to a unit rotation
K I
4 EI
= Bending Stiffness = =K
L 4E L
= Moment corresponding to a unit rotation = Re lative Bending Stiffness
=K → Convenient in the case

of constant E

M 3EI FEM hr
θ M rh = (θ r −ψ rh ) + FEM rh −
L 2
A B 3EI
M= θ
L L
EI = Constant
3EI 3I
K= K=
L 4L

Carry-over Moment
M θ
MBA = Carry-over Moment
A B
L
EI = Constant
2 EI 1
M BA = θ= M if far end is fixed
L 2
M BA =0 if far end is hinged
COF = Carry − over Factor

= M BA / M
= 1/ 2 if far end is fixed
=0 if far end is hinged

Derivation of
Member Stiffness & Carry-over Moment
by the Moment-Area Method
Distribution Factors
M
E, I1, L1 θ
A θ D
B E, I3, L3
θ
E, I2, L2

MAB MBA MBAM MBD MBD MDB=0
B D
A
MBC
MBC
MCB C
Considering the moment equilibrium at joint B

∑M B = M − M BA + M BC + M BD = 0
M= M BA + M BC + M BD

4 EI1 4 EI 2 3EI 3
M BA = θ M BC = θ M BD = θ
L1 L2 L3
4 EI1 4 EI 2 3EI 3
M= ( + + )θ
L1 L2 L3
= ( K BA + K BC + K BD )θ = (∑ K B )θ
= 4 E ( K BA + K BC + K BD )θ = 4 E (∑ K B )θ
M
θ=
4E ∑ K B
K BA K BC K BD
M BA = M M BC = M M BD =
∑ KB ∑ KB ∑ KB
→ The applied moment M is distributed to the mebers
in proportional to their relative bending stiffness.

20
MBA MBD K BA 5
M BA = M = × 20 = 5
A
KBD=8
D ∑ KB 20
KAB=5 M
BC B K BC 7
M BC = M = × 20 = 7
∑ KB 20
KBC=7
K BD 8
M BD = M = × 20 = 8
∑ KB 20
K
= Distribution Factor = DF
∑K
M BA = DFBA M M BC = DFBC M M BD = DFBD M

Fixed-End Moments
Slope − Deflection Equation

2 EI
M nf = (2θ n + θ f − 3ψ nf ) + FEM nf
L
Effects of chord rotation

due to unequal joint translation
(Support Settlements, Sidesway)
In moment-distribution method,
the effects of chord rotation are taken into account
by means of fixed-end moments.

L
EI
A B
∆
ψ ψ=
L
∆
2 EI 6 EI
M nf = (2θ n + θ f − 3ψ nf ) + FEM nf FEM AB = FEM BA = − ∆
L L2
L
EI
A B
ψ ∆
ψ =−
∆ L
2 EI 6 EI
M nf = (2θ n + θ f − 3ψ nf ) + FEM nf FEM AB = FEM BA = 2
∆
L L

Distribution Factors
20
KBD=3 K BA 2 1
DFBA = = =
A
KAB=2
B
D
∑ KB 6 3
K BC 1
DFBC = =
KBC=1
∑ KB 6
K BD 3 1
DFBD = = =
∑ KB 6 2
C

Distributed Moments
MBA20 MBD
KBD=3
1 20
A D M BA = DFBA × M = × 20 =
KAB=2 3 3
MBC B
1 10
M BC = DFBC × M = × 20 =
6 3
KBC=1
1
M BD = DFBD × M = × 20 = 10
2

Carry-over Moments
MAB 20
MBA MBD MDB
KBD=3
20 10
A D M AB = M BA / 2 = /2=
KAB=2 M 3 3
BC B
10 5
M CB = M BC / 2 = /2=
3 3
KBC=1
M DB = 0
MCB

16.2 Basic Concept
1.5k/ft 30k
EI = constant
A D E = 29,000 kis
B C
I = 500 in4
20’ 10’ 10’ 15’

1.5k/ft 30k EI = constant
A E = 29,000 kis
D
B C I = 500 in4
20’ 10’ 10’ 15’
0.5 0.5 0.429 0.571
1. Distrubution Factors
Calculating the distribution factors at joints that are free to rotate,
At joints B,
I I
K AB 20 K BC 20
DFBA = = = 0.5 DFBC = = = 0.5
K AB + K BC I + I K AB + K BC I + I
20 20 20 20
At joints C,
I I
K BC 20 K CD 15
DFCB = = = 0.429 DFCD = = = 0.571
K BC + K CD I +I K BC + K CD I +I
20 15 20 15

1.5k/ft 30k
A D
B C
20’ 10’ 10’ 15’
0.5 0.5 0.429 0.571

50 -50 75 -75
2. Fixed-End Moments
Restraining the joints that are free to rotate against rotation,
FEM AB = 50k − ft FEM BA = −50k − ft
FEM BC = 75k − ft FEM BC = −75k − ft
FEM CD = 0 FEM DC = 0
50 50 75 75

0.5 0.5 0.429 0.571
50 -50 75 -75
16.1 32.2 42.8 21.4
3. Balancing the joint C

75 Locking Moment
Unbalanced Moment
Unlocking Moment
C
75 Balancing Moment
Unbalanced Moment = -75 k-ft → Balancing Moment = 75 k-ft
75
16.1 21.4
B
A D
32.2 42.8
C
DM CB = 75 × 0.429 = 32.2k − ft DM CD = 75 × 0.571 = 42.8k − ft
CM BC = 32.2 × 0.5 = 16.1k − ft CM DC = 42.8 × 0.5 = 21.4k − ft

0.5 0.5 0.429 0.571
50 -50 75 -75
16.1 32.2 42.8 21.4
-10.3 -20.6 -20.6 -10.3
4. Balancing the joint B
41.1
Unbalanced Moment = -50 + 75 +16.1 = 41.1 k-ft
50 75 16.1 Balancing Moment = -41.1 k-ft
B
41.1
B
A D
10.3 C
20.6 20.6 10.3
DM BA = −41.1× 0.5 = −20.6k − ft DM BC = −41.1× 0.5 = −20.6k − ft
CM AB = −20.6 × 0.5 = −10.3k − ft CM CB = −20.6 × 0.5 = −10.3k − ft

0.5 0.5 0.429 0.571
50 -50 75 -75
16.1 32.2 42.8 21.4
-10.3 -20.6 -20.6 -10.3
2.2 4.4 5.9 3.0
5. Balancing the joint C
Additional Unbalanced Moment = -10.3 k-ft

Balancing Moment = 10.3 k-ft
DM CB = 10.3 × 0.429 = 4.4k − ft DM CD = 10.3 × 0.571 = 5.9k − ft

CM BC = 4.4 × 0.5 = 2.1k − ft CM DC = 5.9 × 0.5 = 3.0k − ft

0.5 0.5 0.429 0.571
50 -50 75 -75
16.1 32.2 42.8 21.4
-10.3 -20.6 -20.6 -10.3
2.2 4.4 5.9 3.0
-0.6 -1.1 -1.1 -0.6
6. Balancing the joint B
Additional Unbalanced Moment = 2.2 k-ft

Balancing Moment = -2.2 k-ft
DM BA = −2.2 × 0.5 = −1.1k − ft DM BC = −2.2 × 0.5 = −1.1k − ft

CM AB = −1.1× 0.5 = −0.6k − ft CM CB = −1.1× 0.5 = −0.6k − ft
(Iterative Balancing Procedure)

0.5 0.5 0.429 0.571
50 -50 75 -75
16.1 32.2 42.8 21.4
-10.3 -20.6 -20.6 -10.3
2.2 4.4 5.9 3.0
-0.6 -1.1 -1.1 -0.6
0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2
-0.1 -0.1
39.1 -71.8 71.7 -49.0 49.0 24.6
Final Member End Moment
Member End Shear & Support Reactions
Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram

Practical Application of Moment Distribution Method
Balancing one joint at a time → Balancing simultaneously in the same time step
0.5 0.5 0.429 0.571

50 -50 75 -75
-12.5 -12.5 32.2 42.8
-6.3 16.1 -6.3 21.4
-8.1 -8.1 2.7 3.6
-4.1 1.4 -4.1 1.8
-0.7 -0.7 1.8 2.3
-0.4 0.9 -0.4 1.2
-0.5 -0.5 0.2 0.2
-0.3 0.1 -0.3 0.1
-0.05 -0.05 0.1 0.2
38.9 -71.8 71.7 -49.1 49.1 24.5

16.3 Analysis of Continuous Beams
Beams with Simple Supports at the ends
A I2
B C K AB = I1 K BC =
L2
L1, I1 L2, I2 L1
At joint B I1 I2
L1 L2
DFBA = DFBC =
I1 I
+ 2 I1 I
+ 2
L1 L2 L1 L2
At joint C
I2
L2
DFCB = = 1.0
I2
L2
DM BC = BM B × DFBC
CM CB = DM BC × 0.5 Balancing the joint of simple support
iteratively

Using reduced relative bending stiffness,
A 3 I2
B C K AB = I1 K BC =
L1, I1 L2, I2 L1 4 L2
At joint B I1 3 I2
L1
DFBA = DFBC = 4 L2
I1 3I
+ 2 I1
+ 2
3I
L1 4 L2 L1 4 L2
At joint C
3 I2
L2
DFCB = 4 = 1.0
3 I2
4 L2
DM BC = BM B × DFBC
CM CB = 0 Balancing the joint of simple support
only once at the first

Beams with Cantilever Overhangs
A D
L1, I1 B L2, I2 C L3, I3
I2
K AB = I1 K BC = K CD = 0
L1 L2
At joint C
I2
L2 0
DFCB = = 1.0 DFCD = =0 Treating as a simple support
I2 I2
L2 L2
L1, I1 B L2, I2 C
3 I2
K AB = I1 K BC =
L1 4 L2
To consider the effect of cantilever overhang,
its member end moment should be introduced in the first stage of solution.

Example 16.1
18k 2 k/ft
A C EI = constant
B
10’ 15’ 30’
0.545 0.455
64.8 -43.2 150.0 -150.0
-58.2 -48.6
-29.1 -24.3
35.7 -101.4 101.4 -174.3
Final Member End Moments

M AB = 35.7k − ft M BA = −101.4k − ft
M BC = 101.4k − ft M BC = −174.3k − ft

Member End Shear & Support Reactions
0
35.7 18k 101.4 2 k/ft 174.3 174.3
35.7 101.4
8.2 8.2 9.8 37.4 27.6 32.4 32.4

Shear Force Diagram
0
35.7 18k 101.4 2 k/ft 174.3 174.3
35.7 101.4
8.2 8.2 9.8 37.4 27.6 32.4 32.4
27.6
8.2
+ +
− −
9.8
13.8m
27.6 − 2 × 30 = −32.4k
32.4
27.6 − 2 x = 0, x = 13.8m

Bending Moment Diagram
89.0
+
46.3
+
− −
−
35.7
− 35.7 + 8.2 ×10 = 46.3k − ft 101.4

− 101.4 + 27.6 ×13.8 − 2 ×13.8 ×13.8 / 2 = 89.0k − ft 174.3

Example 16.2
80kN 40kN
A C
B
5m 5m 5m 5m
E, 1.5I E, I
K AB = 1.5I / 10 K BC = I / 10
At joint B
1.5I / 10 I / 10
DFBA = = 0.6 DFBC = = 0.4
1.5I / 10 + I / 10 1.5I / 10 + I / 10
At joint C
I / 10
DFCB = = 1.0
I / 10

0.6 0.4 1.0
100 -100 50 -50
30 20 50
15 25 10
-15 -10 -10
-7.5 -5 -5
3 2 5
-1.5 2.5 1
-1.5 -1.0 -1
-0.8 -0.5 -0.5
0.3 0.2 0.5
0.2 0.3 0.1
-0.2 -0.1 -0.1
108.4 -83.4 83.4 0.0

80kN 40kN
A C
B
5m 5m 5m 5m
E, 1.5I E, I
K AB = 1.5I / 10 K BC = (3 / 4) I / 10
At joint B
1.5I / 10 (3 / 4) I / 10
DFBA = = 0.667 DFBC = = 0.333
1.5I / 10 + (3 / 4) I / 10 1.5I / 10 + (3 / 4) I / 10
At joint C
(3 / 4) I / 10
DFCB = = 1.0
(3 / 4) I / 10

0.667 0.333 1.0
100 -100 50 -50
33.4 16.7 50
16.7 25
-16.8 -8.3
-8.4
108.3 -83.4 83.4 0.0

Example 16.3
10kN/m
30kN
A D
B C
6m 9m 4m
E, I
K AB = I / 6 K BC = (3 / 4) I / 9 = I / 12 K CD = 0
At joint B
I /6 2 I / 12 1
DFBA = = DFBC = =
I / 6 + I / 12 3 I / 6 + I / 12 3
At joint C
I / 12 0
DFCB = = 1.0 DFCD = = 0.0
I / 12 I / 12

2/3 1/3 1.0
67.5 -67.5 120
-45.0 -22.5 -52.5
-22.5 -26.3
17.5 8.8
8.8
13.7 -27.5 27.5 -120 120

Example 16.4
2 k/ft
A D
B C
20’ 20’ 20’
E=29,000 ksi , I = 7,800 in4
5 1 3
∆ B = in ∆ C = 1 in ∆ D = in
8 2 4
K AB = (3 / 4) I / 20 = 0.0375I K BC = I / 20 = 0.05I K CD = (3 / 4) I / 20 = 0.0375I
At joint A At joint D
0.0375I 0.0375I
DFAB = = 1.0 DFDC = = 1.0
0.0375I 0.0375I
At joint B
0.0375I 0.05I
DFBA = = 0.429 DFBC = = 0.571
0.0375I + 0.05I 0.0375I + 0.05I
At joint C
0.05I 0.0375I
DFCB = = 0.571 DFCD = = 0.429
0.05I + 0.0375I 0.05I + 0.0375I

ωL2 2 × 202
FEM AB1 = = = 66.7k − ft
12 12
ωL2 2 × 202
FEM BA1 = − =− = −66.7k − ft
12 12
ωL2 2 × 202
FEM BC1 = = = 66.7k − ft
12 12
ωL2 2 × 202
FEM CB1 = − =− = −66.7k − ft
12 12
ωL2 2 × 202
FEM CD1 = = = 66.7k − ft
12 12
ωL2 2 × 202
FEM DC1 = − =− = −66.7k − ft
12 12

A 3
5
∆ B = in ∆ D = in
1 4
8 ∆ C = 1 in
2
B 7 D3
in in
8 4
C
6 EI∆
FEM AB 2 = FEM BA2 = = 1227.2k − ft
L2
6 EI∆
FEM BC 2 = FEM CB 2 = 2 = 1718.1k − ft
L
6 EI∆
FEM CD 2 = FEM DC 2 = − 2 = 1472.7k − ft
L
FEM = FEM 1 + FEM 2

16.4 Analysis of Frames without Sidesway
Example 16.5
2k/ft
AC : E=29,000ksi I=800 in4
C D E BD : E=29,000ksi I=800 in4
10’
CD : E=29,000ksi I=1,600 in4
40 k
DE : E=29,000ksi I=1,600 in4
10’
A B
30’ 30’
K AC = 800 / 20 = 40 K BD = 800 / 20 = 40
K CD = 1600 / 30 = 53.333 K DE = 0.75 × 1600 / 30 = 40

K AC = 800 / 20 = 40 K BD = 800 / 20 = 40
K CD = 1600 / 30 = 53.333 K DE = 0.75 × 1600 / 30 = 40
At joint C
40 53.333
DFCA = = 0.429 DFCD = = 0.571
40 + 50.333 40 + 50.333
At joint D
40 53.333 40
DFDB = = 0.3 DFDC = = 0.4 DFDE = = 0.3
40 + 50.333 + 40 40 + 50.333 + 40 40 + 50.333 + 40
At joint E
40
DFED = = 1.0
40

PL 40 × 20 PL 40 × 20
FEM AC = = = 100k − ft FEM CA = − =− = −100k − ft
8 8 8 8
FEM BD =0 FEM DB = 0
wL2 2 × 302 wL2 2 × 302
FEM CD = = = 150k − ft FEM DC =− =− = −150k − ft
12 12 12 12
wL2 2 × 302 wL2 2 × 302
FEM DE = = = 150k − ft FEM ED =− =− = −150k − ft
12 12 12 12

AC CA CD DC DB DE ED BD
0.429 0.571 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.0
100 -100 150 -150 150 -150
-21.4 -28.6 150
-10.7 -14.3 75
-24.3 -18.2 -18.2
-12.2 -9.1

16.5 Analysis of Frames with Sidesway
Slope-Deflection Method
Joint Translation Suppot Settlement ∆ : Known Ψ : Known
(Chord Rotation)
Sidesway ∆ : Unknown Ψ : Unknown
Moment-Distribution Method
Joint Translation Suppot Settlement ∆ : Known FEM : Known
(Chord Rotation) Sidesway ∆ : Unknown FEM : Unknown

∆ ∆
∆ ∆
R R
M Mo MR
M = Mo + M R

∆' ∆'
Q ∆': Known
M Q : Known
Q : Known
MQ
R : M R = Q : MQ
R
MR = MQ
Q
M = Mo + M R

Example 16.6
40 kN
EI = Constant
C D
5m
7m
B
A
3m 4m

40 kN
R= 2.06 kN C D
AC CA CD DC DB BD
Mo

R = 2.06 kN C D
MR

∆' ∆'
Q C D
Q = 34.41 kN
A
MQ
6 EI∆' 6 EI∆'
FEM AC = FEM CA = − 2
=− AC CA CD DC DB BD
L 49
FEM CD = FEM DC = 0
6 EI∆' 6 EI∆'
FEM BD = FEM DB = − 2
=−
L 25
6 EI∆'
FEM AC = FEM CA = − = −50kN ⋅ m
49
50 × 49 408.33
∆' = =
6 EI EI
FEM BD = FEM DB = −
6 EI 408.33
× = −98kN ⋅ m MQ
25 EI

M = Mo + M R
R
= Mo + MQ
Q
2.06
= Mo + MQ
34.41

Example 16.7
2 k/ft
A C
B
30’ 18’
E, I E, 2I
Stiffness, Distribution, Carry-over, Fixed-End Moments

→ Valid only for prismatic members
→ Two prismatic members (AB, AC) rigidly connected at the joint B
→ Joint B : Totation, Tranlsation

2 k/ft
A C
B
R = 53.04 k
Mo

R = 53.04 k
A C
∆ B
∆=? MR = ?

Q = 8.0 k
A C
∆' B
∆' → M Q → Q
6 EI∆' EI∆' 6 E ( 2 I )∆ ' EI∆'
FEM AB = FEM BA = = FEM BC = FEM CB = − =−
L2 150 L 2
27
EI∆'
FEM BC = FEM CB = − = −100k − ft
27
2700
∆=
EI
2700
FEM AB = FEM BA = = 18k − ft
150
MQ

M = Mo + M R
R
= Mo + MQ
Q
53.04
= Mo + MQ
8.0

Example 16.8
C
D
B
A
Frames with inclined legs

Analysis of Multistory Frames
∆2
R2
∆1
R1
M Mo
Q21 ∆2'
Q22
C1 × ∆1' C2 ×
Q11 Q12
M Q1 MQ2

M = M o + C1 × M Q 1 + C 2 × M Q 2
− R1 + C1 × Q11 − C 2 × Q12 = 0
− R2 − C1 × Q21 + C 2 × Q22 = 0
C1 ,C 2

Homework #? (40 Points)
Solve the following problems.
• 16.1 ~ 16.7 : 3problem
• 16.8 ~ 16.16 : 3problem
• 16.17 ~ 16.23 : 2problem
• 16.24 ~ 16.31 : 2problem
10 problems

DISPLACEMENT MEDTHOD OF ANALYSIS:
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
! Member Stiffness Factor (K)

! Distribution Factor (DF)
! Carry-Over Factor
! Distribution of Couple at Node
! Moment Distribution for Beams
! General Beams
! Symmetric Beams
! Moment Distribution for Frames: No Sidesway
! Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway
1
Member Stiffness Factor (K) & Carry-Over Factor (COF)
CB
P w
EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
Internal members and far-end member fixed at end support:

4 EI COF = 0.5 2 EI
kCC = k DC =
4 EI L L
K=
L 1
C D
COF = 0.5
B C
K(BC) = 4EI/L2, K(CD) = 4EI/L3

2
CB
P w
EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
Far-end member pinned or roller end support:

COF = 0
3EI
3EI k AA = 0
K= L
L 1
C D
K(AB) = 3EI/L1, K(BC) = 4EI/L2, K(CD) = 4EI/L3
3
Joint Stiffness Factor (K)
CB
P w
EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
K(AB) = 3EI/L1 K(BC) = 4EI/L2, K(CD) = 4EI/L3
Kjoint = KT = ΣKmember
4
Distribution Factor (DF)
CB
P w
EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
K
DF =
ΣK
Notes:
- far-end pined (DF = 1)
- far-end fixed (DF = 0)
A KAB/(K(AB) + K(BC) ) B KBC/(K(AB) + K(BC) ) C K(CD)/(K(BC) + K(CD) ) D
DF 1 DFBA) DFBC DFCB DFCD 0
K(BC)/(K(BC) + K(CD) )
5
Distribution of Couple at Node
CB
(EI)1 (EI)2 (EI)3

A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
A B C D
DF 1 DFBA DFBC DFCA DFCD 0
CB
CO=0 CB(DFBC) CO=0.5
CB( DFBC)
CB(DFBC) B CB( DFBC)
6
50 kN•m
2EI 3EI 3EI

A B C D
4m 4m 8m 8m
L1= L2 = L3
A B C D
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0.5 0.5 0
50 kN•m
CO=0 CO=0.5
50(.667) 50(.667) 16.67
50(.333)
50(.333) B
7
Distribution of Fixed-End Moments
P w
(EI)1 M (EI)2 (EI)13

A F B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
L1= L2 = 8 m, L3 = 10 m
A B C D
DF 1 DFBA DFBC DFCB DFCD 0
MF MF B
MF
0 MF(DFBC) MF( DFBC) 0.5
0 MF(DFBC) B MF( DFBC)

8
P w
EI
A 1.5PL1/8=30 B wL22/12=16 C wL32/12=25 D

L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
L1= L2 = 8 m, L3 = 10 m
A B C D
DF 1 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0
14
30 30 B 16 16
14
0 5.6 5.6 0.5 4.2
0 B 8.4 8.4
9
Moment Distribution for Beams
10
Example 1
The support B of the beam shown (E = 200 GPa, I = 50x106 mm4 ).

Use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,and qualitative
deflected shape.
20 kN 3 kN/m
2EI 3EI
A B C
4m 4m 8m
11
20 kN 3 kN/m
2EI 3EI
30 16 16
A B C
CO 0.5 0 0.5 0
4m 4m 8m
K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0
[FEM]load -30 16 -16
Dist. 4.662 9.338

CO 4.669
Σ -25.34 25.34 -11.33
20 kN 24 kN
A B B C
25.34 kN•m 11.33 kN•m
6.83 kN 13.17 kN 13.75 kN 10.25 kN 12
Note : Using the Slope 20 kN 3 kN/m
Deflection
2EI 3EI
20+10 16 16
A B C
4m 4m 8m
3(2 EI )
M BA = θ B − 30 − − − (1)
8
4(3EI )
M BC = θ B + 16 − − − (2)
8
MBA MBC
+ ΣMB = 0: -MBA - MBC = 0
B
(0.75 + 1.5)EIθB - 30 + 16 = 0
θB = 6.22/EI
MBA = -25.33 kN•m,
MBC = 25.33 kN•m
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 16 = −11.33 kN • m
8 13
20 kN 3 kN/m
A C
11.33
B
6.83 kN
13.17 + 13.75 = 26.92 kN 10.25 kN
4m 4m 8m
13.75
6.83
V (kN)
+ + x (m)
- 4.58 m - -10.25
-13.17
27.32
6.13
M + +
(kN•m)
- - x (m)
-11.33
-25.33
Deflected
shape x (m)
14
Example 2
From the beam shown use the moment distribution method to:
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,
and qualitative deflected shape.
10 kN 50 kN•m 5 kN/m
2EI 3EI 3EI

A B C D
4m 4m 8m 8m
15
2EI 15
26.67 26.67 40 3EI
A 0.5 B 0.5 C 0.5 D
4m 4m 8m 8m
K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8 K3 = 3(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2) K2/(K2+ K3) K3/(K2+ K3)
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0.571 0.428 1

Joint couple -16.65 -33.35
50 kN•m
CO=0 CO=0.5
50(.667) 50(.667)
50(.333)
50(.333) B
16
2EI 15
26.67 26.67 40 3EI
A 0.5 B 0.5 C 0.5 D
4m 4m 8m 8m
K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8 K3 = 3(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2) K2/(K2+ K3) K3/(K2+ K3)
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0.571 0.429 1

Joint couple -16.65 -33.35
CO -16.675
FEM -15 26.667 -26.667 40
Dist. -3.885 -7.782 1.905 1.437
CO 0.953 -3.891
Dist. -0.317 -0.636 2.218 1.673
CO 1.109 -0.318
Dist. -0.369 -0.740 0.181 0.137
Σ -36.22 -13.78 -43.28 43.25
17
2EI 36.22
13.78 43.25 43.25 3EI
A B C D
4m 4m 8m 8m
10 kN
40 kN
36.22 kN•m
A B 43.25 kN•m
C D
Ay = 0.47 kN ByL = 9.53 kN CyR = 25.41 kN Dy = 14.59 kN
40 kN
13.78 kN•m 43.25 kN•m
B C
ByR = 12.87 kN CyL= 27.13 kN
18
A D
2EI B C 3EI
0.47 kN 14.59 kN
9.53+12.87=22.4 kN 27.13+25.41=52.54 kN
4m 4m 8m 8m
12.87 25.41 2.92 m

V (kN) 0.47
x (m)
2.57 m
-9.53 -14.59
30.32 -27.13 21.29
13.78
M(kN•m) 1.88
x (m)
-36.22
-43.25
Deflected x (m)
shape
19
Example 3
From the beam shown use the moment distribution method to:
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams, and
qualitative deflected shape.
2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m 40 kN
A D
EI
B C
3m 3m 9m 3m
20
120 kN•m 40 kN
2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m
A D
30 30 101.25 EI
B C
0.5 0.5
3m 3m 9m 3m
K1 = 4(2EI)/6 K2 = 3(EI)/9
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 0 0.80 0.20 1
Joint couple 40 10 -120
CO 20 -60
FEM 30 -30 101.25
Dist.
Dist. -9 -2.25
CO -4.5
Σ 45.5 1 49 -120
21
2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m 40 kN
1
A D
49 120 120
45.5 EI
B C
3m 3m 9m 3m
40 kN
40 kN
45.5 kN•m 1 kN•m
A B 120 kN•m
C D
Ay = 27.75 kN ByL = 12.25 kN CyR = 40 kN

90 kN
49 kN•m 120 kN•m
B C
ByR = 37.11 kN CyL = 52.89 kN
22
2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m 40 kN
A D
EI
B C
27.75 kN
12.25+37.11 = 49.36 kN
52.89+40 = 92.89 kN
3m 3m 9m 3m
37.11 40
27.75
V (kN) + + +
- x (m)
-12.25 3.71 m -
37.75 -52.89
19.84
M(kN•m) + 1 + x (m)
- -
-
-45.5 -49
-120
Deflected x (m)
shape
23
Example 4
The support B of the beam shown (E = 200 GPa, I = 50x106 mm4 ) settles 10 mm.
Use the moment distribution method to:
20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m
2EI 3EI
A B C
4m 4m 8m
24
20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m
B
A C
2EI 30 16 3EI
0.5 4 m 16
4m 10 mm 8 m
0.5
6(2 EI )∆ 6(2 EI )∆ 6(3EI ) ∆
A − = 9.375 6(3EI ) ∆ = 28.125
L 2
2L 2 = 28.125 L2
L2
∆ [FEM]∆ ∆
B B
6(2 EI )∆ C
L2 K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0
Joint couple -12 5 10
CO -6 5
[FEM]load -30 16 -16
[FEM]∆ 9.375 -28.125 -28.125
Dist. 12.90 25.85

CO 12.92
Σ -12 -8.72 23.72 -26.20 25

Note : Using the 20 kN 18.75-9.375 15 kN•m
3 kN/m
slope deflection 12 kN•m (9.375 )∆
B (28.125)∆
A C
2EI 3EI 28.125
(20+10)load (16)load 16
4m 4m 10 mm 8m
15 kN•m
-12 MBA MBC
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI )
M AB = θA + θ B + 20 − 18.75 − − − (1)
8 8
B
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI )
M BA = θA + θ B − 20 + 18.75 − − − (2)
8 8 + ΣMB = 0: - MBA - MBC + 15 = 0
( 2) − (1) 3(2 EI )
: M BA = θ B − 30 + 9.375 − 12 / 2 − − − (2a)
2 8 (0.75 + 1.5)EIθB - 38.75 - 15 = 0
4(3EI ) θB = 23.9/EI
M BC = θ B + 16 − 28.125 − − − (3)
8
MBA = -8.7 kN•m,
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 16 − 28.125 − − − (4)
8 MBC = 23.72 kN•m
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 16 − 28.125
8
= −26.2 kN • m 26
20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m
2EI 8.725 23.7253EI 26.205

A B C
4m 4m 8m
20 kN 24 kN
12 kN•m
8.725 kN•m 26.205 kN•m
A B B C
23.725 kN•m
Ay = 7.41 kN ByL = 12.59 kN ByR = 11.69 kN Cy = 12.31 kN
27
20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m
A C
2EI B 3EI 26.205
7.41 kN
12.59+11.69 = 24.28 kN 12.31 kN
4m 4m 8m
7.41 11.69
V (kN)
+ + x (m)
- 3.9 m - -12.31
-12.59
41.64
12
+
M
(kN•m) x (m)
-8.725 - -0.93 -
-23.725 -26.205
Deflected 10 mm θB = 23.9/EI
shape x (m)
28
Example 5
For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the moment
distribution method to
(a)Determine all the reactions at supports
(b)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
29
12 kN•m
4.5+(4.5/2) 6 kN/m
= 6.75
B
A
4.5 10 mm
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 0.5 3 m 0.5
100-(100/2) = 50 6(1.5 × 200 × 50)(0.01)

0.01 m
C 32
MF∆
A = 100 kN • m
K1 = 4(2EI)/3 K2 = 3(1.5EI)/3
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 0 0.64 0.36 1
Joint couple 12
CO 6
[FEM]load 6.75
[FEM]∆ 50
Dist. -40.16 -22.59

CO -20.08
Σ -20.08 -40.16 40.16 12 30

12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 3m
ΣΜ -20.08 -10.16 40.16 12
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m

B C
40.16 + 20.08
20.08 kN = 20.08 kN
3
18 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
31
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m
B C
20.08 kN 20.08 kN 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
V (kN) 26.39
+ 8.39
x (m)
-
M (kN•m) -20.08
20.08 12
x (m)
Deflected shape -40.16

x (m)
32
Example 6
For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the moment
distribution method to
(a)Determine all the reactions at supports
(b)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
33
• Overview 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
C 10 mm
2EI 1.5EI
3m 3m
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
10 mm
C
R
∆
B ×C
A
R´
R + R ' C = 0 − − − (1*)
34
• Artificial joint applied 12 kN•m
4.5+(4.5/2) 6 kN/m
= 6.75
B
A
4.5 10 mm
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 0.5 3 m 0.5
100-(100/2) = 50 6(1.5 × 200 × 50)(0.01)

0.01 m
C 32
MF∆
A = 100 kN • m
K1 = 4(2EI)/3 K2 = 3(1.5EI)/3
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 0 0.64 0.36 1
Joint couple 12
CO 6
[FEM]load 6.75
[FEM]∆ 50
Dist. -40.16 -22.59

CO -20.08
Σ -20.08 -40.16 40.16 12 35

12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 3m
ΣΜ -20.08 -40.16 40.16 12
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m

B C
40.16 + 20.08 18 kN
20.08 kN = 20.08 kN 12 kN•m
3 6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
40.16 kN•m
40.16 kN•m
20.08 C 26.39 kN + ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − 20.08 − 26.39 + R = 0

R
R = 46.47 kN 36
• Artificial joint removed
∆
B
A
C
2EI 0.5 1.5EI 0.5
3m R´ 3m
C C
75
B ∆ ∆ 6(1.5EI )( )
100 EI = 75
75-(75/2) A 32
6(2 EI ) ∆ C 75
= 100 → ∆ = = 37.5
32 EI
DF 0 0.64 0.36 1
[FEM]∆ -100 -100 +37.5
Dist. 40 22.5
CO 20
Σ -80 -60 60
80 kN•m 60 kN•m 60 kN•m

B C C A
46.67 kN 46.67 kN 20 kN 20 kN
C
46.67 20 kN + ↑ ΣFy = 0 : R' = 66.67 kN 37
R´
• Solve equation
Substitute R = 46.47 kN and R ' = 66.67 kN in (1*)
46.47 + 66.67C = 0
C = −0.6970
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
20.08 kN•m A
10 mm
20.08 kN C
R = 46.47 kN 8.39 kN
∆
B
80 kN•m A × C = −0.6970
46.67 kN 20 kN
R´ = 66.67 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B
A
2EI C 1.5EI
12.45 kN 5.55 kN 38
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
12.45 kN 5.55 kN
3m 3m
V (kN) 12.45 0.925 m

+
x (m)
-5.55
M (kN•m) 14.57 12
1.67 +
x (m)
-
-35.68
Deflected shape
x (m)
39
Symmetric Beam
• Symmetric Beam and Loading
P P
θ θ
A B C D
L´ L L´
real beam
V´B L L V´C
M L
2 2 + ΣMC´ = 0: − VB ' ( L ) + ( L)( ) = 0
EI 2
B´ C´
ML
M VB ' = θ =
M 2 EI
L EI
EI
2 EI
conjugate beam M= θ
L
The stiffness factor for the center span is, therefore,
2 EI
K=
L
40
• Symmetric Beam with Antisymmetric Loading
P
θ
A D
B θ C
P
L´ L L´
real beam
1 M L M 1 M L 2L
( )( ) + ΣMC´ = 0: − VB ' ( L) + ( )( )( ) = 0
2 EI 2 EI 2 EI 2 3
V´B 2 ML
L VB ' = θ =
B´ 3 6 EI
C´
6 EI
1 M L V´C M= θ
M ( )( ) L
2 EI 2
EI The stiffness factor for the center span is, therefore,
conjugate beam
6 EI
K=
L 41
Example 5a
Determine all the reactions at supports for the beam below. EI is constant.
15 kN/m
A D
B C
4m 6m 4m
42
15 kN/m
A D
wL2/15 = 16 B wL2/12 = 45 C wL2/15 = 16
4m 6m 4m
3EI 3EI 2 EI 2 EI
K ( AB ) = = , K ( BC ) = =
L 4 L 6
K ( AB ) K ( AB ) (3EI / 4)
( DF ) AB = = 1,( DF ) BA = = = 0.692,
K ( AB ) K ( AB ) + K ( BC ) (3EI / 4) + ( 2 EI / 6)
K ( BC ) (2 EI / 6)
( DF ) BC = = = 0.308
K ( AB ) + K ( BC ) (3EI / 4) + (2 EI / 6)
DF 1.0 0.692 0.308
[FEM]load 0 -16 +45
Dist. -20.07 -8.93

ΣΜ -36.07 +36.07
30 kN 30 kN
8 90 kN 8
36.07 kN•m 36.07 kN•m
3 3
A B B C C D
4m 3m 3m 4m
0.98 kN 29.02 kN 29.02 kN 0.98 kN 43
45 kN 45 kN
30 kN 30 kN
8 90 kN 8
36.07 kN•m 36.07 kN•m
3 3
A B B C C D
4m 3m 3m 4m
0.98 kN 29.02 kN 29.02 kN 0.98 kN
45 kN 45 kN
15 kN/m
A D
B 74.02 kN C 74.02 kN
0.98 kN 0.98 kN
4m 6m 4m
45
29.02
V 0.98
(kN) x (m)
-0.98
-29.02 -45
31.42
M +
(kN•m) x (m)
- -
-36.07 -36.07
Deflected
shape 44
Example 5b
Determine all the reactions at supports for the beam below. EI is constant.
15 kN/m
A C D
B
15 kN/m
4m 3m 3m 4m
45
Fixed End Moment 15 kN/m
A C D
wL2/15 = 16 B 11wL2/192 5wL2/192
= 30.938 = 14.063
5wL2/192 11wL2/192
= 14.063 = 30.938 wL2/15 = 16
A C D
B
15 kN/m
15 kN/m
16.875 16
A C D
16 B 16.875
15 kN/m
46
15 kN/m
16.875 16
A C D
16 B 16.875
15 kN/m
4m 3m 3m 4m
3EI 3EI 6 EI 6 EI
K ( AB ) = = = 0.75EI , K ( BC ) = = = EI
L 4 L 6
0.75 1
( DF ) AB = 1, ( DF ) BA = = 0.429, ( DF ) BC = = 0.571
0.75 + 1 0.75 + 1
DF 1.0 0.429 0.571
[FEM]load 0 -16 16.875
Dist. -0.375 -0.50

ΣΜ -16.375 16.375
8
30 kN
8 45 kN 3
16.375 kN•m 16.375 kN•m 4m
3
A B B C C D
4m
5.91 kN 24.09 kN 27.96 kN 5.91 kN
27.96 kN 45 kN 24.09 kN 30 kN 47
8
30 kN
8 45 kN 3
16.375 kN•m 16.375 kN•m 4m
3
A B B C C D
4m
5.91 kN 24.09 kN 27.96 kN 5.91 kN
27.96 kN 45 kN 24.09 kN 30 kN
15 kN/m
A C D
B
15 kN/m
5.91 kN 52.05 kN 52.05 kN 5.91 kN
27.96 27.96
V 5.91 5.91
(kN) x (m)
-24.09 -24.09
M 16.375
(kN•m) x (m)
-16.375
Deflected shape
48
Moment Distribution Frames: No Sidesway
49
Example 6
From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
2.5EI 2.5EI
4m
3EI
5m D 5m
50
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
2.5EI 45 25 2.5EI
0.5 0.5
4m
KAB = KBC = 3(2.5EI)/5 = 1.5 EI 3EI 0.5
KBD = 4(3EI)/4 = 3EI

5m D 5m
A B D C
Member AB BA BC BD DB CB
DF 1 0.25 0.25 0.5 0 1
Joint load -10 -10 -20
CO -10
FEM -45 25
Dist. 5 5 10
CO 5
Σ 0 -50 20 -10 -5 0 51
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
20
2.5EI 50 2.5EI
14 kN 10 16 kN
3EI
5 Member AB BA BC BD DB CB
D Σ 0 -50 20 -10 -5 0
40 kN•m
58 kN 34 24 3.75
50 20
48 kN 3.75 40 kN
A B 0 50 kN•m 58
10 B C 3.75
58 20 3.75
14 kN 34 kN 10 kN•m 16 kN
24 kN
3.75 kN
5
3.75 kN
58
52
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
2.5EI 20 2.5EI
14 kN 50 16 kN
3EI 10 4m
5
D
5m 5m
58 kN
35
16
10
20
50 Moment diagram Deflected shape
5
53
Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway
54
Single Frames
P P
∆ ∆
C C R´
B C B R B
x C1
A D A D A D
Artificial joint applied Artificial joint removed

(no sidesway) (sidesway)
0 = R + C1R´
55
Multistory Frames ∆2 P3
P2
P4
P1 ∆1
P3
∆´´ ∆´´
P2 R2´´
R2 R2´
∆´ ∆´
P4
x C1 x C2
P1 R1´
R1 R1´´
0 =R2 + C1R2´ + C2R2´´
0 =R1 + C1R1´ + C2R2´´

56
Example 7
EI is constant.
16 kN
1m 4m
B C
5m
A D
57
• Overview
16 kN 16 kN
1m 4m C C R´
B C B R B
5m 5m = + x C1
A D A D A D
artificial joint applied artificial joint removed

(no sidesway) ( sidesway)
R + C1R´ = 0 ---------(1)
58
• Artificial joint applied (no sidesway)
Fixed end moment:
16 kN
b=1m a=4m C
B R
Pa2b/L2 Pb2a/L2
= 10.24 = 2.56
A D
Equilibrium condition :
+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R = 0
x x x
59
16 kN
1m 4m C
R A B C D
B
0.5 DF 0 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
10.24 2.56 0
FEM 10.24 -2.56
5m 5m Dist. -5.12 -5.12 1.28 1.28
0.5 0.5
CO -2.56 0.64 -2.56 0.64
A D Dist. -0.32 -0.32 1.28 1.28
CO -0.16 0.64 -0.16 0.64
5.78 kN•m Dist. -0.32 -0.32 0.08 0.08
2.72 kN•m
CO -0.16 0.04 -0.16 0.04
Dist. -0.02 -0.02 0.08 0.08
B C Σ -2.88 -5.78 5.78 -2.72 2.72 1.32
5m 5m Equilibrium condition :
+ ΣF = 0: 1.73 - 0.81 + R = 0
x
A Ax = 1.73 kN D
Dx = 0.81 kN R = - 0.92 kN
2.88 kN•m 1.32 kN•m

60
• Artificial joint removed ( sidesway)
Fixed end moment:

Since both B and C happen to be displaced the same amount ∆, and AB and DC
have the same E, I, and L so we will assume fixed-end moment to be 100 kN•m.
∆ ∆
B 5m C
100 kN•m R´
100 kN•m
5m 5m
100 kN•m 100 kN•m
A
D
+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R´ = 0
x x x
61
∆ ∆
B 5m C
R´ A B C D
0.5 0.50 0.50
100 kN•m 100 kN•m DF 0 0.50 0.50 0
FEM 100 100 100 100
5m 5m Dist. -50 -50 -50 -50
0.5 0.5
100 kN•m 100 kN•m CO -25.0 -25.0 -25.0 -25.0
A Dist. 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
D
CO 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
Dist. -3.125 -3.125 -3.125 -3.125
60 kN•m 60 kN•m CO -1.56 -1.56 -1.56 -1.56
Dist. 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78
CO 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39
B C
Dist. -0.195 -0.195 -0.195 -0.195
Σ 80 60 -60 -60 60 80
5m 5m
Equilibrium condition: + ΣFx = 0:

A Ax = 28 kN D
Dx = 28 kN -28 - 28 + R´ = 0
80 kN•m 80 kN•m R´ = 56 kN
62
Substitute R = -0.92 and R´= 56 in (1) :
R + C1R´ = 0
-0.92 + C1(56) = 0
0.92
C1 =
56
16 kN 16 kN
B C C R´ 1m 4m C
R B B
5.78 2.72 60 60 4.79 3.71
2.72 60 60 3.71
5.78 4.79
+ x C1 = 5m 5m
2.88 80 80 1.57 2.63
1.32
1.73 kN 0.81 28 28 1.27 kN
A D A D A D 1.27
63
8.22
16 kN
3.71
1m 4m C
B 4.79
4.79 3.71 3.71
4.79
4.79 3.71
5m 5m
1.57 2.63
1.27 kN 1.27 kN 1.57 2.63

A D 2.99 kN Bending moment
13.01 kN diagram (kN•m)
∆ ∆
Deflected shape 64
Example 8
20 kN/m 3m
B pin
C
3EI
3m 2EI
4EI 4m
A
D
65
• Overview
20 kN/m
B 3m, 3EI B C B C
C
R R´
3 m , 2EI
4m , 4EI
= + x C1
A A A
D D D

R + C1R´ = 0 ----------(1)
66
20 kN/m A B C D
B 3m , 3EI C R 0.471 0.529
DF 0 1.00 1.00 0
0.5
15 FEM 15.00 -15.00
0.5 Dist. 7.065 7.935
0.5
CO 3.533
3 m , 2EI 4m, 4EI
15 Σ 18.53 -7.94 7.94
A
D 7.94 kN•m
KBA = 4(2EI)/3 = 2.667EI

B C + ΣF = 0:
x
KBC = 3(3EI)/3 = 3EI
60 - 33.53 - 0 + R = 0
60
KCD = 3(4EI)/4 = 3EI 3m 4m
R = - 26.47 kN
A Ax = 33.53 kN D Dx = 0
18.53 kN•m 0
67
• Artificial joint removed ( sidesway)
• Fixed end moment

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
B 3m, 3EI C B 3m, 3EI C
R´ R´
100 kN•m
6(2EI∆)/(3) 2 6(4EI)∆/(4) 2 100 kN•m
3 m, 2EI
100 kN•m 4m, 4EI 3 m, 2EI 4m, 4EI
6(2EI∆)/(3) 2 100 kN•m
3(4EI∆)/(4) 2 3(4EI)(75/EI)/(4) 2
A A = 56.25 kN•m
D D
Assign a value of (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = 100 kN•m
6(2 EI ) ∆
2
= 100
3
∆AB = 75/EI
68
∆ ∆
A B C D
B 3m C R´
0.5 DF 0 0.471 0.529 1.00 1.00 0
100
FEM 100 100 56.25
0.5
Dist. -47.1 -52.9 0
0.5
3m 4m CO -28.55
100
Σ 76.45 52.9 -52.9 56.25
56.25
A
D
52.9. kN•m
+ ΣF = 0:
C x
B -43.12 - 14.06 + R´ = 0
3m 4m R´ = 57.18 kN
A Ax = 43.12kN
D 14.06 kN
76.45 kN•m
56.25 kN•m 69
Substitute R = -26.37 and R´= 57.18 in (1) :
R + C1R´ = 0
-26.47 + C1(57.18) = 0
26.47
C1 =
57.18
20 kN/m
B B 52.9 kN•m B
C C 3m
R C
7.94 kN•m R´ 16.55 kN•m
7.94 kN•m 52.9
= 3m
+ 76.45 kN•m
x C1 4m
18.53 kN•m 53.92 kN•m
33.53 kN 43.12 kN 53.49 kN

A A 56.25
0 A 26.04 kN•m
5.52 kN6.51 kN
0
D D 14.06 D
5.52 kN
70
20 kN/m
16.55
B 3m 16.55
C B C
16.55 kN•m
3m
53.92 kN•m 4m
53.92
53.49 kN
A 26.04 kN•m A
5.52 kN6.51 kN 26.04
Moment diagram
∆ ∆ D
D
5.52 kN
B C
A
Deflected shape
71
D
Example 8
EI is constant.
10 kN B
C
4m
A D
4m 3m
72
• Overview
10 kN B
C
4m
A D
4m 3m
R + C1R´ = 0 ---------(1)
=
10 kN B C B C
R R´
+ x C1
A D A D
73
10 kN B C
R
0 0
A D
Equilibrium condition : + ΣF = 0:
x
10 + R = 0
R = - 10 kN
74
• Artificial joint removed (sidesway)
• Fixed end moment 6EI∆BC/(4) 2

B
R´
6EI∆AB/(4) 2
C 3EI∆CD/(5) 2
100 kN•m 100 kN•m
6EI∆CD/(5) 2 4 m
6EI∆AB/(4) 2
A D
4m 3m
Assign a value of (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = 100 kN•m : 6 EI∆ AB = 100

42
∆AB = 266.667/EI
∆ CD ∆BC
B∆ C´
R´
∆ ∆CD = ∆ / cos 36.87° = 1.25 ∆ = 1.25(266.667/EI)
B´ C = 333.334/EI
36.87° C´
4m ∆CD
∆BC = ∆ tan 36.87° = 0.75 ∆
36.87° = 0.75(266.667/EI)
A D C ∆AB = ∆ = 200/EI
4m 3m
75
∆BC= 200/EI, ∆CD = 333.334/EI
6EI∆BC/(4) 2 = 6(200)/42 = 75 kN•m

B
R´
100 kN•m
C 3EI∆CD/(5) 2 = 3(333.334)/52 = 40 kN•m
100 kN•m
A D
+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R´ = 0
x x x
76
75 A B C D
B 75
R´ DF 0 0.50 0.50 0.625 0.375 1
0.5 C
100 FEM 100 100 -75 -75 40
40
4 m Dist. -12.5 -12.5 21.875 13.125
0.5 0.5
100 CO -6.25 10.938 -6.25
A D Dist. -5.469 -5.469 3.906 2.344
4m 3m CO -2.735 1.953 -2.735
Dist. -0.977 -0.977 1.709 1.026
KBA = 4EI/4 = EI, KBC = 4EI/4 = EI,
KCD = 3EI/5 = 0.6EI Σ 91.02 81.05 -81.05 -56.48 56.48
34.38 kN 34.38 kN
81.05 81.05 B C 56.48
B 56.48 C
34.38 kN 34.38 kN
+ ΣF = 0: 39.91 kN
A 43.02 kN x D
91.02 -43.02 - 39.91 + R´ = 0
34.38 kN R´ = 82.93 kN 34.38 kN
77
Substitute R = -10 kN and R´= 82.93 kN in (1) : -10 + C1(82.93) = 0
R + C1R´ = 0 ---------(1) C1 = 10/82.93
81.05
10 kN B C B C
R R´
81.05 56.48
x C1= 10/82.93
+ 56.48
0 0 91.02 39.91 kN
A 0 D A 43.02 kN D
0
=
34.38 kN
0 34.38 kN
9.77
10 kN B
C
9.77 6.81
6.81 4m
10.98 4.81 kN
A 5.19 kN
D
4.15 kN 4.15 kN
4m 3m
78
9.77
10 kN B
C
9.77 6.81
6.81 4m
10.98
A 5.19 kN 4.81 kN
D
4.15 kN 4.15 kN
4m 3m
9.77
B B
9.77 C C
6.81
A 10.98 A
D D
Bending moment diagram Deflected shape

(kN•m)
79
Example 9
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,and
EI is constant.
40 kN
20 kN B
C
3EI
3m
4EI
4EI 4m
A
D
2m 3m 2m
80
40 kN
• Overview
20 kN B
C
3EI
3m
4EI
4EI 4m
A
D
2m 3m 2m
R + C1R´ = 0 ----------(1)
40 kN
=
20 kN B C B C
R R´
+ x C1
(no sidesway) (no sidesway)
A A
D D
2m 3m 2m 2m 3m 2m
81
Fixed end moments:
40 kN
PL/8 = 15
B C
20 kN R
15+(15/2)
= 22.5 kN•m
A
D
2m 3m 2m
+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R = 0
x x x
82
A B C D
40 kN
20 kN B C DF 0 0.60 0.40 1.00 1.00 0
R
22.5 FEM 22.5
15
0.5 Dist. -13.5 -9.0
0.5 0.5 CO -6.75
Σ -6.75 -13.5 13.5

A
D
2m 3m 2m KBA = 4(4EI)/3.6 = 4.444EI, KBC = 3(3EI)/3 = 3EI,
24.5 kN 15.5 kN
13.5 kN•m
C + ΣF = 0:
B x
40 kN 23.08 + 20 -7.75 + R´ = 0
13.5 B C R´ = - 35.33 kN
A 7.75 kN
23.08 kN
24.5 kN 15.5 kN D
6.75 kN•m 0
24.5 kN 15.5 kN
83
• Artificial joint removed (sidesway)
Fixed end moments: 3m

B C
R´
m
3EI
06
4. 4
3.6
72
m
4EI
4EI
A
D
3(3EI)∆BC/(3) 2 6(3EI)∆BC/(3) 2
100 kN•m
R´
6(4EI)∆AB/(3.606) 2 B C
6(4EI)∆CD/(4.47) 2
100 kN•m
6(4EI)∆AB/(3.61) 2
3(4EI)∆CD/(4.472) 2
A
D
Assign a value of (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = 100 kN•m : 6(4 EI ) ∆ AB = 100, ∆AB = 54.18/EI
3.612 84
CC´ ∆ = ∆ABcos 33.69° = 45.08/EI
B BB´ C C´
R´ C´
B´ ∆ CD
.69 o C ∆ tan 26.57 = 22.54/EI
26.57°
26.57°
33
B∆ 33.69o
AB
=5 ∆ tan 33.69 = 30.05/EI
4.3
A /E I
D
B´
∆ BC = B' C ' = 22.54 / EI + 30.05 / EI = 52.59 / EI
∆CD = ∆/cos 26.57°= 50.4/EI
3(3EI)∆BC/(3) 2 = 3(3EI)(52.59/EI) /(3) 2 = 52.59 kN•m

R´
100 kN•m B C
100 kN•m
3(4EI)∆CD/(4.472) 2
A = 3(4EI)(50.4/EI)/(4.472) 2
D
= 30.24 kN•m
85
A B C D
3EI
B 52.59 C DF 0 0.60 0.40 1.00 1.00 0
R´
100 0.5 FEM 100 100 -52.59 30.24
3m Dist. -28.45 -18.96
100 0.5 0.5 4m CO -14.223
4EI Σ 85.78 71.55 -71.55
4EI 30.24
A 30.24
D
2m 3m 2m
23.85 kN 23.85 kN
71.55 kN•m + ΣF = 0:
x
C
B -68.34 - 19.49 + R´ = 0
71.55 B C R´ = 87.83 kN
A 68.34 kN 23.85 23.85 19.49 kN

D
85.78kN•m 30.24 kN•m
23.85 kN
23.85 kN
86
Substitute R = -35.33 and R´= 87.83 in (1) : -35.33 + C1(87.83) = 0
40 kN C1 = 35.33/87.83
20 kN B C B C
35.33 kN 90.59 kN
13.5 kN•m 71.55 kN•m

+85.78 kN•m x C1
6.75 kN•m
23.08 kN 68.34 kN
0 30.24 kN•m
A 24.5 kN A 23.85 kN
7.75 kN 19.485 kN
D D
15.5 kN 23.85 kN
=
40 kN
20 kN B
C
15.28 kN•m
27.76 kN•m
4.41 kN
12.16 kN•m
A 14.91 kN
15.59 kN
D
25.09 kN 87
40 kN
20 kN B
C
15.28 kN•m
27.76 kN•m
4.41 kN
12.16 kN•m
A 14.91 kN
15.59 kN
D
37.65 25.09 kN
15.28
C C
B B
A 27.76 A
12.16 Deflected shape
Bending moment diagram D D
88
Moment-Distribution
The method of moment distribution relies on a series of calculations that are repeated and that with every
cycle come closer to the final situation. In this way we are able to avoid solving simultaneous equations.
Inspection of the slope-deflection equations shows us that the final end-moments depend on 4 effects
namely, θA, θB, ψAB and the fixed end moments, FEM. By using moment-distribution we are able to
investigate each effect separately. The following beam will be used to illustrate moment-distribution.
Rotation is possible at both B and C
Rotation at B and C are prevented and the load is applied.

FEM will result. These are called the initial moments.
Allow B to rotate until moment equilibrium is reached.

Rotation at B will induce a moment at C.
Allow C to rotate until moment equilibrium is reached. The

rotation of C will induce a moment at B.
Repeat this process until moment equilibrium is reached at

the nodes.
Assume that the sum of the initial moments at the node B is equal to M0.
Rotation will take place until moment equilibrium is attained, i.e., sum moments ΣMB = 0.
D
Therefore: MBA + MBC
D
+ M0 = 0
D
Where MBA D
and MBC are the moments as a result of the rotation at B, θB, and are called the distribution
moments. Remember that all the other rotations and sway are prevented.
2 ⋅ EI AB 4 ⋅ EI AB ⋅ θ B 2 ⋅ EIBC 4 ⋅ EIBC ⋅ θ B
D
MBA = ⋅ (2 ⋅θB ) = D
. In a similar fashion MBC = ⋅ (2 ⋅θB ) =
LAB LAB LBC LBC
D
But: MBA + MBC
D
+ M0 = 0
Solve for θB.
M0
θB = −
4 ⋅ EI AB 4 ⋅ EIBC
+
LAB LBC
Solve the distribution moments.
Moment-distribution Page 1 of 14 7/23/2003

4 ⋅ EI AB
⋅ M0
LAB k ⋅ M0 k ⋅ M0
D
MBA =− = − BA = − BA
+
kBA + kBC ∑ kB
LAB LBC
4 ⋅ EIBC
⋅ M0
LBC k ⋅ M0 k ⋅ M0
D
MBC =− = − BC = − BC
+
kBA + kBC ∑ kB
LAB LBC
kBA is the stiffness of the member BA at the node B. It is also the moment that would be induced if a unit
rotation were applied at B in the member BA and the rotation at A was zero.
If B rotates a bending moment will be induced at A and C. Assume a rotation θB and calculate the moment at
A.
2 ⋅ ELAB M0
D
M AB = ⋅ (θ B ) , but bear in mind that θ B = −
LAB 4 ⋅ EI 4 ⋅ EIBC
AB
+
LAB LBC
2 ⋅ EI AB
⋅ M0
LAB
D
M AB =−
+
LAB LBC
The distributed bending moment is half the value of the distributed bending moment at B. This is called the
carry-over factor, CBA = ½.
The same solution may be obtained if one remembers that the stiffness of a member is the moment that is
induced if a unit rotation is applied at the node.
2 ⋅ EI AB 2 ⋅ EI AB 4 ⋅ EI AB
M AB = k AB = ⋅ (2 ⋅θA ) = ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ 1,0 ) =
LAB LAB LAB
2 ⋅ EI AB 2 ⋅ EI AB 2 ⋅ EI AB
MBA = ⋅ (θ A ) = ⋅ (1,0 ) =
LAB LAB LAB
MBA 1
CAB = =
M AB 2

Example:
Use the method of moment-distribution to determine the bending moment diagramme of the following beam.
Distribution at A and B
Stiffness of members at A: Distribution Factors
4 ⋅ EI AB 4 ⋅ EI k AB 1,0
k AB = = = 1,0 DAB = = = 1,0
LAB 4 ∑ k 1,0
∑ k = 1,0
Stiffness of members at B:
4 ⋅ EIBA 4 ⋅ EI k AB 1,0
kBA = = = 1,0 DAB = = = 0,60
LAB 4 ∑ k 1,66667
4 ⋅ EIBC 4 ⋅ EI kBC 0,66667
kBC = = = 0,66667 DBC = = = 0,40
LBC 6 ∑ 1,66667
k
∑ k = 1,66667
Initial Moments:
W ⋅ L 10 ⋅ 4
0
M AB = FEM AB = = = +5,0 kN.m
8 8
W ⋅L 10 ⋅ 4
0
MBA = FEMBA =− =− = −5,0 kN.m
8 8
w ⋅ L2 5 ⋅ 62
0
MBC = FEMBC =+ =+ = 15,0 kN.m
12 12
w ⋅ L2 5 ⋅ 62
0
MCB = FEMCB =− =− = −15,0 kN.m
12 12

Distribution of the moments:
Carry over factors ½ ½

Action MAB MBA MBC MCB
Distribution factors 1,00 0,60 0,40
Initial moments + 5,000 - 5,000 + 15,000 - 15,000
Allow rotation of A - 5,000 ½ - 2,500
Allow rotation of B - 2,250 ½ - 4,500 -3,000 ½ -1,500
Allow rotation of A + 2,250 + 1,125
Allow rotation of B - 0,3375 - 0,675 - 0,450 - 0,225
Allow rotation of B - 0,051 - 0,1013 - 0,0675 - 0,0338
- 0,0153 - 0,0102
0,000 - 11,472 + 11,472 - 16,759
Members with a hinge on one side:

Assume a member with a hinge at B.
Stiffness = moment required to induce a unit rotation at A:

3 ⋅ EI AB 3 ⋅ EI AB
k AB = M AB = (θ A ) =
LAB LAB
1
0
M AB = FEM AB − FEMBA
2
Redo example 1 using the stiffness of a member with a hinge.
3 ⋅ EIBA 3 ⋅ EI k AB 0,750
kBA = = = 0,750 DAB = = = 0,52941
LAB 4 ∑ k 1,41667
4 ⋅ EIBC 4 ⋅ EI kBC 0,66667
kBC = = = 0,66667 DBC = = = 0,47059
LBC 6 ∑ 1,41667
k
∑ k = 1,41667
W ⋅L 1  W ⋅L 
0
MBA = FEMBA − 1 FEM AB = − − ⋅ + = −7,50 kN.m
2 8 2  8 
w ⋅ L2 5 ⋅ 62
0
MBC = FEMBC = + =+ = 15,0 kN.m
12 12

w ⋅ L2 5 ⋅ 62
0
MCB = FEMCB = − =− = −15,0 kN.m
12 12
MBA MBC MCB

Dist Factors 0,52941 0,47059
Init moments - 7,500 + 15,000 - 15,000
Rotate B - 3,9706 - 3,5294 - 1,7647
-11,4706 + 11,4706 -16,7647
Example 3:
Determine the bending moment diagramme of the following structure.
Rotation will occur at B and C.
Stiffness at B
3 ⋅ EIBA 3 ⋅ 2EI kBA 1,5

kBA = = = 1,5 DBA = = = 0,2727
LAB 4 ∑ k 5,5
3 ⋅ EIBE 3 ⋅ EI kBE 1,0
kBE = = = 1,0 DBE = = = 0,1818
LBE 3 ∑ k 5,5
4 ⋅ EIBC 4 ⋅ 3EI kBC 3,0
kBC = = = 3,00 DBC = = = 0,5455
LBC 4 ∑ 5,5
k
∑ k = 5,5
4 ⋅ EICB 4 ⋅ 3EI kCB 3,0
kCB = = = 3,0 DCB = = = 0,600
LCB 4 ∑ 5,0
k
4 ⋅ EICD 4 ⋅ 2EI kCD 2,0
kCD = = = 2,0 DCD = = = 0,400
LCD 4 ∑ k 5,0
∑ k = 5,0
Initial moments:
W ⋅L 20 ⋅ 4
0
MBC = FEMBC = + =+ = +10,0 kN.m
8 8

W ⋅L 10 ⋅ 4
0
MCB = FEMCB = − =− = −10,0 kN.m
8 8
MAB MBE MBC MCB MCD MDC

0,2727 0,1818 0,5455 0,600 0,400
+10,0000 -10,000
-2,727 -1.818 -5.455 -2,728
+3,818 +7,637 +5,091 +2,545
-1,041 -0,694 -2,083 -1,041
+0,312 +0,625 +0,416 +0,208
-0,085 -0,057 -0,170 -0,085
+0,051 +0,034
-3,853 -2,569 +6,422 -5,541 +5,541 +2,753
Structural Frames with Sway.

Frames with a sway mechanism may be tackled by preventing the sway and calculating the force required to
prevent the sway, call this P. Arbitrary sway is then applied to the structure and the force that leads to the
arbitrary sway is calculated, call this Q. Apply the super-position equation as neither of the forces are really
there.
P+xQ=0
Final bending moment = Bending moment with sway prevented + x times bending moment with arbitrary
sway.
Example 4:
Determine the bending moment diagramme of the following sway structure. The support A is a hinge, E is
fixed and D is a roller. There is a hinge in BC at C.
Force P prevents the sway and force Q induces the arbitrary sway.
Apply force P to prevent the sway. Rotation will occur at B and at C.

At B
3 ⋅ EI AB 3 ⋅ EI k BA 0,6
k BA = = = 0,6 DBA = = = 0,375
L AB 5 ∑k 1,6
3 ⋅ EI BC 3 ⋅ 2EI k BC 1,0
k BC = = = 1,0 DBC = = = 0,625
LBC 6 ∑k 1,6
∑ k = 1,6 ∑ D = 1,000
At C
3 ⋅ EI CD 3 ⋅ 2EI k CD 1,0
k CD = = = 1,00 DCD = = = 0,5556
LCD 6 ∑k 1,8
4 ⋅ EI CE 4 ⋅ EI k CE 0,8
k CE = = = 0,8 DCE = = = 0,4444
LCE 5 ∑k 1,8
∑ k = 1,8 ∑ D = 1,000
Initial moments:
0
M BC = FEM BC − 1 FEM CB
2
w ⋅L2  − w ⋅ L2  10 ⋅ 6 2 10 ⋅ 6 2
0
M BC = −1   = + = +45,00 kN.m
12 2  12  12 2 ⋅ 12
 
MBA MBC MCD MCE MEC

0,375 0,625 0,5556 0,4444
+45,000
-16,875 -28,125
-16,875 +16,875 0 0 0
Force, P, that prevents sway:
Take moments about O1.

Σ MO1 = 0. - Px4 + VAB x 10 = 0

−M BA − 16,875
V AB = = = −8,4375 kN
L AB 5
Arbitrary Sway
Choose ψAB as the unknown angle and calculate all others in terms of this angle.
BB' CC '
BB' = 5 ⋅ ψ ψ O1B = ψ BC = =ψ CC ' = 5 ⋅ ψ ψ O2C = ψ CD = = −0,5 ⋅ ψ
5 10
Assuming that all rotation angles are equal to 0 and there are sway angle it is possible to write the initial
moments in terms of these sway angle.
2 ⋅ EI AB
Standard case: M AB = (2 ⋅ θ A + θ B − 3 ⋅ ψ AB ) with θ angles = 0
L AB
− 6 ⋅ EI AB (ψ AB )
M AB =
L AB
3 ⋅ EI AB
Modified form: M AB = (θ A − ψ AB ) with θ angles = 0
L AB
− 3 ⋅ EI AB (ψ AB )
M AB =
L AB
Therefore:
MBA : MBC : MCD : MCE : MEC

3 ⋅ EI AB ⋅ ψ AB 3 ⋅ EI BC ⋅ ψ BC 3 ⋅ EI CD ⋅ ψCD 6 ⋅ EI CE ⋅ ψ CE 6 ⋅ EI CE ⋅ ψ CE
− : − :− : − :−
L AB LBC LCD LCE LCE
3 ⋅ EI ⋅ ( −ψ ) 3 ⋅ 2EI ⋅ ( +ψ ) 3 ⋅ 2EI ⋅ ( −0,5 ⋅ ψ ) 6 ⋅ EI ⋅ ( −ψ ) 6 ⋅ EI ⋅ ( −ψ )
− :− :− :− :−
5 6 6 5 5
0,6 EI : -1,0 EI : 0,5 EI : 1,2 EI : 1,2 EI
Set EI = 20
12 : -20 : 10 : 24 : 24

MBA MBC MCD MCE MEC
0,375 0,625 0,5556 0,4444
12,000 -20,000 +10,000 +24,000 +24,00
+3,000 +5,000 -18,890 -15,110 -7,555
+15,000 -15,000 -8,890 +8,890 +16,445
∑ M O1 = 0
- 4 x Q + 3 x 10 – 16,445 + 5,067 x 10 – 1,4817 x 9 = 0
Q = 12,7237 kN
Superposition equation:
P+xQ=0
X = 0,66313
Final bending moments:
MF = M sway prevented + x M arbitrary sway
MBA MBC MCD MCE MEC

-16,875 +16,875 0 0 0 M sway prevented
+9,947 -9,947 -5,895 +5,895 +10,905 x M arbitrary sway
-6,928 +6,928 -5,895 +5,895 +10,905 MF

Final Bending Moment Diagramme.
Structure with Displacement of a Support

Example 5:
Determine the bending moment diagramme of the structure if E = 200 GPa, I = 150 x 10-6 m4 and the support
E moves 20 mm to the right.
View the structure with the displacement of the support.
+20
EE’ = 20 mm, therefore: ψ O1B = = ψ O1C = ψ CE
4000
20
CC ' = ψ O1C ⋅ 3000 = ⋅ 3000 = 15 mm
4000
CC ' −15 CC ' 15

ψ BC = = ψ DC = =
6000 6000 6000 6000
Use the slope-deflection equations to determine the initial moments with all rotations θ equal to zero.

2 ⋅ EI BC
0
M BC = (2 ⋅ θ B + θ C − 3 ⋅ ψ BC ) + FEM BC
LBC
6 −6 2
2 ⋅ 2EI
0
M BC = (− 3 ⋅ ψ BC ) + FEM BC = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 200 x10 ⋅ 150 x10  − 3 ⋅ − 15  + 45 ⋅ 42⋅ 2
6 6  6000  6
0
M BC = 150 + 20 = 170 kN.m
6 −6 2
2 ⋅ 2EI
0
M CB = (− 3 ⋅ ψ BC ) + FEM CB = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 200 x10 ⋅ 150 x10  − 3 ⋅ − 15  + − 45 ⋅ 24 ⋅ 2
6 6  6000  6
0
M CB = 150 − 40 = 110 kN.m
6 −6
3 ⋅ 2EI
0
M CD = (− ψ CD ) = 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 200 x10 ⋅ 150 x10  − 15 
6 6  6000 
0
M CD = −75 kN.m
6 −6
3 ⋅ EI
0
M CE = (− ψ CE ) = 3 ⋅ 200 x10 ⋅ 150 x10  − 20 
5 5  4000 
0
M CE = −90 kN.m
At B
4 ⋅ EI AB 4 ⋅ EI k BA 1,0
k BA = = = 1,0 DBA = = = 0,4286
L AB 4 ∑k 2,3333
4 ⋅ EI BC 4 ⋅ 2EI k BC 1,3333
k BC = = = 1,3333 DBC = = = 0,5714
LBC 6 ∑k 2,3333
∑ k = 2,3333 ∑ D = 1,000
At C
4 ⋅ EI CB 4 ⋅ 2EI k CB 1,3333
k CB = = = 1,3333 DCB = = = 0,4546
LCB 6 ∑ k 2,9333
3 ⋅ EI CD 3 ⋅ 2EI k CD 1,000
k CD = = = 1,000 DCD = = = 0,3409
LCD 6 ∑ k 2,9333
3 ⋅ EI CE 3 ⋅ EI k CE 0,6
k CE = = = 0,6000 DCE = = = 0,2045
LBCE 5 ∑ k 2,9333
∑ k = 2,9333 ∑ D = 1,000

MAB MBA MBC MCB MCD MCE
0,4286 0,5714 0,4546 0,3409 0,2045
+170,000 +110,000 -75,000 -90,000
-36,431 -72,862 -97,138 -48,569
+23,541 +47,082 +35,307 +21,180
-5,045 -10,090 -13,451 -6,726
+1,529 +3,058 +2,293 +1,375
-0,328 -0,655 -0,874 -0,437
+0,099 +0,199 +0,149 +0,089
-0,042 -0,057
-41,804 -83,649 +83,649 +104,607 -37,251 -67,356
Final Bending Moment Diagramme


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Mekanika Struktur 3

Program Pendidikan Sarjana Ekstensi

born Feb. 10, 1885, Nansemond County, Va., U.S.

• depended on the solution of three problems for beam constants:

• Computer-oriented Matrix Analysis Method

• Providing a better insight into the behavior of structures

• Removing the solution of simultaneous equations

4. Moment Distribution Method 1

4. Moment Distribution Method 2

• Developed by Hardy Cross in 1924

• Removing the solution of simultaneous equations

• Displacement Method (Stiffness Method)

16. Moment-Distribution Method 1

16. Moment-Distribution Method 2

Force = Stiffness × Displacement

Stiffness = Force / Displacement

Stiffness = Moment / Rotation

=K → Convenient in the case

16. Moment-Distribution Method 3

16. Moment-Distribution Method 4

COF = Carry − over Factor

16. Moment-Distribution Method 5

16. Moment-Distribution Method 6

Considering the moment equilibrium at joint B

16. Moment-Distribution Method 7

16. Moment-Distribution Method 8

16. Moment-Distribution Method 9

Slope − Deflection Equation

Effects of chord rotation

16. Moment-Distribution Method 10

16. Moment-Distribution Method 11

16. Moment-Distribution Method 13

16. Moment-Distribution Method 14

16. Moment-Distribution Method 15

16. Moment-Distribution Method 16

0.5 0.5 0.429 0.571

16. Moment-Distribution Method 17

0.5 0.5 0.429 0.571

16. Moment-Distribution Method 18

3. Balancing the joint C

Unbalanced Moment = -75 k-ft → Balancing Moment = 75 k-ft

16. Moment-Distribution Method 19

4. Balancing the joint B

16. Moment-Distribution Method 20

5. Balancing the joint C

Additional Unbalanced Moment = -10.3 k-ft

DM CB = 10.3 × 0.429 = 4.4k − ft DM CD = 10.3 × 0.571 = 5.9k − ft

16. Moment-Distribution Method 21

6. Balancing the joint B

Additional Unbalanced Moment = 2.2 k-ft

DM BA = −2.2 × 0.5 = −1.1k − ft DM BC = −2.2 × 0.5 = −1.1k − ft

(Iterative Balancing Procedure)

16. Moment-Distribution Method 22

39.1 -71.8 71.7 -49.0 49.0 24.6

Final Member End Moment

Member End Shear & Support Reactions

Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram

16. Moment-Distribution Method 23

0.5 0.5 0.429 0.571

38.9 -71.8 71.7 -49.1 49.1 24.5

16. Moment-Distribution Method 24

Beams with Simple Supports at the ends

16. Moment-Distribution Method 25