Chapter One

WKU College of Engineering & Technology Electrical & computer
Eng’g Dep’t
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY
The Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority popularly known as EELPA
established on September 11, 1955. After having undergone restructuring, it is
recognized as Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) on 7 th July 1997.
Currently, with more than 12,000 permanent employees plus almost equal number of
contract employees, the corporation is the highest employer. EEPCO is responsible for
generating, transmitting, distributing and selling electricity nationwide. Since the demand
and supply of electric energy is not growing in a corresponding manner, Ethiopian
government has made extensive endeavors to alleviate the problem; and thereby has
launched various hydroelectric power projects including recently RENAISSANCE DAM
In the constructing with capacity around 6000MW.[1] Hawassa transmission substation is
one of the south region substations which is supplying for distribution system. As we
have seen from the above, the Hawassa transmission substation is medium voltage
transmission substation which was established in the late1980 E.C.Substution was found
in Hawwassa city sidistegna company area.with two transformers of 12 MVA capacities
in order to feed the Hawassa textile and small areas in the city. As a result of the
expansion of the city and the establishment of new industries an upgrade was done on
the substation in 2000 E.C with an addition of one extra transformer with a capacity of
16/16/8 MVA. However once again the demand was still increasing hence the substation
was again upgraded on summer 2007 by replacing the two 12 MVA transformers with
two 25 MVA transformers are on making parallel.
Final internship report 2008EC 1

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Figure.1.1.EEPCO’s power system layout
1.2. EEPCO VISSION, MISSION, AND OBJECTIVE
1.2.1. EEPCO VISSION
To be a center of excellence in providing quality electric service at every ones door and being
competitive export industry. One of the major vision of EEPCO is the renaissance dam.
1.2.2. EEPCO’s MISSION
To provide adequate and quality electricity generation, transmission, distribution, and sales
services, through continuous improvement of utility management practices responsive to
the socio-economic development and environmental protection need of the public.

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1.2.3. EEPCO’s OBJECTIVES
The main objective of Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation is Generating, Transmitting, and
supplying Electrical Energy to the community, industry and organization to serve its customers
and to satisfy their energy demand.
1.3. ELECTRIFICATION STATUS
The number of electrified towns and rural villages highly increased for the last five years of the
Strategic plan period and by July 7, 2011 reached to a total number of 5,866 which brought the
Electric energy access to 46%.
1.4. PRODUCT AND MAIN CUSTOMER
The Hawassa transmission substation operation is one of the substations which is found at
Hawassa city in order to feed the energy needs for the Hawassa city. The Hawassa transmission
substation like other transmission substation is feeding energies for the distribution system.
Therefore, the main product of the Hawassa transmission substation is energy supply. These
energies are in the form of electrical energies. The Hawassa distribution system play the major
role in order to distribute the 15KV and 33KV stepped down voltage by using BUS bars.
The Hawassa distribution system receives through 13 feeders. Therefore the main customers are
those who use these energies along 12 feeders. Main customers are
 The Hawassa city itself

 Textile industry(I&II)
 Industry zone
 BGI beer industry(I&II)
 Hawassa university
 Hawassa powder factory
 Etab soup factory
 Ceramics
 The YIRGALEM transmission substation also is the Hawassa transmission substation
end uses. Because it receives 132KV voltage level.

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LINE PEAK PEAK MIN MIN CT RATIO COVERAG

NAM LOAD( LOAD LOAD( LOAD( E
E MW) (AMP) MW) AMP) AREA
L1 0.044 2.1 1.60 75 100-200/5-5 PIASSA
L2 - - - - - OUTOF
LINE
L3 0.98 46 0.12 6 50-100/5-5 TEXTILE
L4 4.20 196 0.86 40 150-300/5-5 LOKE
L5 5.54 260 2.34 110 150-300/5-5 TOGA
L6 3.82 180 0.98 46 75-150/1-1 MONOPOL
L7 1.85 87 0.21 10 50-100//5-5 CERAMIC
L8 2.34 110 0.80 37 75-150/1-1 INDUSTRY
L9 1.14 24 0.33 7 75-150/1-1 BGI
L10 0.66 14 0.33 7 75-150/1-1 ARBEGON

A
L11 0.33 7 0.095 2 75-150/1-1 UNIVERSIT

Y
L12 3.8 80 0.90 19 75-150/5-5 YIRBA
L13 2.85 60 0.47 10 75-150/5-5 TEXTILE
Table.1.15KV & 33KV out going data

Eng’g Dep’t
CHAPTER TWO
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1. OBJECTIVE OF THE INTERNSHIP
The four month internship program comprises of general and specific objectives, both added to
produce skilled man power in engineering aspects.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
Wolkite University college of Engineering and Technology aims that this internship program
enables Engineering students to relate theoretical knowledge to the real world.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
The interns during the internship period is aimed to play a great role to improve our practical,
theoretical, interpersonal communications, team playing, entrepreneurship and leadership skills
understanding about work ethics related issue responsibility etc. adaption of the work
environment and determination of future field to study.
2.2. HOW I GET INTO THE COMPANY
Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation is one of the biggest organization and a wide new
technology bringing company. so I were very interested to apply to this organization the letter
that was written by the name of me and other two students to get knowledge of new technology .
2.3. IN WHICH SECTION I HAVE BEEN WORKING
There are many sections in the organization such as maintenance, distribution, and substation.
Among this I have been working in south region hawassa substation to get the knowledge on
what I have been come across theoretically. The substation is interest to know each inter
connected electrical system and it is amazing real world having in mind the caution and safety of
substation that; everyone should have to wear shoes,not open
Or close without technician permission,and not approach to phase it’s below 70cm, I was carried
out my activities.

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2.3.1. SUBSTATION INTERCONNECTION
The substation get 132kv power from gilgil gibe 2 power generation by alaba substation.To step
down by three transformer this incoming voltage is just connected to the lightning arrester which
makes the over voltage due to lightning as it get ground. Ground or earthing is electrical
wiringsystem that is help to protect against fault and in normal operation it does not carry
current. But neutral 132kv is tapped from R, S, T, busbar and out going to yirgalem substation.
But it is impossible to expect 132kv reaches to yirgalem substation due to the I*2R power loss.in
order to decrease this power loss the R, S, T, phase tap changing will be done after 20km. so R,
phase is inverted with T, phase. The reason behind is in order to decrease capacitive voltage. If
capacitive voltage decrease , then inductive voltage increase and then loss decrease. The
lightning arrester is connected to the insulator and busbar. Disconnector / isolator is connected to
R, S, T, busbar from R,S,T, busbar yirgalemout going line is taken by tapping. This tapped
132kv power is connected to the disconnector of yirgalem line. After disconnector there is circuit
breaker (CB) and current transformer (CT) connected to each other. CT is connected to
Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT) and load dispatch center antenna for communication but
it is not in function. CVT is connected to lightning arrester of yirgalemout going line. After
R,S,T, bus bar CB and CT are connected to each other. Then insulator and lightning arrester is
connected to transformer number one. The same is true for transformer number two and three.

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Figure.2.1..single line diagram of Hawasa city transmission substation

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2.3.2. SUBSTATION EQUIMENTS

The basic electrical substationof Hawassa are
 Lightning Arrester
 Disconnector or Isolator
 Busbar
 Circuit Breaker[CB]
 Current Transformer[CT]
 Capacitive Voltage Transformer[CVT]
 Relay
 Power Transformer
2.3.2.1. EARTHING SWITCH /LIGHTINING ARRESTER/
Lightning Arrester is protecting the electrical equipment. Makes high voltage due to Lightning
as it get ground.The function of substation earthling system is to provide a grounding mat below
the earth surface in and around the substation which will have uniformly zero potential with
respect to ground and lower earth resistance which is used
To provide discharge path for lightning over voltages coming via rod-gaps, surge arresters, and
shielding wires etc
To ensure safety of the operating staff by limiting voltage gradient at ground level in the
substation
The surge arrestors provide the necessary path to ground for such surges, yet prevent any power
current from following the surge. Hence an ideal arrester must therefore have the following
properties:
1. Ability to remove the surge energy from the line in a min. time.
2. High resistive to flow of power current.
3. A valve action automatically allowing surge to pass and then closing up so as not to permit
power current to flow to ground.
4. Always ready to perform and economically feasible

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5. Performance such that no system disturbances are introduced by its operation.
Figure.3.1. Lightning Arrester
2.3.2.2. DISCONNECTOR / ISOLATOR
Isolator is used to disconnect the line during maintenance. Is a manually operated mechanical
switch that isolates the faulty section or the section of a conductor or a part of a circuit of
substation meant for repair from a healthy section in order to avoid occurrence of more severe
faults. Hence it is called disconnector or disconnecting switch. In Hawassa substation there are
multiple isolators which are used to abort the flow of currents in case of maintenance.
Depending upon the position in power system, the isolators can be categorized as

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1) Bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with main bus The bus bar disconnector is
a special types of disconnector used to abort the flows of current before it enters to voltage
transformer. Bus bar disconnector mostly used to maintain the substation equipment’s.
2) Line side isolator – the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder.
Figure.4.1. Disconnector / Isolator
2.3.2.3.BUS BAR
Bus bar is a metal strips of copper or Aluminum, electrical conductor maintained at specific
voltage in our case 132kv and it is single circuit bus bar is used. Bus bar is capable of carrying a
high current. When a number of line operating at the same voltage have been directly connected
electrically. It is used as common electrical equipment.
There are many different electrical bus system schemes available but selection of a Particular
scheme depends upon the system voltage, position of substation in electrical power system,
flexibility needed in system and cost to be expensed.
Buses can be

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 transmission bus and

 Distribution bus
 Transmission buses are steel structure arrays of switches used to route in to the
substation.
 Distribution buses are steel structure array of switches used to route power out of a
substation.
Figure.5.1. BUS BAR

2.3.2.4.CIRCUIT BREAKER [CB]
Circuit Breaker is a manually or automatically operated electrically operated electrical switch

designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. It is
basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Which operates once and
then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume
normal operation. It is also a protection on the line and Transformer but the protection operation
is different. The circuit breaker contacts are in closed position by the force of spring. Energy

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stored in the spring during closed operation in order to trip the circuit breaker. Trip coil of the
circuit breaker is energized by dc battery supply in this substat
2.3.4.1. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
Circuit breakers use contacts to break the circuit and stop the flow of energy in the event ofa
short-circuit or an overload.
The operation of a circuit breaker relies on the separation of two electrical contacts.
When two contacts carrying a higher voltage/current are separated an electrical arc is formed
hence the art of circuit breaking resides in the mastery (confining) of this arc. Which requires
precise control of temperature conditions and of the distance between contacts.To achieve this
the separation of the contacts is carried out in an arc chamber .In the arc chamber there are two
contact points and a dielectric medium to swallow the arc which is resulted from the separation
of the contacts. A circuit breaker allows a circuit to be reactivated quickly after a short circuit or
overload is cleared. Unlike fuses which must be replaced when they open, a simple flip of the
breaker’s operating handle restores the circuit. All circuit breakers perform the following
functions
 SENSE when an over current occurs.

 MEASURE the amount of over current.
 ACT by tripping the circuit breaker in a time frame necessary to prevent damage
to itself and the associated.
Types of circuit breaker found in this substation are
 Oil circuit breaker
 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breaker
i. Oil circuit breakers

These are the most common type of circuit breakers used in power stations.
The rating range of these circuit breakers lies between 25MVA at 2.5KV and 5000MVA at
250KV.
Advantage of using oil as a quenching medium is:

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1. It has high dielectric strength.

2. Good cooling property of gas formed
3. The ability of the cool oil to flow into the arc space
Disadvantage
1. It is easily inflammable(easily set on fire)
2. It can cause explosion by mixing witIt requires maintenance and periodic replacem
ii. SF6 circuit breakers

Have high dielectric strength even at atmospheric SF6 pressure, due to wide contact gap.
Have low noise level because of insulated housing, hence suitable for installation in residential
areas.
Hawassa substation uses SF6 type of circuit breaker to close or open contact members when
faults occur in between the substation and incoming or outgoing power lines. SF6 circuit
breakers are equipped with a trip coil connected to a relay, designed to open the breaker
automatically under abnormal condition.
iii. Vacuum circuit breakers (V.C.B)

Vacuum means the pressure below atmospheric pressure which is 760 mm of Hg. In a vacuum
circuit breaker, vacuum of the order of 10-5 to 10-7 (1 torr = 1 mm of Hg) is used as the arc
quenching medium.
2.3.2.5.CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)
Current Transformer is an electrical device that produces an alternating current (AC) in it

secondary winding which is proportional to the Ac in its primary.Used for measurement of Ac.
CT have four winding. Thefirst two winding used for protection, the third winding used for
measuring&the fourth winding used for space. An essential objective of current transformer
design is to ensure the primary and secondary circuits are efficiently coupled, so the secondary
current is linearly proportional to the primary current. The CT is typically described by its
current ratio from primary to secondary. A 300:5 CT would provide an output current of 5
amperes when 300 amperes are passing through its primary winding. Standard secondary current
ratings are 5 amperes or 1ampere, compatible with standard measuring instruments. i.e. relay is
specified as it set 300A current by 5A or by 1A with respect to CT.

Eng’g Dep’t
Figure.6.1. Current Transformer (CT)
2.3.2.6. CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT)
Capacitive voltage transformer is used in power system to step down extra high voltage. The
number of windings on primary winding of the CVT is greater than the secondary and it is
connected to the power circuits and number of turns of the secondary winding of the CVT is less
than of the primary. Its connected to relays, indicating and metering instruments communication
system. CVT is in combination with wave trap are used for filtering high.
2.3.2.7. RELAY
Protective relay gives a message signal to circuit breaker when faults occur. In order that
protective relay system may perform this function satisfactorily, it should have the following
qualities:

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 Selectivity
 Speed
 Sensitivity
 Reliability
 Simplicity
 Economy
There are different types of relays.
i. Over current relay: - The over current relay responds to a magnitude of current above a
specified value.
ii. Distance relay: - The distance relay responds to a combination of both voltage and
current.
iii. Differential relay: - The differential relay is a current-operated relay that responds to
the difference between two or more device currents above a set value. The relay works on
the basis of the differential principle that what goes into the device has to come out .If the
current does not add to zero, the error current flows to cause the relay to operate and trip
the circuit
iv. Directional over current relay: - A directional over current relay operates only for
excessive current flow in a given direction.
2.3.2.8. POWER TRANSFORMER
Power transformer is static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between
its winding circuits. It is electrically isolated between the two winding. A varying current in the
primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer’s cores and thus a varying
magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying
electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding. In hawwasa substation
transformers receives 132kv by suspension and tension tower to step down to 15kv and 33kv.
The main components of the power transformer are:
 Windings

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 Core
 Tank
 Bushing
 Insulating
 Cooling system (fan)
 Conservator
 Silica gel
 Tap changer
Tap changer used to vary the turning ratio. If the number of n1 increase then v1
and I2 also increase.
2.3.2.8.1. TRANSFORMER COOLING
Transformer cooling system are oil cooling system and air cooling system.
Oil cooling system: in this cooling system cool oil is drop from conservator to transformer jacket
and then hot oil from transformer jacket transported to conservator in such a way the circulation
is continue. In this circulation silica gel removes the moistures from transformer.
 Air cooling system are two types

 Natural air cooled: by the environmental air
 Forced air cooled: by fan
In the forced air cooled of the fan there is two metal strip which is specified by its own
temperature when it designed. First both metal is at open before temperature increases. After
temperature increase and it’s above metalstrips both metals touch each other. When it contact it
close the circuit and contact each other .And then motor of fan gets current and according to
Fleming left hand rule whenever a current carrying conductor passing through a magnetic field it
produce a force of rotation. So fan starting cooling after it’s cooled the metal strip open and then
fan stop rotating.
2.3.2.8.2. TRANSFORMER OIL FEEDING
To plant transformer T2 oil is injected by the oil feeding machine. Oil feeding machine have a
separator which have 21 disk in order to remove waste from oil, heater which remove heat and

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vacuum (gas pump).Oil feeding machine used for circulating of oil. Oil circulating between
transformer and oil feeding machine which pump the oil from bucholzto transformer T2 Oil is
not injected from top of transformer because it fills with air pressure. So it is pumped by the
bottom as it fills smoothly.oil is circulated or treated until it fill conservator. This is checked by
transformer oil meter. Transformer oil meter indicate whether oil is decrease or full.
NAME RATED CT RATIO FOR 132 Kv CT RATIO for 15Kv

POWER Incoming outgoing
TRANSFORMER 25MVA 25-50/5-5 300-600/5-5

1(TR1)
TRANSFORMER 12MVA 25-50/5-5 300-600/5-5

2(TR2)
TRANSFORMER 25MVA 50-100/1-1 150-300/1-1

3(TR3)
Table.2. Transformer Data
2.4. SUBSTATION CONTROL HOUSE
Control houses contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control building,
also called a doghouse. These are used to control the substation equipment’s, to send power from
one circuit to another or to open or to shut down circuits when needed. Control house
equipments are switch board panels battery, chargers, power line carrier, relays measuring
instruments feeder one up to feeder eight which use 15kv and feeder nine up to feeder thirteen
which use 33kv also found in control room.
2.5. HOW GOOD I HAVE BEEN IN PERFORMING IN MY WORK TASKS
During my internship program, I have been performed tasks in the substation such as
 I ask the technicians about each device working principle, type, its uses and
coordination with other devices.

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 Trying to know the overall operation system was good things for me.
2.6. CHALLENGES I FACED WHILE PERFORMING MY TASKS
The challenges i faced when I was doing my task were
 No enough manuals to read in order to do the above tasks without doubt
 The instruments were very old, hence they cannot be maintained easily
 They never allowed us to perform alone
 Since the substation was situated a bit far from the city there were no abandon
availability of transportation hence I was sometimes late to reach there on time in order to
perform the tasks.

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CHAPTER THREE
3. Describing the overall benefits I gained from the internship
As a student I always ask my selves how things work on a real matter, real projects and
how professions do and work related ethics. Saying that I can proudly say this
internship period nourishes us in a lot of aspects than I never thought it would. In
general, I am able to implement my theoretical knowledge on the real world and also I
able to understand what the real world looks like. I have been the opportunity to improve
my practical skills, theoretical knowledge, my interpersonal communication skills, team
playing skills, leadership skills and etc. I also had the opportunity to understand about the
work ethics and gain a great knowledge in entrepreneurship skills. Generally what I have
learnt in the different aspects of practice were mention below briefly as follows.
3.1. Interims of improving practical skill
The whole internship idea basically based on practical work so that I can achieve the whole
related benefits through practicing On this four month of internship I able to get and develop
different aspects of practical skill.
I have got the chance to introduce my selves to some engineering equipment used for substation
like:
 Voltage and Current transformer

 I developed an experience on how to maintain some of the electrical and mechanical
equipment’s.
 Disconnect switches/Isolator
 Lightning arrester
 Control rooms, control and protection panels
 Bus bar and bus bur couple.

Eng’g Dep’t
3.2. Interims of up grading Theoretical skill

This internship helps us to relate my theoretical knowledge with practical skill. Beside design
course most of my courses I take are based on theory. I know that practice depends on theory so
it is not difficult to practice having the best theoretical knowledge on what I am practicing.
Theoretical knowledge is mostly depends on fundamental principle and calculations. During

internship work, it is obvious noticing theoretical concepts and practical works meet at same
point but sometimes this relationship fails to some degree. Because theoretical knowledge limits
on professional concepts only it fails to show us contemporary workflow in different places and
even countries and it’s almost difficult to do so. Generally our theoretical knowledge got
strengthen more by those practical techniques invested on it. Some points that improved my
theoretical knowledge:
 From the beginning of my work everything I see, the formal and informal chat between
professionals and local people makes us understand and improve my general knowledge
 As if I face challenges on different matters I used to surf internet and read books and that
is a lot to gain and improve my knowledge
3.3. Interims of improving interpersonal communication skills
Communication skill is a means of sharing an idea between different peoples through verbal
language, activity, participation and team work. Communication skill helps to be sociable with
the community. Interpersonal communication helps for a successful working environment and in
areas where works cannot be done separately in one department. Through the internship period I
have improved how to respect and communicate with peoples and professionals in different
working class and field of study. In my case communication is not only verbal and participation,
there are drawing standards applied to the field and outputs that we used to communicate with
peoples far around. I never practice understanding such clear drawings without the interpersonal
communication skill I have developed there with the professionals.
I develop communication skills through:-
 Asking what I do not know about the work.

 Asking daily activities the workers and the technician.

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 How to communicate on different issue of task with worker.

 Interact with manager for solving problem.
 Sharing our idea with workers.
 Giving and collecting information.
 Giving and receiving emotional support.
3.4. Interims of improving team playing skill

A team need people who speaks up and express their thoughts and ideas clearly and directly and
with respect for others. That’s what it means to communicate constructively. Such a team
member does not stay away from making a point but makes it in the best way positive and
confident as possible.
Teamwork has effect on organizational performance and effective team can help an organization
to achieve a good result. In our workflow I work very constructively in decisive manner.
I so improve my grouping and team play on real practice beside my class group projects.
The most important things in team playing are
 Be polite and cautions

 Talk openly
 Supporting each other
 Working together
 Energetic and interested in work
 Be active
 Be creative
 Be flexible and be open minded
3.5. Interims of improving leadership skill

Leadership is a skill to guide, and monitor peoples. Problem and errors in the company come in
different direction. Thus, a person who is in the position of leadership has a responsibility to find
solution for the problems and should be better enough to manage those issues under the control
of the leader.

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I would say I didn’t practice as a leader but I teach from the best. I noticed and know how to
handle a project having peoples under.
 Knowing yourself and seek improvement

 Be technically proficient
 Know your community and look out for there well being
 Develop a sense of responsibility in workers
 Certain things I have learned
 Ability to inspire and motivate team members to do their best
 Listening the ideas and problems of operators and solving their problem
 The ability to solve problems by focusing 100% on the solution
 Respecting team members differences and needs
 As a leader to have clear and defined goals, missions and visions
 I see leaders celebrating small success
3.6. Interims of understanding about Work Ethics issues

It is concerned with the moral obligations and responsibilities expected from professionals. It
also helps people to cultivate habit of self-confidence. Demonstrating a positive attitude, good
work habit result a good work product. I experience works ethics for the first time as a worker
and I have learned many work ethics behaviors of a persons are including:
 Arriving on time and give advance notice for any absence

 General norm, honestly and discipline
 Demonstrate a positive attitude and good work habit result in good work product
 Display loyalty, Honesty, Trust worthiness, Dependability, Reliability, Initiative, Self-
discipline, and Self- responsibility.
 Respect the right of others

 Avoiding conflict of interest
 Openness and confidence
 To be responsible in analyzing and interpreting gathering of data.

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 To be truthful in professional report that is submitted to the research and development

section.
3.7. Interims of Entrepreneurship skill

Entrepreneurship is all about creativity confidence and multi skilled talent. Is a skill someone is
talented to take an action that give or simplifies once life or issue and gives a result for the
creator. As of the internship period we were not only stick to a single project. I have also
participated in small but helpful elements. This makes us widen my professional horizon and
trying to best practice all of my skills and talent to different directions and fields.
It also helps in:
 It helps us to understand the business concept

 It gives us an idea of business philosophy
 It helps us to utilize the work opportunity
 Self-confident
 Multi skilled
 Innovative skills
 Result oriented
 Total commitment / hard working / open mindedness
3.8 THE PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED AND SOLUTION PROPOSED
The problem in this substation is the decrement of power. I mean hence it is must to give power
for different factory of Hawassa, the power is disconnect at least once a week from house holder
of each Hawassa city area. To decrease this problem it is help full if the company should change
the transformer number two which is 12MVA to another 25MVA to make parallel with
transformer number three as a solution to get 50MVA from the two.
Accordingly there is a corona loss in this substation. To overcome this problem it is better if the
company increase the conductor cross sectional area then the corona loss

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CHAPTER FOUR
4. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1. Conclusion
In my internship program, I have tried to experience how the working method they use with
respect to the theoretical knowledge I have. It is great to join the EEPCO and get experienced
for the last four months. From this intern I have learnt a lot of things relating with practical
works which I know theoretically on my academic course. Above all, the main and crucial thing
I noticed in this intern is the ways of management.
Coordinating the entire above thing is not an easy thing; it needs special leadership or capability
of management to handle over all possible difficulties that could encounter on progress of
Electric Power Corporation. So, being an engineer, one is expected to have the following
qualities:-
 Sociable (have good communication skill )

 Actionable(fast responding)
 Problem solving
 work focused
 Reliable and responsible for his work
 Reasonable for any fault encountered and
 Active at any time
The purpose of this Internship program was to introduce students with working condition and
mostly it helps students to grasp knowledge from practicing the theory which they have been
learning in the class. This program gave us a good practical skills and made my familiar the
outside real construction world. In this paper, I have listed out the major benefits I have gained
during my internship practice. Internship is very interesting and gives a lesson on how work is
practically flowing and a way of developing interpersonal skills with co-workers.

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4.2. RECOMMENDATIONS
4.2.1. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE COMPANY
The first and the basic problem of the substation is that most of the materials used in the
substation are very old and non-advanced for example the circuit breakers used are of oil type of
circuit breakers which are an outdated type of circuit with an enormous amount of defects, Hence
using this old and outdated materials has various impacts on the substation itself some of the
impacts are
Since the materials are old they require frequent maintenance and checkup in order to work
properly.
Increased cost due to frequent repair of the equipment’s
Since the equipment’s are old they are usually unreliable in their function hence they pose a trait
to the substation workers. For example the oil in the circuit breakers may lose its insulation
property hence the circuit breaker does not trip or break the circuit properly which poses a trait
on the individual who works on the circuit assuming the circuit is dead.
Hence due to the above and other mentioned problems the substation should seriously consider
using new and more advanced equipment’s within the substation.
second, whenever there is a need for a changing equipment’s there are no available extra
equipment’s ready for changing which is whenever one equipment fails to work it takes a longer
Time to change it since the substitute equipment is not readily available and most of the time the
substitute equipment comes from other substations or newly bought (which usually takes a
longer period of time). Hence the section of the substation which depends on this equipment
ceases its work. Hence the substation should make sure that every equipment’s has a reserve
extra substitute for the case of emergency.
Third, upgrades are not done regularly which is the substation does not upgrade its equipment’s
to the recent level of technological advancements which intern has a negative effect on the
substation itself. For example the substation does not use digitalized software’s like SCADA
which facilitates and simplifies the tasks performed within the substation. Hence the substation

Eng’g Dep’t
should focus on upgrading its components to the recent level of technological advancements and
should consider digitalizing its overall system.
Fourth, whenever the substation performs an upgrade it should be future based for example when
they substation upgrades the power transformer it should make sure that the newly upgraded
transformer should be able to cope up with the growing demands in the future.
4.2.1. RECOMMENDATION FOR THE DEPARTMENT
The departments are providing good opportunities for students in this internship program. But we
would like to recommend the department to the following during the whole academic session.
 It would better if the department request the company forstudents internship within a
period.
 It would be preferable if the department can do a more follow up on the student that is
monitoring the activities of the students in a more detailed manner which helps the
students do their internship in their full potential.

Eng’g Dep’t
REFERENCE
[1] Company’s profile
Technical Specifications
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/.../ Electrical_...
From what I have seen, heard and asked the employers of the substation

Eng’g Dep’t

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WKU College of Engineering & Technology Electrical & computer

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY

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Figure.1.1.EEPCO’s power system layout

1.2. EEPCO VISSION, MISSION, AND OBJECTIVE

1.2.1. EEPCO VISSION

1.2.2. EEPCO’s MISSION

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1.2.3. EEPCO’s OBJECTIVES

1.3. ELECTRIFICATION STATUS

1.4. PRODUCT AND MAIN CUSTOMER

 The Hawassa city itself

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LINE PEAK PEAK MIN MIN CT RATIO COVERAG

L1 0.044 2.1 1.60 75 100-200/5-5 PIASSA

L3 0.98 46 0.12 6 50-100/5-5 TEXTILE

L4 4.20 196 0.86 40 150-300/5-5 LOKE

L5 5.54 260 2.34 110 150-300/5-5 TOGA

L6 3.82 180 0.98 46 75-150/1-1 MONOPOL

L7 1.85 87 0.21 10 50-100//5-5 CERAMIC

L8 2.34 110 0.80 37 75-150/1-1 INDUSTRY

L9 1.14 24 0.33 7 75-150/1-1 BGI

L10 0.66 14 0.33 7 75-150/1-1 ARBEGON

L11 0.33 7 0.095 2 75-150/1-1 UNIVERSIT

L12 3.8 80 0.90 19 75-150/5-5 YIRBA

L13 2.85 60 0.47 10 75-150/5-5 TEXTILE

Table.1.15KV & 33KV out going data

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2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.2. HOW I GET INTO THE COMPANY

2.3. IN WHICH SECTION I HAVE BEEN WORKING

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2.3.1. SUBSTATION INTERCONNECTION

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Figure.2.1..single line diagram of Hawasa city transmission substation

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2.3.2. SUBSTATION EQUIMENTS

2. High resistive to flow of power current.

4. Always ready to perform and economically feasible

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5. Performance such that no system disturbances are introduced by its operation.

Figure.3.1. Lightning Arrester

2.3.2.2. DISCONNECTOR / ISOLATOR

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Figure.4.1. Disconnector / Isolator

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 transmission bus and

Figure.5.1. BUS BAR

Circuit Breaker is a manually or automatically operated electrically operated electrical switch

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2.3.4.1. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

 SENSE when an over current occurs.

i. Oil circuit breakers

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1. It has high dielectric strength.

ii. SF6 circuit breakers

iii. Vacuum circuit breakers (V.C.B)

Current Transformer is an electrical device that produces an alternating current (AC) in it

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Figure.6.1. Current Transformer (CT)

2.3.2.6. CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT)

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There are different types of relays.

2.3.2.8. POWER TRANSFORMER