IPv6 Routing

Part I

Cisco CCNP ROUTE Training

Instructor: Joe Rinehart, CCIE #14256

IPv6 Routing
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In This Lesson:
 Understanding Why IPv6 was Created
 IPv6 Addressing and Services
 Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

IPv6 Routing
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Understanding Why IPv6 was Created

1. Limitations of IPv4
2. Benefits of IPv6 Improvements
3. Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6
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Understanding Why IPv6 was Created

Limitations of IPv4
• IPv4 Has Been in Use Since 1981
– Introduced and detailed in RFC 791
– No substantial updates/improvements
• Exhaustion of the IPv4 Address Space
– Explosive growth of the commercial
Internet
– Proliferation of IP-enabled devices
– Short-term solutions:
• CIDR
• NAT
• Private Addressing

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Understanding Why IPv6 was Created

Limitations of IPv4
• Integrated Security
– Original IPv4 specification did not
identify any security mechanisms
– IPsec was a later addition to IP
• Scalability
– Even with CIDR a typical BGP routing
table is enormous
– AT&T route server lists around
373,800 prefixes!
• Governments Are Mandating IPv6
Adoption

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Understanding Why IPv6 was Created

Benefits of IPv6 Improvements
• vast Address Space
– 128 bit addressing (as opposed to 32
bit)
– Addressing space is about 340
trillion addresses
• Address Assignment
– Ability of a device to detect/create its
own address
– Advanced DHCP and
autoconfiguration features
• Global Address Aggregation
– Hierarchical structure
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Understanding Why IPv6 was Created

Benefits of IPv6 Improvements
• Elimination of NAT
– Avoids application issues
– Much more efficient routing
• Improvements to the IP Header
– Ability to identify TCP/UDP flows
– Elimination of the per-packet
checksum
• Elimination of Broadcasts
– No broadcasts exist in the IPv6
environment
– Multicast-driven

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Understanding Why IPv6 was Created

Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6

Specifications IPv4 IPv6

Addressing 32 bits 128 bits
Available Addresses 4,294,297,296 340 Trillion
IPsec Implemention Optional Required
Packet Flow Identification None Flow Label
Fragmentation Perfomed by Origin host & routers Origin host
Packet Checksum Required Not Present
Options in Header Present Moved to Extension Header
Address Resolution Protocol Uses Broadcasts Uses Multicasts
Multicast Groups IGMP Multicast Listener Discovery
Local Broadcast Address Present Link-Local Address
DHCP Manual Configuration Automatic/Autodiscovery

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IPv6 Addressing and Services

1. IPv6 Address Types
2. IPv6 Addressing Formats
3. IPv6 Services
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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Address Types
• Summary of Address Types
– Unicast: Similar to IPv4 Prefix
Concept
– Multicast: Groups of specific hosts,
similar to IPv4
– Anycast: Devices use identical IPv6
addresses to reach nearest server
• Unicast Addressing
– Unique Local
• Similar to IPv4 Private Addresses
– Not routable on the Internet

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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Address Types
• Unicast Addressing
– Unique Local
• Similar to IPv4 Private Addresses
– Usable solely within an
organization
– Uses the prefix FD00::/8
– Link Local
• Used for IPv6 operations within a
single subnet
• Routers do not forward these
addresses
• Includes discovery and solicitation

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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Address Types
• Unicast Addressing
– Link Local
• Uses the prefix FE80::/10
– Site Local
• Not in use, deprecated
• Intended to function in a way
similar to private addresses
• Uses the prefix FEC0::/10
– Unspecified
• Used when host has no IP address
• Uses the prefix ::/128
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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Address Types
• Unicast Addressing
– Loopback
• Reserved address used for internal
testing purposes
• Similar to IPv4 127.0.0.1 address
• Uses the prefix ::1/128
– Global Unicast
• Used for sending traffic routable o
the global Internet
• Similar to IPv4 routable addresses
• Uses the prefix 2000::/3

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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Address Types
• Multicast Addressing
– Replaces broadcast-driven protocol
functions
– Commonly used/seen IPv6 addresses:
• All IPv6 nodes: FF02::1
• All IPv6 routers: FF02::2
• OSPF routers: FF02::5, FF02::6
• RIP routers: FF02::9
• EIGRP routers: FF02::A
• DHCP relay agents: FF02:1:2
• DHCP servers: FF05::1:3
• NTP servers FF05::101

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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Address Types
• Anycast Addressing
– IPv6 mechanism to send traffic to
several nodes with identical addresses
– Usage is currently somewhat
restricted
• Remember that IPv6 interfaces can have
more than one type of address
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IPv6 Addressing and Services

Hex Binary Decimal IPv6 Addressing Formats
0 0 0 • Hexadecimal and Binary Conversion
1 1 1
2 10 2 – 15 Place Digits: 0-9 are familiar, but
3 11 3 the A-F may be less familiar
4 100 4 – Decimal Conversion: May not be
5 101 5
6 110 6
necessary but supplied as a help
7 111 7 – Quartets: Each hex digit represents
8 1000 8 4 binary digits
9 1001 9
A 1010 10 – IPv4: Use of hex digits for IPv4
B 1011 11 addresses are also helpful as it makes
C 1100 12 the notation shorter
D 1101 13
E 1110 14
F 1111 15

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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Addressing Formats
• IPv6 Addressing Basics
– IPv6 addresses contain 128 bits
– Reference is to quartets (8)
– Typical notation is displayed in binary
– Prefixes displayed in CIDR notation
(e.g., 2000:1234:5678:9ABC::/64)
– Abbreviation can be performed using
the following guidelines:
• Leading zeroes can be omitted
• Trailing zeroes cannot be omitted
• Groups of “all zero” quarters can
be compacted to :: once only

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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Addressing Formats
• IPv6 Addressing Basics
– Abbreviation can be performed using
the following guidelines:
• For example, the address
2000:1234:5678:9ABC:0000:0000:
0000:0000/64 can be abbreviated
as 2000:1234:5678:9ABC::/64
• Use of :: in the address is invalid
(consider it a question disqualifier
immediately)
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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Addressing Formats
• Global Addressing Hierarchy (see left)
– Regional prefixes assigned (IANA):
• North America
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Africa
• Europe
– Regional Internet Registries assign
address space to Service Providers
– Service Providers allocate addresses
to customers
– Customers can allocate to sites

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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Services
• Neighbor Discovery Protocol
– Uses a series of ICMPv6 messages:
• Router solicitation (RS)
• Router advertisement (RA)
• Neighbor solicitation (NS)
• Neighbor advertisement (NA)
• Redirect
– Process of Discovery (RS/RA)
• Host sends request from link-local
address to all routers multicast
address of FF02::2 (requests RA
to be sent)

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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Services
• Neighbor Discovery Protocol
– Process of Discovery (RS/RA)
• Router responds with a router
advertisement address from link-
local address to all nodes
multicast address of FF02::1
– Options
– Subnet prefix
– Lifetime
– Autoconfiguration flag
– RA messages sent periodically
to all node address
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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Services
• Neighbor Discovery Protocol
– Neighbor Solicitation/Advertisement
• Host sends a neighbor solicitation
request for purposes of
– Discovery of link-layer address
– Duplicate address detection
– Verifying reachability
• Destination address is the solicited
node multicast address of the
target host
• Response maps the link layer
address to the IPv6 address

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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Services
• Address Assignment Mechanisms
– DHCP (stateful)
• Host sends multicast request and
receives addressing prefix/bits
• Default router supplied by
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
• DNS servers supplied via DHCP
• Uses the ipv6 address dhcp
interface command
– Stateless Autoconfiguration
• Host sends RS request to discover
prefix, length, and default router

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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Services
• Address Assignment Mechanisms
– Stateless Autoconfiguration
• IPv6 host address created from
prefix and MAC address (EU-64
format)
– MAC address split in half
– Hex FFEE placed between the
halves
• DNS server addresses supplied via
DHCP server (stateless)
• Uses the ipv6 address
autoconfig interface command
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IPv6 Addressing and Services

IPv6 Services
• Address Assignment Mechanisms
– Static Configuration
• IPv6 address is manually
configured on the interface
– Can specify entire address
– Can specify use of MAC
address for host portion
• DNS server addresses supplied via
DHCP server (stateless)
• Uses NDP for router discovery
• Uses the ipv6 address
<prefix>/<bits> [eui-64]
interface command

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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

1. Static IPv6 Routing
2. RIPng for IPv6
3. EIGRP for IPv6
4. OSPFv3 for IPv6

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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

Static IPv6 Routing
• Manual Static Routes Can Be Configured
in IPv6
– Syntax virtually identical to IPv4
– Must enable routing using the ipv6
unicast-routing command
– Configured using the command ipv6
route <prefix/length> <next-
hop> [administrative distance]
[tag] in global configuration mode
• May specify unicast as next-hop
• If using link-local address must
also specify outgoing interface
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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

RIPng for IPv6
• Protocol Mechanics for IPv6 RIP
– Referred to as RIPng (next
generation)
– Mechanics similar to RIPv2 for IPv4
• Distance vector using hop-count
• No formal neighbor relationships
• Partial and full updates sent
• Slower convergence
– Protocol differences
• Prefix/length format used
• No authentication support
• network command not used

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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

RIPng for IPv6
• Configuring IPv6 RIP/RIPng
– Must enable routing using the ipv6
unicast-routing command
– Process is created using the command
ipv6 router rip <process name>
(name is locally significant)
– Interfaces placed in the RIP process
using the command ipv6 rip
<process name> enable
– Route filtering, redistribution, split
horizon, etc., configured under
process
– Other functions done on interface

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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

RIPng for IPv6
• Configuring IPv6 RIP/RIPng
– Show commands include:
• show ipv6 protocols
• show ipv6 rip database
• show ipv6 eigrp next-hops
• show ipv6 route rip
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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

EIGRP for IPv6
• Protocol Mechanics for IPv6 EIGRP
– Referred to as RIPng (next
generation)
– Mechanics similar to EIGRP for IPv4
• Uses IP protocol 88
• Uses multicast for updates
• Formal neighbor relationships
• Uses DUAL, feasible successors
– Protocol differences
• Uses link-local addresses for next-
hop
• No automatic summarization

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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

EIGRP for IPv6
• Protocol Mechanics for IPv6 EIGRP
– Protocol differences
• Neighbors not required to be in
same subnet
• network command not used
• Configuring IPv6 EIGRP
– Must enable routing using the ipv6
unicast-routing command
– Process is created using the command
ipv6 router eigrp <ASN>
– Optionally configure the router id
using the ipv6 router-id command

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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

EIGRP for IPv6
• Configuring IPv6 EIGRP
– Interfaces placed in the EIGRP
process using the command ipv6
eigrp <ASN>
– Route filtering, redistribution, split
horizon, etc., configured under
process
– Show commands include:
• show ipv6 protocols
• show ipv6 eigrp neighbors
• show ipv6 eigrp topology
• show ipv6 route eigrp
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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

OSPF for IPv6
• Protocol Mechanics for IPv6 OSPF
– Referred to OSPFv3
– Mechanics similar to OSPF for IPv4
• Uses IP protocol 89
• Uses multicast for updates
• Formal neighbor relationships
• Uses DR/BDR on multi-access links
• Strict hierarchy with areas
• Uses SPF/link-state logic
• Uses similar packet types
• Supports route tags

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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

OSPF for IPv6
• Protocol Mechanics for IPv6 OSPF
– Protocol differences
• Neighbors not required to be in
same subnet
• network command not used
• Supports multiple instances of
OSPF per link
• Router-id is IPv4 address
• Configuring IPv6 OSPF
– Must enable routing using the ipv6
unicast-routing command

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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

OSPF for IPv6
• Configuring IPv6 OSPF
– Process is created using the command
ipv6 router ospf <process-id>
command
– Interfaces placed in the OSPF process
using the command ipv6 router
ospf <process-id> area <area#>
– Features configured under process:
• Router ID
• Area parameters (stub, nssa, etc.)
• Default information
• Filtering
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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

OSPF for IPv6
• Configuring IPv6 OSPF
– Features configured under process:
• Maximum-paths
• Default metric
• Redistribution
• Route summarization
– Features configured under interfaces:
• Network type
• Priority
• Cost
• Neighbors

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Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing

OSPF for IPv6
• Configuring IPv6 OSPF
– Show commands include:
• show ipv6 protocols
• show ipv6 ospf <process-id>
• show ipv6 ospf neighbor
• show ipv6 ospf interfaces
• show ipv6 ospf database
• show ipv6 route ospf
• show ipv6 ospf border-routers
• show ipv6 ospf traffic
• show ipv6 ospf events

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Key Terms You Should Know

128 Bit — Space used for the creation of IP version 6 addressing
space, with about 340 trillion addresses available
Unique-Local — Type of IPv6 unicast addresses designed for
use within an organization, similar to IPv4 private addresses
Link-Local — Type of IPv6 unicast addresses designed for basic
connectivity on interfaces, typically not forwarded
Global Unicast — Type of IPv6 unicast addresses designed for
routing on the global Internet, similar to IPv4 public addresses
Quartet — Section of an IPv6 address representing 16 binary bits
of the address (contrasted with the term octet in IPv6 which
represented 8 binary address bits)
:: — Abbreviation allowable once in an IPv6 address, designating
that a string of successive zeroes has been compacted
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What We Covered

 Understanding why IPv6 was Created

 IPv6 Addressing and Services

 Understanding and Configuring IPv6 Routing