CSE531 Wind Engineering Past Exam Answers

© The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

©
(04001)
PgS in Construction and Land Use (04001)

(04001)
THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
2016/2017 SEMESTER I EXAMINATION
POSTGRADUATE SCHEMES (04001)
Program: MSc
Subject: Wind Engineering
Subject Code: CSE531
Session: 2016/17
Date: 12 December 2016
Time: 19:00 – 22:00
Time allowed: THREE hours
This question paper has 6 pages.
Instructions to Candidates :
1. THIS IS AN OPEN BOOK EXAMINATION.

2 This paper contains 5 questions.
3. Answer any 4 questions.
4. All questions carry equal marks.
5. Students are allowed to bring lecture notes and Hong Kong Wind Code 2004 into the
examination venue.
DO NOT TURN OVER THE PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

1. a) Table 1 lists the annual maximum hourly mean wind speed recorded at Waglan Island from 1983 to
2012 regardless of wind direction. Assume that the Gumbel distribution can be used to describe the
extreme wind conditions in Hong Kong, determine the mean value and the standard deviation of the
annual maximum hourly mean wind speed at Waglan Island.
The measurement station at Waglan is at a level of 90m. Determine the design hourly mean wind
speed and wind pressure at a level of 90m for a special structure of which the design life is 100 years
and the accepted risk is 10%. The air density is 1.23kg/m3.
Year 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
U(m/s) 44 24.5 22 29 23.5 19 26 20.2 26.8 25.8
Year 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
U(m/s) 33.3 18.9 27.9 19.2 30.1 22.5 42.3 21.1 23.9 21.9
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
U(m/s) 23 24.4 22.3 23.1 22.2 32.2 30.8 20.4 22.9 29.7
(18 marks)
b) The wind data have been grouped into different direction sectors and the extreme values analysis
gives the following direction multiplier in accordance with the method used in BS6399.
Angle from North (Degree) 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315

Direction Multiplier 0.82 0.97 1.00 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.81 0.65
Describe the effect of orientation of a building on the reduction in wind load. What is the maximum
amount of reduction in wind load that can be achieved if directional effect is considered? What are
the other factors that will affect the wind load reduction due to direction effect? (7 marks)
1
2. a) Briefly describe the pressure distribution over a rectangular building with the width triple the depth
along the wind flow direction. What is the change in the wind pressure distribution if the depth of the
building is triple its width? (6 marks)
b) A building with porous surfaces can be treated in the same way as a building with one opening in
the windward wall and one opening in the leeward wall. Prove that the internal pressure Cpi of the
building can be given by
b1 C p e ,1  b 2 C p e , 2
C pi 
b1  b 2
Where b1 represents the total effective volume of windward openings, b2 represents the total effect
volume of suction openings, and (Cp)e,1 and (Cp)e,2 represent the average values of external pressure
coefficients on windward and suction sides, respectively. (7 marks)
c) Determine the internal pressure coefficient of the building shown in Fig. Q2 . The external
pressures coefficients are shown in the figure in boldface. State any assumption used.
(6 marks)
d) Determine the drag and lift force coefficients. (6 marks)
30m
10m
Wind direction -0.3
0.8
-0.5 30m
0.4
10m
Fig. Q2
2
3. a) Determine the temporal autocorrelation function of the sinusoid x(t)=a cos(ωt). The compound
angle formula is given by
cos (A+B)= cos(A)cos(B)-sin(A)sin(B) (5 marks)
b) A two story ‘shear’ building is shown in Fig. Q3. The two floors with mass m each are supported
by two massless columns with lateral stiffness EI. The damping ratio of the building is ξ. A
random exciting force with an ideal white noise power density function SF(ω)=S0 acts on the top
floor. Determine the dynamic amplification factor and the variance of the displacement under
resonant response of the top floor. (20 marks)
Fig. Q3
3
4. a) A building is of 300m height, 40m width and 30m depth. The damping ratio is 0.01 and first mode
frequency is 0.15Hz. The bulk density of the building is 200 kg/m3. To reduce vibration, a water
damper with circular tank is placed at the top of the building. Determine the mass and dimensions of
the damper given that the frequency tuning ratio is 1.0 and the total damping ratio required is 0.04.
Assume the effective damping of the water damper is 60% of the optimum damping. Density of water
= 1000kg/m3. The fundamental sloshing frequency of a liquid damper with circular container is given
by
1 1.84𝑔 1.84ℎ
𝑛= √ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( )
2𝜋 𝑅 𝑅
Where n=sloshing frequency, g=9.81m/s2, R=radius of container, h=depth of water.
(10 marks)
b) A building has a rectangular cross section, and the width of the cross section varies linearly
with the height in a symmetric way. The cross sections at the bottom and top (z=0 and 100m
respectively) are shown in Fig. Q4. The height of the building is 100m. Wind tunnel test of
the building has been conducted using the force balance technique. The model scale is 1:400
and the velocity scale is 1:6. The mean base moment measured is 0.4Nm. Determine the
mean base moment at prototype scale.
Determine the mean shear force at prototype scale acting at the building section of depth 20m
from z=60m to z=80m. Assume the wind speed profile can be represented by a power law of
power exponent 0.25.
(15marks)
30m 30m
Wind 30m top

50m
bottom
Fig. Q4
4
5 a) A concrete building of height 80m, width 50m and depth 20m is to be constructed (Fig.
Q5a). Determine the force due to wind blowing perpendicular to the elevation view using the
Hong Kong Wind Code.
If a sky garden of size 15m x15m x 20m penetrating through the building is designed to improve
air ventilation, the dimension of the building needs to be revised to keep the frontal area
unchanged (Fig. Q5b). Determine the new wind force due to wind blowing perpendicular to the
elevation view using the Hong Kong Wind Code.
In the presence of a sky garden, will the actual wind force larger or smaller than the value that
you calculated? Explain briefly in terms of the wind flow behavior around the building.
(20 marks)
b) Describe briefly the effect of topography on the wind speed. Under what condition will the
topographic multiplier be less than 1? (5 marks)
50m
80m
Elevation
Fig. Q5a
5
50m
84.5m
15m
Sky
15m garden
25m
Elevation
Fig. Q5b
6
THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
2018/2019 SEMESTER I EXAMINATION
Programme: PgS
MScin Construction and Land Use (04001)
Subject : CSE531 Wind Engineering
Semester: 1 Session: 2018/19
Date: 13 December 2018 Time: 7:00 – 10:00p.m.
Time Allowed : 3 hours
This question paper has 6 pages.
Instructions to Candidates :
1. THIS IS AN OPEN BOOK EXAMINATION.
2 This paper contains 5 questions.
3. Answer any 4 questions.
4. All questions carry equal marks.
5. Students are allowed to bring lecture notes, tutorials and Hong Kong Wind Code 2004 into
the examination venue.
DO NOT TURN OVER THE PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO
1
1. a) Typhoon Ellen invaded Hong Kong in 1983. The minimum central pressure p0=950mb and the
radius to maximum wind R=40km when it was closest to Hong Kong. The closest distance between
the typhoon center and Hong Kong is approximately 43km. The undisturbed ambient pressure
pn=1010mb and the air density ρa=1.2kg/m3. The latitude of Hong Kong is 22.30N.
i) Using the Holland’s model, determine the maximum gradient wind speed at Hong Kong.
ii) Determine the maximum wind speed at the level of 100m in the urban area where the
average building height was 100m. Given that the Hong Kong design wind profile is a
power law profile with gradient height H=500m and power exponent α=0.11.
(13 marks)
b) Wind tunnel test has been carried out to study wind load and wind-structure interaction of a
cylindrical building of diameter 30m, height 120m under the 50 yr extreme wind speed of 59.5m/s.
For a geometric scale ratio of 1:400 (model to prototype) and a velocity 10m/s used in the wind
tunnel, the vortex shedding frequency measured is 28Hz, determine the corresponding vortex
shedding frequency in the prototype. The surface of the model cylinder has been roughened so that
the flow phenomenon in the model matches that in the prototype.
If the natural frequency of the building is 0.3Hz, what undesirable effect will happen and under what
wind condition will this undesirable effect happen. Also suggest one remedial measure.
(12 marks)
2
2. a) Table Q2 lists the annual maximum 3s gust wind speed recorded at Waglan Island from 1993 to
2012 regardless of wind direction. Determine the sample mean value and the standard deviation of the
annual maximum 3s gust wind speed at Waglan Island.
Assume that the Gumbel distribution can be used to describe the extreme wind conditions in Hong
Kong, find the 50yr return period 3s gust wind speed.
The measurement station at Waglan is at a level of 90m. Determine the design wind pressure at a
level of 90m for a special structure of which the design life is 50 years and the accepted risk is 50%.
The air density is 1.2kg/m3.
(18 marks)
Table Q2
Year 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
U(m/s) 48.5 25.2 37.3 29.1 37.6 31.7 64.9 27.3 30.4 31
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
U(m/s) 33.8 29.4 29.9 36.1 32.6 43.7 38.4 34.1 30.3 41.4
b) Referring to Table D1 of the Hong Kong Wind Code 2004, explain briefly why the height
aspect factor Ch increase with the height/ breath ratio. Also, referring to Table D2 of the
Hong Kong Wind Code 2004, explain briefly why the shape factor Cs increases with the b/d
ratio and for rectangular building.
(7 marks)
3
3. a) A low-rise building of flat roof is subjected to a typhoon. The maximum wind speed of the typhoon
is 40m/s. There are openings at the surfaces of the building. The total area of the openings at the
windward surface is 3m2, the total area of the openings at the roof is 1m2, the total area of openings at
the leeward surface is 1m2, and the total area of openings at the internal partition is 0.5m2. The
average external pressure coefficients for the surfaces of the building are shown in Fig. Q3a.
Determine the internal pressure coefficients and hence the lift force at the roof given that the area of
the roof is 20mx20m. The air density is 1.2kg/m3.
(13 marks)
Roof
Cpe= -1.2
Cpe=1.0
Cpi1
u=40m/s Cpe= -1.0

Cpi2
Fig. Q3a
b) A one-story building of two bays is subjected to a horizontal random excitation F(t) having an
ideal white noise power density SF(n)=S0 at the girder (Fig. Q3b). The girder is rigid and the
columns are assumed to be massless. The total mass of the building is m and the damping ratio is
ζ. The length of each column is L and the flexural rigidity of each column is EI.
Calculate the frequency response function H(n) for the displacement of the girder and the
standard deviation displacement response of the girder.
Given that m=40000kg, L=4m, EI=2.14x107Nm2,  =0.015, S0=107N2/s (12 marks)
Fig. Q3b
4
4. a) A 200 m tall building with uniform mass of 2.6x105 kg/m was observed to have excessive vibration
under typhoon. A field measurement showed that the first natural frequency and the corresponding
damping ratio of the building were 0.23Hz and 0.01 respectively. The first mode shape can be
assumed linear. A tuned mass damping is proposed to be installed at 180m level in the building to
reduce the excessive wind induced vibration. Determine the design parameters of the tuned mass
damper such that the first mode damping ratio of the building can be increased to 0.04. Due to space
limitation, the mass of the damper should not be greater than 0.02 of the first generalized mass of the
building and the relative movement of the damper should not be greater than 3.2.
(15 marks)
b) Explain why a square building with corner cut or with cross opening will have a drag coefficient
smaller than that of the original square building without shape modification.
The design wind load on a square building of 160m height and 20m width is found to be excessive. It
is intended to reduce the wind load by at least 15%. Propose a revised cross-sectional shape of the
building with dimensions such that the cross sectional area remains unchanged and the wind load is
reduced by at least 15%. (10 marks)
5
5. a) A concrete building of height 90m, width 50m and depth 20m is to be constructed on a flat
ground. Determine the force due to wind blowing perpendicular to the face with 50m width using
the Hong Kong Wind Code. (8 marks)
b) If the building is constructed at a location X=100m on an escarpment with slope height

H=100m and slope length Lu=1000m (Fig. Q5), determine the wind load on the building for
wind blowing uphill along direction A.
What is the wind load on the building if wind blowing along direction B.?
(12 marks)
c) Describe briefly the effect of topography on the wind speed. Under what condition will the
topographic multiplier be less than 1? (5 marks)
Fig. Q5
End
6
Examination Answers (CSE531 Wind Engineering)
Year 1998-1999
Q1. (a) V = 18.96 m/s , σ V = 2.43 m/s (Tutorial No. 1 Question 2 (a))
(b) α = 0.528 s/m , U = 17.87 m/s (Tutorial No. 1 Question 2 (b))
(c) V = 30.25 m/s, P = 0.56 kPa (Tutorial No. 1 Question 2 (c))
Q2. (a) Qx = 19.31 MN (Tutorial No. 3 Question 1 (a))

My = 2856.28 MN-m
(b) Qy = 20.71 MN (Tutorial No. 3 Question 1 (b))
Mx = 3230.87 MN-m
(c) MT = –12 MN-m (Tutorial No. 3 Question 1 (c))
A2  2πτ 
Q3. (a) Rx (τ ) = cos  
2  T 
(b) (i) y + 1.5811yɺ + 1000 y = x ( t )
ɺɺ
1
H (ω ) =
(1000 − ω 2
) + 1.5811iω
1 ∞
(ii) σ y = 0.031 m if define Ry (τ ) =
2π 
−∞
S y (ω ) eiωτ d ω
∞
σ y = 0.078 m if define Ry (τ ) =  S y (ω ) eiωτ d ω
−∞
Q4. (a) G = 2.1895 (Tutorial No. 5 Question 1 (a))

(b) MG = 1.414×109 N-m (Tutorial No. 5 Question 1 (b))
Q5. (b) (i) Myɺɺ1 + Cyɺ1 + Ky1 − cT zɺ − kT z = f ( t )

y1 + mT ɺɺ
mT ɺɺ z + cT zɺ + kT z = 0
 ( λ 2 − g 2 ) + 2iξ2 g 
1 
(ii) H y1 (ω ) =
K  (1 − g 2 )( λ 2 − g 2 ) − µλ 2 g 2 − 4ξ1ξ 2 g 2  + 2ig ξ 2 (1 − g 2 − µ g 2 ) + ξ1 ( λ 2 − g 2 )  
   
 
1 g2 
H z (ω ) =
K  (1 − g 2 )( λ 2 − g 2 ) − µλ 2 g 2 − 4ξ1ξ 2 g 2  + 2ig ξ 2 (1 − g 2 − µ g 2 ) + ξ1 ( λ 2 − g 2 )  
   
K C kT m ω ω c
in which ω1 = , ξ1 = , ω2 = , µ= T , g= , λ = 2 , ξ2 = T
M 2M ω1 mT M ω1 ω1 2mω1
 2 
S0 
(iii) S y1 (ω ) = 2
( λ 2 − g 2 ) + ( 2ξ 2 g )
2

K  (1 − g 2 )( λ 2 − g 2 ) − µλ 2 g 2 − 4ξ ξ g 2  2 + ( 2 g ) 2 ξ (1 − g 2 − µ g 2 ) + ξ ( λ 2 − g 2 )  2 
  1 2   2 1  
 
S0  g4 
S z (ω ) = 2
K  (1 − g 2 )( λ 2 − g 2 ) − µλ 2 g 2 − 4ξ ξ g 2  2 + ( 2 g )2 ξ (1 − g 2 − µ g 2 ) + ξ ( λ 2 − g 2 )  2 
  1 2   2 1  
Year 2000-2001
Q1. (a) Max. hourly wind speed: U = 24.195 m/s, α = 0.1859 s/m
3-second gust wind speed: U = 33.926 m/s, α = 0.1469 s/m
(b) Vm = 53.33 m/s
Vg = 70.795 m/s
GV = 1.33
Q2. (a) Q = 16.41 MN

M = 2047.5 MN-m
(b) QA = 48.86 MN
MA = 5344.56 MN-m
1 of 9
A 1 τ  2 T0 T0 A2 A2 A
Q3. (a) µ x = x = , Rx (τ ) =  − 2 2
 A for − ≤ τ < , ψ x = x = , σ x2 = , σx =
2  2 T0  2 2 2 4 2
1
(b) H ( ω ) = (Tutorial No. 4 Question 1 (1))
 48EI 2
 3 − mω  + icω
 L 
L3 S0 1 ∞
σx =
96 EIc
if define Rx (τ ) =
2π 
−∞
S x (ω ) eiωτ d ω (Tutorial No. 4 Question 1 (2))
π L3 S0 ∞
σx = if define Rx (τ ) =  S x (ω ) eiωτ d ω
48EIc −∞
Q4. (b) V = 12 m/s (Tutorial No. 6 Question 1 (b))

ymax = 0.0673 m
Q5. (c) ∆ns = 0.15 Hz

∆ξ = 0.27
Q6. (b) Mass of first storey, m1 = 1.875 kg

Mass of second storey, m2 = 0.9375 kg
Breadth of building model, b = 0.25 m
Depth of building model, d = 0.3 m
Height of first storey, h1 = 0.18 m
Height of second storey, h2 = 0.15 m
Flexural rigidity of each column, (EI)m = 1.1215 N-m2
1.875 0 
M=  (kg)
 0 0.9375 
 12.59 −7.975
K=  (kN/m)
 −7.975 7.975 
Year 2002-2003
Q1. (1) V = 70.87 m/s
(2) σ(V) = 10.32 m/s
50.64 m/s ≤ V ≤ 91.10 m/s for 95% confidence
Q2. (3) (ii) Cpi = –0.1195

(iii) Drag force coefficient of building, CD = 1.1
Lift force coefficient of building, CL = 0
 1
 −1 < r < 1
Q3. (1) p ( r ) =  4 r

 0 r ≤ −1; r ≥ 1
1
(2) (i) H (ω ) =
( 3k − 2mω ) + 2iξω
2
6mk
S0 1 ∞
(ii) σ x =
12ξ k 6mk
2π −∞
S x (ω ) eiωτ d ω
π S0 ∞
6ξ k 6mk −∞
2 of 9
Q4. (1) G = 2.6033
(2) MG = 5.33×109 N-m
(3) ξa = 0.897%
Q5. (2) L = 2.7915 m

B = 2.15 m
number of TLCDs, n = 296
Year 2004-2005
Q1. (2) Vg = 69.7 m/s
∆Vg = 11.7 m/s
(3) With consideration of wind direction, qmax = 1960 Pa
Without consideration of wind direction, qmax = 3062.5 Pa
Q2. (2) (a) FR = –31.85 kN

(b) FR = –4.9 kN
(c) FR = –26.46 kN
S0 ∆ω cos ω1τ S 0 ∆ω 1 ∞
Q3. (2) (a) Rx (τ ) =
π
, x 2 = ψ x2 =
π
2π  −∞
∞
Rx (τ ) = 2S0 ∆ω cos ω1τ , x 2 = ψ x2 = 2 S0 ∆ω if define Rx (τ ) =  S x (ω ) eiωτ d ω
−∞
S0 sin ω1τ S0ω1 1 ∞

(b) Rx (τ ) =
πτ
, x 2 = ψ x2 =
π
2π  −∞
2 S0 sin ω1τ ∞
Rx (τ ) = , x 2 = ψ x2 = 2S0ω1 if define Rx (τ ) =  S x (ω ) eiωτ d ω
τ −∞
Q4. (a) G = 2.1012

(b) Resonant component of peak bending moment MGR = 0.585×109 N-m
Q5. (1) md = 61.0×103 kg

kd = 61.63 kN/m
ξd = 0.22
σ x −x
1 2
≈ 2.2
σx 1
Year 2006-2007
Q1. (b)
Gust wind speed Reduced
Rank V (m/s) variate y
1 34.0 3.0202
2 30.9 2.3018
3 30.8 1.8698
4 30.4 1.5544
5 30.3 1.3022
6 30.2 1.0892
7 29.3 0.9027
8 28.9 0.7349
9 28.8 0.5805
10 28.4 0.4360
11 28.3 0.2985
12 28.2 0.1657
13 27.9 0.0355
14 27.8 -0.0940
15 27.7 -0.2254
16 27.3 -0.3612
17 26.7 -0.5057
18 26.2 -0.6657
19 25.7 -0.8550
20 24.7 -1.1133
3 of 9
Q2. (b) (i)
Height Mean wind speed Coefficient Speed-up ratio Amplified wind speed
z (m) V (m/s) c = exp(-2.5z/L1) β = b0sc V' = (1 + β )V (m/s)
10 18.00 0.8825 0.8825 33.88

50 29.17 0.7863 0.7863 52.11
100 35.91 0.6183 0.6183 58.12
150 40.56 0.4862 0.4862 60.28
200 44.22 0.3823 0.3823 61.12
(ii) Q = 19.33 MN
M = 2098.62 MN-m
p2 + a 2 p1 p1 p2
(c) pi = 2
1+ a Wind A1 A2
in which
area for the windward opening = A1 C p1 C p2
area for the leeward opening = A2
A
area ratio, a = 1
A2
external mean pressure above ambient (wind pressure) at the windward opening = p1
external mean pressure above ambient (wind pressure) at the leeward opening = p2
internal mean pressure above ambient inside the building = pi
Q3. (b) Rxɺ (τ ) = 2 ( 2τ 4 − 7τ 2 + 2 ) e −τ

2
1
(c) i) H (ω ) =
 3EI 2 
 L3 + k − mω  + cω i 
  
S0 L3 1 ∞
ii) σx =
2c ( 3EI + kL 3
)
2π 
−∞
π S0 L3 ∞
c ( 3EI + kL 3
) −∞
Q4. (b) i) MG = 2792.87 MN-m

ii) ξa = 0.386%
Q5. (a) md = 596.94×103 kg

kd = 461.9 kN/m
ξd = 0.125
4 of 9
Year 2008-2009
Q1. (1) VG = 28.773 m/s
σ V = 2.2534 m/s
G
VG = 38.49 m/s
P = 907.5 Pa = 0.91 kPa
Q2. (1)
Height Wind direction A Wind direction B
above
z z
ground s Sa = (1+1.2αes)2 s Sa = (1+1.2αes)2
z (m) Le Le
5 0.015 0.17 1.0123 0.0169 0.44 1.3054
30 0.09 0.17 1.0123 0.1013 0.44 1.3054
50 0.15 0.16 1.0116 0.1688 0.55 1.3882
75 0.225 0.15 1.0108 0.2531 0.63 1.4499
100 0.3 0.14 1.0101 0.3375 0.55 1.3882
150 0.45 0.115 1.0083 0.5063 0.35 1.2397
200 0.6 0.095 1.0069 0.675 0.25 1.1686
250 0.75 0.085 1.0061 0.8438 0.18 1.1200
300 0.9 0.075 1.0054 1.0125 0.15 1.0996
400 1.2 0.06 1.0043 1.35 0.1 1.0658
500 1.5 0.049 1.0035 1.6875 0.07 1.0459
1
Q3. (1) (i) C=
6π 3
1  x2 
(ii) p ( x ) = exp  − 
2 2π  8 
1  y2 
p( y) = exp  − 
3 2π  18 
1
(2) (i) H (ω ) =
 EI 2  
 L3 − mω  + icω 
  
S0 L3 1 ∞
(ii) σ x =
2 EIc
2π −∞
π S0 L3 ∞
EIc −∞
Q4. (i) MG = 2944.544 MN-m

(ii) ξa = 0.681%
Q5. (2) ∆ns = 0 Hz

∆ξ = 0.274
5 of 9
Year 2010-2011
Q1. (a) V = 26.68 m/s
σ V = 6.4785 m/s
(b) Mode, U = 23.7644 m/s
Dispersion, α = 0.19797 s/m
(c) V = 51.12 m/s
Q2. (a) (i) C pi = 0.4

(ii) FH = 44.10 kN
FV = 26.46 kN
M = 330.75 kNm
(b) Qs = 11.72 MN
M = 1416.55 MNm
Q3. (a) (i) x =0

y =0
(ii) x 2 = 4
y2 = 9
(iii) σ x2 = 4
σ y2 = 9
(iv) cov[X, Y] = 3
( 2
( )
(b) S f s f s (ω ) = S 0 1.3708 G1 − 0.2 G1*G2 + G1G2* + 0.02918 G2
2
)
2 1
G1 = 2
 2.618mω 2
 10.4721mξ 2ω 2
1 −  +
 k  k
2 1
G2 = 2
 0.382mω 2  1.5279mξ 2ω 2
1 −  +
 k  k
 2.618mω 2  0.382mω 2  4mξ 2ω 2 
21 − 1 −  + 
 k  k  k 
G1*G2 + G1G2* =
 2.618mω 2 
2
10.4721mξ 2ω 2   0.382mω 2  1.5279mξ 2ω 2 
2
1 −  +  1 −  + 
 k  k   k  k 
Q4. (a) G = 2.09

(b) Mˆ = 1416.546 MNm
(c) ξa = 0.454%
Year 2012-2013
Q1. (a) Mode, U = 23.7644 m/s
(b) V = 57.83 m/s
(c) Vz = 98.22 m/s
6 of 9
Q2. (a)
z (m) VA (m/s)
10 51.475
30 64.124
50 68.808
70 70.946
90 72.016
(b) QA = 15.406 MN
MA = 753.785 MNm
Q3. (a) (i) c = 8

1 7  7 2
(ii) p(x ) = exp − x 
12 π  144 
1 7  7 2
p( y ) = exp − y 
16 π  256 
1.8944 0.1056
(b) H y1 (ω ) = G1 (ω ) + G2 (ω )
k k
S y (ω ) =
1
S0
k 2
[ 2
(
3.5889 G1 + 0.2 G1*G2 + G1G2* + 0.01115 G2 ) 2
]
12 EI 4.5836EI 31.4164 EI
where k= 3
; ω12 = 3
; ω 22 =
h mh mh 3
1 1
G1 (ω ) = ; G2 (ω ) =
 ω  2iξω
2
 ω  2iξω
2
1 − 2  + 1 − 2  +
 ω1  ω1  ω2  ω 2
2 1 2 1
G1 = 2
; G2 = 2
 ω  2
4ξ ω 2 2
 ω  2
4ξ 2ω 2
1 − 2  + 1 − 2  +
 ω1  ω12  ω2  ω 22
 ω 2  ω 2  4ξ 2ω 2 
2 1 − 2 1 − 2  + 
* *  ω1  ω 2  ω1ω2 
G1 G2 + G1G2 =
 ω 2  2 4ξ 2ω 2   ω 2  2 4ξ 2ω 2 
1 − 2  +  1 −  + 
 ω1  ω12   ω 22  ω22 
 
Q4. (a) G = 2.0619

(b) M = 2643.40 MNm
Mˆ = 5450.47 MNm
(c) ξa = 1.844%
Q5. (b) Δns = 0.17 Hz

Δξ = 0.3097
7 of 9
Year 2014-2015
Q3. (a) V = 32.187 m/s
σ V = 3.4755 m/s
(b) Mode, U = 30.623 m/s
(c) V = 47.33 m/s
Q4. (a) Same answer as Year 2008-09 Question 2(1).
Q5. (b) Same answer as Year 2004-05 Question 3(2).
Year 2016-2017
Q1. (a) U = 23.7644 m/s
σ U = 6.0468 m/s
U = 55.38 m/s
P = 1.886 kPa
Q2. (c) C pi = 0.0987
(d) CD = 1.15
CL = 0.525
a 2 cos ωτ
Q3. (a) Rx (τ ) =
2
1 ∞
(b) If define Rx (τ ) =
2π 
−∞
S x (ω )e iωτ dω
H (ω ) = 3.5899 G1 (ω ) + 0.01115 G2 (ω )
2 2
S0
σ x = 0.7477
1
ξk mk
24 EI 9.1672 EI 62.8328EI
where k= 3
; ω12 = 3
; ω 22 =
L mL mL3
1
G1 (ω ) =
2
2
 ω  2
4ξ 2ω 2
1 − 2  +
 ω1  ω12
1
G2 (ω ) =
2
2
 ω  2
4ξ 2ω 2
1 − 2  +
 ω2  ω 22
Q4. (a) Assume first mode shape is approximately as a linear mode shape
mw = 960 × 103 kg
R = 10.1017 m
h = 2.995 m
(b) M b, prototype = 921.6 MNm
Q = 5864.8 kN
8 of 9
Year 2018-2019
Q1. (a) (i) Vg = 54.34 m/s
(ii) Vz = 45.5 m/s
(b) ns = 0.4165 Hz
Q2. (a) U = 35.635 m/s

σ U = 8.7616 m/s
UG = 58.43 m/s when return period TR = 50 years
P = 2.231 kPa
Q3. (a) Cpi1 = 0.5946

Cpi2 = –0.6811
F = 687.4 kN
1
(b) H (ω ) =
[( )
40000 300.9375 − ω 2 + 0.5204iω ]
1 ∞
σx = 4.47 mm if define Rx (τ ) =
2π 
−∞
S x (ω )e iωτ dω
Q4. (a) Ridiculous question. No solution can be found under the given constraints in this question.
Possible answers:
µ = 0.02 (Mass ratio of tuned mass damper to the “equivalent” modal mass of the building first mode shape)
md 4.28×105 kg
kd 893.8 kN/m 867.7 kN/m
ξd 0.1226 0.1271
σ x −x
2 1
3.5 3.46
σx 1
9 of 9

CSE531 Wind Engineering Past Exam Answers

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CSE531 Wind Engineering Past Exam Answers

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© The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

© The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

PgS in Construction and Land Use (04001)

THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

2016/2017 SEMESTER I EXAMINATION

POSTGRADUATE SCHEMES (04001)

Subject: Wind Engineering

Subject Code: CSE531

Date: 12 December 2016

Time: 19:00 – 22:00

Time allowed: THREE hours

This question paper has 6 pages.

1. THIS IS AN OPEN BOOK EXAMINATION.

DO NOT TURN OVER THE PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

Angle from North (Degree) 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315

Where n=sloshing frequency, g=9.81m/s2, R=radius of container, h=depth of water.

Wind 30m top

THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

Subject : CSE531 Wind Engineering

Semester: 1 Session: 2018/19

Date: 13 December 2018 Time: 7:00 – 10:00p.m.

Time Allowed : 3 hours

This question paper has 6 pages.

1. THIS IS AN OPEN BOOK EXAMINATION.

2 This paper contains 5 questions.

3. Answer any 4 questions.

4. All questions carry equal marks.

DO NOT TURN OVER THE PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

u=40m/s Cpe= -1.0

Given that m=40000kg, L=4m, EI=2.14x107Nm2,  =0.015, S0=107N2/s (12 marks)

b) If the building is constructed at a location X=100m on an escarpment with slope height

Q2. (a) Qx = 19.31 MN (Tutorial No. 3 Question 1 (a))

Q4. (a) G = 2.1895 (Tutorial No. 5 Question 1 (a))

Q5. (b) (i) Myɺɺ1 + Cyɺ1 + Ky1 − cT zɺ − kT z = f ( t )

Q2. (a) Q = 16.41 MN

Q4. (b) V = 12 m/s (Tutorial No. 6 Question 1 (b))

Q5. (c) ∆ns = 0.15 Hz

Q6. (b) Mass of first storey, m1 = 1.875 kg

Q2. (3) (ii) Cpi = –0.1195

Q5. (2) L = 2.7915 m

Q2. (2) (a) FR = –31.85 kN

S0 sin ω1τ S0ω1 1 ∞

Q4. (a) G = 2.1012

Q5. (1) md = 61.0×103 kg

10 18.00 0.8825 0.8825 33.88

Q3. (b) Rxɺ (τ ) = 2 ( 2τ 4 − 7τ 2 + 2 ) e −τ

Q4. (b) i) MG = 2792.87 MN-m

Q5. (a) md = 596.94×103 kg

Q4. (i) MG = 2944.544 MN-m

Q5. (2) ∆ns = 0 Hz

Q2. (a) (i) C pi = 0.4

Q3. (a) (i) x =0

Q4. (a) G = 2.09

Q3. (a) (i) c = 8

Q4. (a) G = 2.0619

Q5. (b) Δns = 0.17 Hz

Q4. (a) Same answer as Year 2008-09 Question 2(1).

Q5. (b) Same answer as Year 2004-05 Question 3(2).

Q2. (c) C pi = 0.0987

Q2. (a) U = 35.635 m/s

Q3. (a) Cpi1 = 0.5946

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