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11/14/2017
What is reflection?
Exploration / examination of ourselves and our actions
(often written but also spoken)
– considered
– rational, unemotional*
– in relation to theory / wider context / other
perspectives
Why do it?
– to develop understanding / learning / skills
– and give us a path by which to move forward
*(even though it often deals with feelings, reactions and emotions)
Reflection: A Definition (1)
Tate, S. & Sills, M. (eds) (2004) p 126 The Development of Critical Reflection in the
Health Professions. London; Higher Education Authority.
Reflection
• Reflection is a vital stage in the learning process so
that practitioners can revisit a situation and examine,
question and learn from the experience. This
encourages critical self-appraisal (Clarke and Croft
1998).
The basics:
Experience
Action Reflection
Borton’s (1970) cue questions:
What?
(Cited in Jasper, 2003, p.99)
Now So
what? what?
What does that mean?
Describing event
or process
What?
Future goals and
actions
Thinking and
analysis
Now So
what? what?
Drawing
conclusions
Reflective practice : what is it?
Formal Reflection
• Draws on research & theory
• Provides guidance & frameworks for practice.
Sources of reflection.
• Everyday events
• Positive experiences
• Negative experiences
• Eventful incidents
• Unusual incidents
• Routine activities
• Important events
• Meaningful events
11/14/2017
So why is it important in Nursing
Practice
Reflection is seen as helping to
bridge the theory practice gap
reduce practices based on custom and
practice
develop and understand your practice,
decisions made, lessons learnt and
implication of these for future practice
ensure that care remains patient centred
and based in the patient experience
Skills / attitudes for reflection
• Willing to learn from experience and
change things
• Able to make time for reflection
• Being open and honest
• Willing to share and discuss your
experiences
• Being motivated to replay / describe /
analyse experiences
• Able to make an action plan
11/14/2017
WHAT does the process of REFLECTION
involve?
By engaging in reflection people are usually engaging in a
period of thinking in order to examine often complex
experiences or situations.
• Original thinking
• Creativity
Final
Evaluation and What were
Action Plan – your Feelings
What would and how did
you do you react?
differently?
Conclusion – Initial
What have you Evaluation of
learnt from the
reflecting on experience –
this What was
experience? Critical good and bad
Analysis – about it?
What sense
did you make
of the
experience?
Williams and Rutter (2007) based on
Gibbs
Description: What happened?
Feelings: What were you thinking and feeling?
Evaluation: What was good and bad about the
experience?
Analysis: What sense can you make of the
situation?
Conclusion: What else could you have done?
Action Plan: What was learnt? If it arose again,
what would you do?
DESCRIPTION
• What happened?
• Describe what
happened.
So what?
Now what?
Boud, Keogh and Walker (1985)
An individual:
recaptures their experience
thinks about it
mulls it over (perhaps with others)
evaluates it
acts on the reflection
Korthagen’s reflective onion
o Environment
o Behaviour
o Competences
o Beliefs
o Identity
o Mission
Kolb: Experiential learning
Concrete experience - What was the event?
Reflective Observation - What are your
personal thoughts and
feelings about the
experience?
Abstract Conceptualisation - How can you draw on
previous experiences and on
your knowledge to help you
‘make sense’ of this
experience?
Active Experimentation - If this event were to occur
again, what would you do
differently?
- What additional knowledge
do you need to gain?
Summary of reflection
• Reflective practice is a key skill for nurses
• Reflective Practice is associated with learning from
experience, and is viewed as an important strategy
for health professionals who embrace lifelong
learning
• The act of reflection is seen as a way of promoting
the development of autonomous, qualified and self-
directed professionals