ASSESMENT OF HUMAN IMPACT ON SURFACE WATER QUALITY

Mohamed Muhumed1 Zed Diyana2 Farzad Hejazi3

Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia
Email: qcigaal@gmail.com

Abstract
This paper is a review academic environmental paper about evaluation of human impact
on water quality, through a review of the previous papers written by different authors.
Surface water pollution is widely recognised globally, particularly high in urban areas
mostly developed countries, this is the result of various developing activities of man.
Water used for agricultural production, irrigation, from sewage pipes and industrial
cooling systems are good examples of sources of water pollution, if the wastewater from
these sources may contact fresh surface water pollution occurs, pollution sources are two
main categories that are point and none point sources, these sources should be taken to
account otherwise they may cause harsh pollution.
Domestic water in public homes and water used fir industries should be tested before
used; various mathematical models are proposed to estimate the level of pollutants, water
quality indexes (WQI) and GIS graphical methods are common to compute pollutant
loads present in surface water.
In my point of view based on what I have revised and what other searchers have already
proposed, that most of the surface water sources are polluted and are in need further
treatments before used, special consideration should to be taken while water quality is
improving to reach good, safe, reliable and fit water .

Keywords: quality of Surface Water, water Pollution, Water Quality Index

1. INTRODUCTION

Water occupies 71% of the world’s surface, but now it is one scarcest and worst assets in the developing
countries, this means for the last 30 years the level of impurities of water increases [1]. 2.5% of the
aggregate of the world’s global water is fresh, and the rest is ocean or other saline water. Approximately
1% of the fresh water is open to cover human needs, and the rest is stored underground aquifers, ice
sheets on and ice caps. Therefore fresh water scarcity has turned out one of the most pressing global
sustainability obstacles [2].

They also expressed that water is one of the most usable asset in urban and rural areas, they proposed
that water is a scarce on the earth in general, as well as pure water is not constantly accessible at the
right place or right time for human or ecosystem. Without doubt, water is one of the valuable asset
fundamentals to human (3].

Urban areas and industries are outstanding pollutions sources of water, later studies propose that
horticulture is one of the primary sources of water contamination ; this is the result of agrochemicals and
many other pollutant elements [4].
Contamination of surface water usually occurs when a quantity of wastes entering water bodies, wastes
contain pollutants which can easily contribute pollution. Due to the open availability of surface water, it
easily effected by external pollutant parameters from various sources, which negatively affect the quality
of the water. [5].Polluted water contains high level of pollutes parameters, ordinarily at levels above
WHO ensured drinking water standards and these can be critical issues when ingested by human [6].

Rivers are most established water bodies existing on the planet. He also stated most of the urban-rural
communities of the modern nations particularly the sub-Saharan Africa; surface water bodies (rivers,
streams, and lakes) have most reliable and accessible sources for domestic purpose. The water from
these sources are polluted from agricultural, domestic, and industrial wastes and is likely to cause related
diseases (7).

Keeping safe and maintainable utilization of water assets are one of the centre factors of the European
Union (EU). The point of the water framework direction, as future water strategy of the EU, is to
everyone will access high quality water [8]. The increasing contribution of farming to contamination can
be ascribed to few root factors such as population growth, changes of demand for food, and climate
changes [9].
Urban and industrial development are the core sources of pollution, but recent studies propose that
agriculture is among the leading causes of water pollution, being responsible of the release of excessive
quantities of agrochemicals and nutrients [10]. In some advancement countries, cultivating exercises has
over taken defilements from settlement and businesses as the real essential issue in eutrophication of
inland and ocean side water bodies, and ground water sullying with nitrates and salts[11].

To state weather the water can be used for various purposes, we classify based on the degree of impurity,
which is present in the water body and pollution dates t0 1848, in Germany. Throughout the years,
several water quality indexes (WQIs) and natural environmental indicators were stated based on
physiochemical and microbiological characters [13].

Different mathematical models have been used to classify physiochemical interrelationships between a
set of parameters, such as water quality index models (WQI), fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach and
money other models [14].

Polluted surface water can jeopardize human health because of presence of several pathogens and many
toxic elements, very small cells may cause gastric illness problems and many other water borne diseases
[15]. In addition to that, levels of suspended solid (SS) present in water bodies are in very high
concentration, which shows that there is high amount of organic and non-organic pollutants from urban
sewage, aquaculture and industrial wastes [16].

1. Surface water

Keeping safe and good practical utilization of water assets are centre factor of the European Union (EU) OF
resolution as well as. The plan of the water system order, as future water strategy of the EU, is to everyone must
to get tolerable water. Surface water sources, which are greatest and more reliable wellsprings of water for human,
are now under severe environmental condition [17].

Surface water is a very important factor for the whole life and existences for the human survival and, plays
essential role for economic sector as well as drinking sector. Therefore, keeping save these sources against any
contaminants has become necessary [18].
Watershed characteristics are also one of the main factors, which can easily pollute water bodies, as
identified with the significance features of special highlights as causes of observed terrible stream
conditions (19).
Variation in water characteristics and stream inflows often occurs after hydrological condition come out,
there by altering pollutants are produced, tape drive, and its delivery in to streams [20].

The important point is to note that not all the primary parameters effect to human health, but rather by the
agreeableness of the water to consumers due to severe changes in taste, colour, and smell of the drinking water;
these are known as “aesthetic parameters”. However, other vital parameters such as metallic pollutants like,
copper, iron aluminium, magnesium, zinc, total dissolved solids (TDS), and many other parameters, if the
concentration of these parameters exceeds guideline value they are known as pollutants [21].

2. WATER POLLUTION
Water is said to be polluted when unwanted variable factors or bad condition is present, according to the
degree of the substances (pollutants) available in water cannot be used for their intended purpose, in a
way that no long suitable for using drinking, cooking, bathing and many other uses (22).
Water pollution is usually governed by direct or indirect activities done by the man; these activities may
affect the distribution, chemical and physical of water resources. These could come after various
activities may arise and lead pollution, the increase of human population, industrial and agricultural
developments are the major causes of water pollution. Pollution of water is the result of human actions,
which are carried to develop and make better their lives. [23]
Domestic pollutants are the primarily sewage and laundry wastes and usually from houses or apartments.
in big cities, waster from different public purposes are collected in sewage pipes are transported to
control location either for treatment or discharged water bodies water out any treatment, so this source
is said to be the major potential source of water pollutants [25].

Contamination water bodies like streams, lakes, underground water or oceans due to addition of water
pollutants, is harmful for all living things. Human development and increase of population needs are the
main reasons for water pollution.
The health of rivers depends on the quality of its water, which is estimated by the amount of pollutants
present in the water. A range of parameters generally classifies the quality of water, which is physical,
chemical and biological composition of water [26].
Contamination of water is widely problem for eco system biodiversity, water may become polluted
after, physical, chemical, and biological factors may reach certain value [27].

2.1 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

Water contaminants are referred to be the substances that are capable of making any chemical, biological
or even physical changes on water bodies, these changes make water unfit for drinking purposes and
have great negative impacts on living organism or aquatic live. As mentioned earlier, the water used for
domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes is discharged to the water and cause some undesirable
impurities this case can be generally called the fresh water pollution, and can be classified in to two main
types, which are ground and surface water pollution [28]. There are possible various activities that can
produce pollutants, which are:
1. Sewage leakages and industrial wastes dumped in to water sources.
2. Production of minerals by plants e.g. coal production
3. Floods may take waste deposits.
4. Pollution of ground water through drilling activities
5. Deforestation and agrochemicals
 6. Pesticides, organic manures and house hold chemicals.

From google http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/

2.2 Point and Nonpoint Sources of pollution

2.2.1. Point Sources:

Point sources of water pollution is when wastes and other pollutants enter water from single source, for
instance a pipe from waste tanks or outfall from sewage works, and seepage from landfills [29]. This
pollution changes the synthetic chemicals of water. These pollutants influence and reduce oxygen level,
green growth and microorganism activities and even change water temperature, these things have a great
impact on sea life existence of these water bodies. These kind of pollutants are present in air or water
because of natural processes or human activities [30].
The identifying properties of point sources is described that pollutants are added in to the streams, water
bodies identifiable single, or more point location. Most of the developed countries, these point sources
are protected, and there is managed. Point sources of contamination are usually preferred miss-
management of surface water flows include domestic waste discharges, and industrial discharges, and
accidental spills [27].

2.2.2. None point sources:

Since industrial and many other none point sources has been viable overseen and urban waste systems has been
improved, none point source pollution is ending up progressively noticeable and has been recognised as a main
sources to urban receiving water pollution [16].

Ground water pollution can come from septic tanks, leaking underground storage tanks even though
these are quite common and are preferred when the ground water is the source of domestic water supply
[31].
Man are busy development activities to make their lives looks like a better and easy, these activities
increased day after for past centuries and continue to affect our important environment, these activities
are agricultural developments, industrial production, mining activities, and disposal of liquid and solid
wastes without caring. Combination of all these actions have led great disruption of the environment and
its elements [32].
The classification of point and none point sources of pollutions is arbitrary to some extents, for example
homes of rural areas don’t have combined sewers, each one has separate septic tanks which are
considered as a point source of contamination to a shallow ground water. On the double side of the
account at regional scale the combination of all the septic tanks in a suburban area is consider none
point source [33].

2.3 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT:

Agricultural runoff is one of the peak sources of water contaminants since run off contains dissolved
nutrient. Wastewater from the rural areas is mainly caused by improper application of pesticide,
irrigation water canals, and poorly managed animal feeding activities [34]. Indicated that the production
of crop and animals have a great impact on quality of water and aquatic ecosystems.

Agriculture has been one of the critical reasons and modification factors of landscapes throughout the
word. Tillage activities, infiltration rate and run off characteristics above the ground surface, directly or
indirectly affect the interaction of ground and surface water, these activities may contribute pollution of
the main sources of the water [35].

One of the most wide spread impacts on water bodies is the increase in nutrients which are from land
based activities, resulting in eutrophication and its effect on aquatic ecosystems, both fresh and sea
water [36].

When excess of nutrients enters river or stream, an algal bloom occur inducing increased rate of
consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water. Eutrophication problems are difficult to assume
and results from the application of chemical fertilizers and from the nutrients leaching or wastewater
discharges to the surface water. [37].

Modelling and estimation of pollutants road maps and processes can give best management methods and
encourages development situations. Models are persistently creating to address present challenges
including, fate and transport of toxic materials in biotic framework, specifically models for the
consolidated introduction of surface waters to different poisons [35].
The use of pesticides and agrochemicals has increased worldwide from 1960 up to now; this is the result
of green ‘revolution’. Application of these substances to the cropland can result significant additions of
pollutants to water resources. Most common fertilizers, which are used, are nitrogen, phosphorous,
ammonium and potassium. Some of these elements are highly soluble in water and may attach easily
soil particles, but other pesticides even if they are small amount have significant effect of both GW and
SW. ammonium is good example of these elements, it can easily react with the water, and increased
concentration of nitrate.
As a consequence of the ongoing strong warming and huge local participation variety in addition to the
increase of human exercise, such as agricultural irrigation, drinking water extraction, hydraulic projects,
soil and water protection measures, impressive consideration has been paid to make sure the effect of
climate variability and human induced land use changes on water assets [38].
Another issue in surface waters is eutrophication. At the point when an excess of nutrients enters a water
body, an algal bloom occurs prompting expanded utilization of the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water.
This is especially an issue in still waters, for example, lakes and ponds. Eutrophication issues are hard
to predict and result from the application chemical nutrients and in addition from supplement filtering
and wastewater release to surface water [39]. Yield improving agro-synthetic compounds frequently
disperse farms and easily pollute the aquatic environments, increase level of nutrients lead
eutrophication, which can easily contribute dissolved oxygen deficit and aquatic dead zones (40).

Source :( Mateo-Sagasta J, Turral H: Global drivers of water pollution from agriculture. Chapter 2)

3. Water Quality Index (WQI)

Water is very important factor for the human existence, having essential role for both drinking and other
economic purposes. Therefore, constant keeping the source against any pollution has become vital for
the human life [41].
the ability to estimate the transport of contaminants in open channels( streams) is a major topic which
face many environmental projects, this starts from accidental or direct release of pollutants to the
transport of none point sources [42]
Water Quality Index (WQI) is proposed to express the quality of sources of water for consumption, using
the water quality data is very useful for every one [43]. This tool WQI is one of the great important tools
by which water quality parameters are listed, but these parameters should be calculated in order to know
surface water has good water quality for drinking [44].
Different methods have been developed to assess water chemistry and water quality in the rivers and
water bodies evaluated the impact of land and variation of different seasons of the climate and location
quality of water in rivers or streams [45].

Using conventional graphical methods with the help of GIS to study profoundly the controls on the
hydrochemistry and seriousness of the controlling parameters at different places in the water flow
systems. In addition, they proposed WQI methods to asses and study suitable of ground water for public
consumption [46].
Water quality models are valuable tolls for deciding contaminant plume and its effect on water quality.
Recreated situations are helpful for getting to numerous potential outcomes and proactively developing
response reactions and appropriate activities if the contaminant occasion occurred [47].

Table 2. Water Quality Index (WQI) and status of water quality (Chatterji and Raziuddin 2002)

3.1 Drinking water

Study of the public’s perception on drink water quality is commonly conducted on the integrated of the
water resource management, generation of water quality standards, and monitoring of the drinking water
quality [48].

The world health organization (WHO) has recognized the importance of public participation of keeping drinking
water quality, since the public is the first and primary beneficiary of clean and safe water supplies and the first
who can deteriorate the quality of water [49].

The international water agency in its 2004 “Bonn Charter for safe drinking water”, gave specific emphasis on
increasing on effort to produce and supply good, trust and high quality of drinking water [50].

Recently reports show that use of poor water sources leads to outbreak of easy transmittable water borne
diseases and other wastewater related diseases. It is reported that 50 or 60% of illnesses in rural areas is
caused by water borne diseases. Due to usage of untreated water from polluted sources in rural areas,
the household water treatment and storage (HWTS) is recommended to improve water quality in rural
residents. This is the one of the well, least effective prevention of water borne diseases [52].
 Conclusion
Most of the human activities greatly affect water quality as well as water quantity, Water plays vital role
of human lives, it is one of the basic needs for us.
Global surface water are endangered by developing activities done by human, these activities produces
pollution parameters. These activities are include public sewage pipes, wastewater from industries and
agrochemicals.
When water bodies may attach various pollutants, the quality of water in rivers or other surface water
bodies may change due to assimilation of pollutants. So before these polluted parameters enter water
bodies, they should be minimised and controlled, so suitable activities should be taken to protect, reduce
and recycle contaminated factors before discharging in to the streams.
Good management of the polluted sources of water should be constantly regulated to purify sewage
effluent; there are management strategies and regulations laws that are used to treat various level of
pollutants present in wastewater.
To keep environment save and healthy, there should be regular monitoring activities and mitigation
measurements, which leads enhancing better ecological status and potential reliable water sources .

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