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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
[2]
Binaya Patnaik et al (2015) conducted an experiment to
investigate the strength and durability properties of concrete having copper
slag as a partial replacement of sand. Two different types of concrete grade
(M20 & M30) were used with different proportions of copper slag
replacement (0 to 50%) in the concrete. Strength & durability properties
such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, acid
resistivity and sulphate resistivity were evaluated for both mixes of
concrete. High toughness of copper slag attributes to increased compressive
strength. Due to low water absorption, coarser and glassy surface of copper
slag the workability of concrete increased substantially with increase of
copper slag content in the concrete mixture. Use of copper slag helps in
waste management and dumping industrial wastes. Copper slag behaves
similar to river sand as it contains silica similar to sand. Addition of copper
slag increases the density of concrete thereby increasing the self-weight.
The water absorption of copper slag was measured to be 0.24% which is
less than that of natural sand (1.2%).
[3]
Blessen and Ramesh (2013) conducted an experimental
investigation to study the behaviour of concrete using various combinations
of copper slag and discarded tyre-rubber for the partial replacements for
fine and coarse aggregates. The concrete mix of grade M30 (i.e. 1: 2.56:
3.25) was adopted with water cement ratio 0.4. The test specimens were
cured and tested for short term and long term durability tests. It was found
that the strength and durability of concrete is increased due to the presence
of copper slag. The utilization of copper slag as a partial replacement for
sand; imparts strength up to 50% replacement. As it exhibits good
durability characteristics, it may be applied for all construction activities.
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[5]
Chavan and Kulkarni (2013) conducted an experimental
program to investigate the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of
fine aggregate on the strength properties. M25 grade concrete was used and
tests were conducted for various proportions of copper slag replacement
with sand of 0 to 100% in concrete and the results were compared with
those of control concrete made with ordinary Portland cement and sand.
The results showed that the maximum compressive strength of concrete
increased by 55% at 40% replacement of fine aggregate by copper slag, and
up to 75% replacement, concrete gain more strength than control mix
concrete strength. It is observed that for all percentage replacement of fine
aggregate by copper slag the flexural strength of concrete is more than
control mix. It is observed that, the flexural strength of concrete at 28 days
is higher than design mix (without replacement) for 20% replacement of
fine aggregate by copper slag, the flexural strength of concrete is increased
by 14%.
modifying agents may not be strictly necessary for the material used to
obtain SCC. Use of fly ash resulted in increase of 28 days compressive
strength of concrete. It is found that the economical SCC with satisfactory
properties with 287 days strength of 28 Mpa can be obtained by using 40%
fly ash. This self-compacting concrete can replace a normal concrete with
significantly reduced cost. The mixtures of SCC containing 40 percent fly
ash in the total power content showed adequate strength development at 28
days with a cement content of 225 kg/m3 developed 38.07 MPa at 28 days.
concrete, density and deformation properties under the static and dynamic
load of concrete was investigated. The result shows that the rubber waste
additives reduced both static and dynamic modulus of elasticity. Strains of
the concrete with the same compressive strength with rubber waste from
used tires (3.2 percent from aggregate by mass) deformations are 56% –63
% higher after the static loading, while set deformations after the unloading
is 219% – 360% and ultimate strains on concrete failure load are 36% –
47% higher for concrete with tyre rubber waste additive.
and overseas, and puts forward the problems existed in the comprehensive
utilization of copper slag.it has been found that copper slag have micro
pozzolanic effect in the study. Workability of copper slag concrete is poor,
but mixing the appropriate amount of micro-aggregates can improve their
workability significantly. The mechanism of copper slag powder in
composite cementitious materials is filling effect, activity effect and
acceleration effect. The filling effect of copper slag can make matrix denser
and the accelerating effect can accelerate the early hydration. Test and
analysis are made on the influence of copper slag on strength and brittleness
of concrete. Brittleness of concrete can decreased by adding copper slag,
and mechanism is analyzed. Result shows that along with the increase of
copper slag admixture, the concrete strength decreased. As the strength
increases, the brittleness of concrete increases. When copper slag content is
5%, brittleness increased slightly compared with the original concrete, but
with the increase of copper slag content, the brittleness coefficient
decreased. When copper slag content is 10%, brittleness coefficient of
copper slag concrete and the original concrete is equivalent. When copper
slag content is 15%, brittleness coefficient is smaller than the original
concrete, and the brittleness of concrete becomes small.
[15]
Madheswaran et al (2014) reported on the use of copper
slag, as a partial replacement of sand for use in cement concrete and
building construction. Cement mortar mixtures prepared with fine aggregate
made up of different proportions of copper slag and sand were tested for use
as masonry mortars and plastering. Three masonry wall panels of
dimensions 191 m were plastered. The studies showed that although copper
slag based mortar is suitable for plastering, with the increase in copper slag
content, the wastage due to material rebounding from the plastered surfaces
increases. It is therefore suggested that the copper slag can be used for
plastering of floorings and horizontal up to 50 % by mass of the fine
aggregate, and for vertical surfaces, such as, brick/block walls it can be
used up to 25 %. Based on the analysis of results, it was indicated that the
upper limit for sand replacement by copper slag is 50 % for conventional
grades of concrete and 75 % for high strength concrete. Physico-mechanical
and chemical characteristics of copper slag lead to its utilization to prepare
various value added products such as cement, filler, ballast, aggregates,
abrasive and granular material.
disposing off the tires, thus the environmental gains can be achieved. After
careful evaluation of the properties and taking various tests as per
standards, the results shown by 10% addition of rubber crumbs has best
suitability for blending it with bitumen. This will help to dispose the waste
tire rubber in a proper way and solve the problem of environmental
concerns up to a certain extent.
Niraj Baraiya et al (2013) [17] dealt with the use of waste rubber
tyres in construction of bituminous road. The waste tyres can be used as
well sized aggregate in the various bituminous mixes if it is cut in the form
of aggregate and can be called as rubber aggregate. Addition of waste tyres
as rubber aggregate modifies the flexibility of surface layer. Optimum
content of waste rubber tyres to be used is between the ranges of 5% to
20%. Problem like thermal cracking and permanent deformation are reduce
in hot temperature region. Rubber has property of absorbing sound, which
also help in reducing the sound pollution of heavy traffic roads. Waste
rubber tyres thus can be put to use and it ultimately improves the quality
and performance of road.
concrete the loss of strength was 45% with 15% replacement of coarse
aggregate by rubber particles.
[19]
Parveen et al (2013) have used rubber waste as partial
replacement of fine aggregate to produce rubberize concrete in M30 mix.
Different partial replacements of crumb rubber (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) by
volume of fine aggregate are cast and test for compressive strength, flexural
strength, split tensile strength and stress-strain behaviour. The test results
indicate that there is great potential for the utilization of waste tyres in
concrete mixes in several percentages, ranging from 5% to 20%. Concrete
with higher percentage of crumb rubber possess high toughness The slump
of the modified concrete increases about 1.08%, with the use of 1 to 10% of
crumb rubber. Stress strain shows that concrete with a higher percentage of
crumb rubber possess high toughness, since the generated energy is mainly
plastic. The split tensile strength of the concrete decreases about 30% when
20% sand is replaced by crumb rubber. The flexural strength of the concrete
decreases about 69% when 20% sand is replaced by crumb rubber. The
compressive strength of the concrete decreases about 37% when 20% sand
is replaced by crumb rubber.
[20]
Patil et al (2015) conducted an experimental research in
which M30 grade concrete was used for various proportions of copper slag
replacement with sand of 0%, to100 % in concrete. The experimental
research showed that, as the percentage of copper slag increases workability
increases. Maximum compressive strength of concrete increased by 34 % at
20% replacement of fine aggregate, and up to 80% replacement, concrete
gain more strength than normal concrete strength. It is observed that up to
30% replacement of natural sand by copper slag, the flexural strength of
concrete is increased by 14%. And all percentage replacement of fine
aggregate by copper slag the flexural strength of concrete is more than
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[21]
Pazhani and Jeyaraj (2010) conducted an experimental
investigation to assess the durability parameters of high performance
concrete with the industrial wastes. Durability parameters such as water
absorption and chloride penetration were studied. The slump value for
100% replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag increases by 60mm to
85mm. It shows that the water consumed by the copper slag during mixing
is very less as compared with river sand.
[23]
Selvakumar and Venkatakrishnaiah (2015) investigated
the effectiveness of rubber as substitute for fine aggregate and utilize the
crumb rubber tyres in concrete. Concrete specimens were casted and tested
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for concrete mix with various percentage of replacement (5%, 10%, 15%
&20%). The compressive strength of crumb rubber concrete with 5%
replacement is 38.66 N/mm2, it is higher than the strength of normal
concrete (36.73N/mm2) on 28th day. The compressive strength of crumb
rubber concrete with 10% replacement, it gives acceptable strength of 33.47
N/mm2.In splitting tensile strength the strength of crumb rubber concrete is
lower than the strength of normal concrete. In the flexural strength test
conducted on crumb rubber concrete it shows a decrease in strength when
compared to the strength of normal concrete. From the test results, it is
found that the crumb rubber possess less bonding ability which has affected
on the strength of the concrete.