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B.SC Electrical Engineering

Name of the experiment: Observation of the inverting amplifier & it’s frequency response.

Objective:

• Demonstrate the operation & measure the phase shift between input & output signals of an
inverting amplifier using op amp.

• Determine the effect of the feedback resistance of an operational amplifier.

• Measure the frequency response of an inverting operational amplifier & demonstrate the
effect of a change in feedback resistance on the bandwidth.

Equipment:

• Power supply.

• Signal generator.

• Oscilloscope.

• IC-741 (Operational amplifier)

• Resistors (R1=10k, RF=14.7k)

• Wires and Probe.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure01: Inverting amplifier with negative Feedback.

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B.SC Electrical Engineering

Input and Output Signal:

Figure02. Input and output signal together.

Theory:

The experiment is on observation of the inverting amplifier and its frequency response. For this
we need to know the terms. An amplifier is an electronic device that increase the voltage, current
or power of a signal. Amplifier is used in wireless communication and broadcasting.

Inverting amplifier: Inverting amplifier is one in which the output is exactly 1800 out of phase
with respect to input (if we apply positive voltage output will be negative). Output is an inverted
amplifier version of input.

Voltage gain equation of inverting amplifier:

Figure03: Inverting amplifier.

𝑉𝑖𝑛 −0 𝑉
Here, i = = 𝑅𝑖𝑛 .........................(1) Here,
𝑅𝑙̇𝑛 𝑙̇𝑛

0−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
And also, i = = ………(2) 𝑅𝐹 = Feedback resistance
𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹

From the two equation (1) and (2) we get, 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = Input resistance
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B.SC Electrical Engineering

𝑉𝑖𝑛 −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
i= = A = Voltage gain
𝑅𝑙̇𝑛 𝑅𝐹

𝑅𝐹 −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
Or, =
𝑅𝑙̇𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅
Or, A= = − 𝑅𝐹
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑙̇𝑛

Frequency response: Frequency response is the quantitative measure of the output spectrum of a
system or device in response to a stimulus, and is used to characterize the dynamics of the system.
It is a measure of magnitude and phase of the output as a function of frequency, in comparison to
the input.
Bode plot: The graphical representation of frequency response curve is called Bode plot. This plots
are in semi-logarithmic graph paper which X-axis is in logarithmic scale and Y-axis is in linear
scale.
3dB point: 3dB frequency point define the frequency at which the output gain is reduce 0.707 of
its maximum value.

Data table:

Frequenc 2k 5k 12k 15k 20k 25k 30 50k 70k 100k 125k 150k 200k
y (kHz) k

O/P (dB) 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20 18.0 15.8 14 12.0 10.8 8

Calculation:

We got maximum magnitude in practical = 11

We Know, |𝐴|max = 11

3dB point, 20 log (0.707×11) = 17.81dB

So we can say, 70.71% of maximum gain is known as cut of frequency.

Discussion:

This was our first lab on observation of inverting amplifier and its frequency response. At first our
class teacher Dr.Mahmudul Alom Sir discuss about the theory related the experiment briefly. He
also shows the circuit diagram of the experiment. After that we collected the equipment that we
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B.SC Electrical Engineering

needed and set the circuit and checked by our teacher. In this experiment, we vary frequency and
the gain was gradually decreasing. At the frequency, the gain decreasing about 0.707 of maximum,
the point is cut of frequency. By the process we measured the 3dB point and cut off frequency for
graph. After taking some point we had finished our lab.

Conclusion:

Basically, that was our very first experience working with op amp. The first thing we learnt from
this experiment is the pin configuration of op amp. We can use the same IC as inverting and non-
inverting amplifier. Also, we learn to limit the gain of the amplifier by varying feeding resistor
and realize its significance.