DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF FLASH TANK

AND CONDENSER

CONCEPT DESIGN AND REVIEW BOARD

REPORT

GROUPMEMBERS SUPERVISOR
Mr. Talha Usman Malik
Mr. Umair Aziz Dr.Tahir Abdul Hussain
Ratlamwala
Mr. Osama Ikhlaq Abbasi
Mr. Yousaf Akhlaq

1
 ABSTRACT

Fresh water can be obtained by desalination of saline water.

Desalination is defined as, the process of removing dissolved salts and minerals from
saline water to produce potable water. In this project we are aiming to design and
fabrication of flash tank and condenser. This project is basically for desalination of
saline water to obtain fresh water. This project report consist of introduction of the
project, design and literature review. This project also consist of piping system
consideration. Desalination of saline water using solar energy is the process of using
energy from the sunlight to separate freshwater from salts or other contaminants. The
Nano fluid absorbs heat, slowly reaching high temperatures. The heat causes the water
to become hot and than evaporate, cool, and condense into vapor, leaving the
contaminants behind.
The sun light absorb by the Nano fluid will increase the temperature of the fluids and
than this energy will be exchange in heat exchanger with the water making water hotter
this water takes into the flash tank where pressure is low enough (saturation pressure)
thus decrease the boiling temperature of the water result in making of steam from water,
this steam is takes into the condenser which condenses this steam . later this water is
stored into the container. this water is in purified form .
We are aiming to fabricate and design of condenser and flash tank for desalination
plant.

2
 Table of Contents
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Problem statement .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.3 Aim of the Project ............................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 Scope of the project ............................................................................................................................ 6
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Condenser ............................................................................................................................................. 11
2.3 Flash tank .......................................................................................................................................... 13
DESIGN CONSIDERATION ............................................................................................................................ 14
3.1 Condenser ......................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.1 Classification of condenser ........................................................................................................ 15
TEST OF CONDENSER USING DIFFERENT MATERIALS ................................................................................. 18
Rating matrix ............................................................................................................................................... 20
3.1.3 Material Selection For Condenser............................................................................................. 21
Rating matrix ............................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2 Flash Tank............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2.1 Design consideration.................................................................................................................. 24
3.3 Valves ................................................................................................................................................ 25
3.3.1 Types of valves. .......................................................................................................................... 26
3.4 PUMPS............................................................................................................................................... 28
Risk assessment .......................................................................................................................................... 28
Gantt chart .................................................................................................................................................. 31
Biblography .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Desalination system by parabolic trough collector was designed and fabricated by

previous project in which water is flowing in pipes of parabolic trough collector which
becomes hot due to heat conduction of sun light now this water is taken into the heat
exchanger that exchanges heat with water, which later taken into flash tank which
becomes steam now this steam is taken into condenser and after condensation steam
converted into the fresh water.
The previous project was failed due to following reasons,
1.The parabolic trough collector does not absorb as much heat as it needed due to
design issues result in not attaining of desired temperature of water.
2.The limitation of previous project is that they use water in pipes result in corrosion of
pipes due to salty water.
3.Lack of designing and fabrication result in failure of project.
4.Improper design of heat exchanger result in not exchanging of heat with water.
5.They do not use Nano fluid in parabolic trough collector pipes which have high rate of
conductivity of sun light therefore does not obtain high value of temperature of water.
6.Condenser is highly effected by sea water due to corrosion as the material was not
selected correctly.
Now we are designing the same type of project in which we are improving the issues
observed in previous project.
this project is divided into three project
1.Design and fabrication of parabolic trough collector.
2.Dsign and fabrication of heat exchanger.
3.Design and fabrication of flash tank and condenser.
We are solving the previous problem by following methods.

4
Redesigning and fabrication of of parabolic trough collector, heat exchanger, flash tank
and condenser.
Using Nano fluid in pipes of parabolic trough collector instead of water to avoid
corrosion in pipes.
Use of Nano fluid instead of water because they have high rate of conductivity than
water.
Redesigning and fabrication of heat exchanger which can effectively exchange heat of
Nano fluid with water.
Redesign and fabrication of condenser and flash tank.

In this project we are focusing on desalination of water by parabolic trough collector in

which design of flash tank and condenser is focused.

sun light are collected over parabolic trough collector in which there is Nano fluid
passing in tube which becomes hot, now this Nano fluid exchange heat with water in
heat exchanger thus water becomes hotter now this hot water taken
into the flash tank in which pressure is very low thus makes it steam, this steam is taken
into the condenser which is at same pressure.

Water is falling over the condenser which exchange heat of steam with water and
lowering the temperature of steam, as the temperature of steam becomes low it
converted into water which is pumped out at environmental condition into the container
now this water is fresh water which is stored in container.

For this we are focusing on flash tank and condenser.

5
1.2 Problem statement

In spite of the fact that water covers about 71 percent of the Earth’s surface area,
however, it is a challenge to meet all humans, animals and plants demand to
freshwater. Freshwater is about 2.5% of total water quantity, most of it is as glaciers, ice
caps, and groundwater, only 0.008% represents the accessible surface freshwater.
Population growth and industrialization have worsened the problem of water shortage.
One-third of the world residents currently undergo severe water stress and the
percentage is expected to increase. Water scarcity occurs when water supply falls
below 1000 cubic meters per person per year. One of the most promising solution to
overcome the water shortcoming is desalination.

1.3 Aim of the Project

The main object of the project is to produce the fresh water by desalination system
from sun light. We are aiming to design and fabrication of flash tank and condenser for
desalination system. In flash tank hot water from the heat exchanger is converted into
steam by reducing its pressure which later taken into condenser to obtain fresh water.

1.4 Scope of the project

The desired scope of the project covers the following details:

Flash tank and condenser design and selection of pump and piping system,reviews
codes and standards.
Calculations and simulations
Project cost estimation
Fabrication of the project

6
COMPLETE PROJECT

7
 SCOPE OF PROJECT




8
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Renewable energy technologies show great promise for water desalination. These
energy technologies driven desalination systems fall into two categories.

The first includes distillation processes driven by heat produced directly by the
renewable energy system, while the second includes membrane and distillation
processes driven by electricity or mechanical energy produced.

With the world's fresh water demands increasing, much research has been directed at
addressing the challenges in using renewable energy to meet the power needs for
desalination plants.

Seawater desalination based on renewable energy, using solar heat, is promising

desalination process.

The desalination plant is referred to as an indirect process if the heat comes from a
separate solar collector or solar ponds; whereas it is referred to as direct if all
components are integrated into the desalination plant. Particularly attractive is
desalination associated with concentrating solar power (CSP) plants.

CSP plants collect solar radiation and provide high-temperature heat for electricity
generation. Therefore, they can be associated with either membrane desalination units,
e.g. reverse osmosis (RO), or thermal desalination units.

CSP plants are often equipped with thermal storage systems to extend operation when
solar radiation is not available, and/or combined with conventional power plants for
hybrid operation.

9
This paves the way to a number of design solutions which combine 3 electricity and
heat generation with water desalination via either thermal or membrane separation
processes.

CSP plants are also large enough to provide core energy for medium- to large-scale
seawater desalination. In desert regions (e.g. MENA) with high direct solar irradiance,
CSP is considered a promising multipurpose technology for electricity, heat and district
cooling production, and water desalination.

Solar desalination systems have low operation and maintenance costs but require large
installation areas and high initial investments. However, concentrating solar power
(CSP) offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels for large scale seawater
desalination.

CSP can help to solve the problem especially in Middle East and North Africa, but
market introduction must start immediately in order to achieve the necessary freshwater
production rates in time. Most of such technologies have already been demonstrated,
except for Solar/CSP-MED.

With the rapid decrease of renewable energy costs, technical advances and increasing
number of installations, renewable desalination is likely to reduce significantly its cost in
the near future and become an important source of water supply for regions affected by
water scarcity.

Attention has been directed towards improving the efficiencies of the solar energy
conversions, desalination technologies and their optimal coupling to make them
economically viable for small and medium scale applications.

Solar energy can be used directly as thermal or it can be converted to electrical energy
to drive reverse osmosis units.

10
The thermal energy can be achieved in solar stills, collectors, or solar ponds. However,
electrical energy can be produced from solar energy directly by photo-voltaic (PV)
conversion or via a solar thermal power plant.

Interestingly, many areas such as the Middle East and North Africa were not always
arid. At the end of the Pleistocene, roughly 12,000 years ago, the melting of glacier ice
allowed many such areas have considerable fresh water.

These conditions persisted to a degree even up to the Classic period 2000 years ago,
and in those times for example certain areas that are now deserts in North Africa were a
significant source of grains for Rome.

11
2.2 Condenser

Air Cooled condensers were first introduced in US power industry in early 1970’s, but
only during last 10-15 years number of installations greatly increased largely due to
growing attention being paid to environmental safety.

Also, growing demand for water for both domestic and industrial use has brought an
increased interest in use of Air Cooled condensers.

This is a review paper which studies the performance of Air-cooled condenser under
various operating conditions it is found that there is degradation in performance of air
cooled condenser under high ambient temperatures and windy conditions.

The heat rejection rate of ACC also depends on surface condition of fins and thus its
performance is reduced due to external fouling of finned tubes due to weather
conditions and by internal fouling from condensate (Ammonia corrosion). A Hybrid
(dry/wet) dephlegmator achieves major enhancement in performance when ambient
temperatures are high.

Also shading of condensers is done for air-conditioning units to mitigate the adverse
effect of high ambient temperatures due to solar radiation. Now a day’s wind walls are
used to reduce the effect of high wind velocity .second option is to increase the fan
speed Fin cleaning plays an important role in heat rejection. External cleaning improves
air side heat transfer coefficient.

In order to improve the performance of an ACC Flat tubes inclined at some angle to
horizontal can also be used in place of conventional circular horizontal tubes so that an
improvement in heat transfer rate occurs.

12
2.3 Flash tank
Flash (or partial) evaporation is the partial vapor that occurs when a saturated liquid
stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other
throttling device. This process is one of the simplest unit operations.

If the throttling valve or device is located at the entry into a pressure vessel so that the
flash evaporation occurs within the vessel, then the vessel is often referred to as a
Flash tank.

This type of flash evaporation is used in the desalination of brackish water or ocean
water by "Multi-Stage Flash Distillation."

The water is heated and then routed into a reduced-pressure flash evaporation "stage"
where some of the water flashes into steam.

This steam is subsequently condensed into salt-free water. The residual salty liquid
from that first stage is introduced into a second flash evaporation stage at a pressure
lower than the first stage pressure.

More water is flashed into steam which is also subsequently condensed into more salt-
free water.

13
DESIGN CONSIDERATION

3.1 Condenser

Heat exchangers are used to transfer heat. Some process likes cooling, heating,
condensation, boiling or evaporation.

Different heat exchangers are named according to their application. For example, heat
exchanger used for boiling purposes are called boilers, similarly Heat exchangers being
used to condense are known as condensers
The condenser is a heat exchanger that usually rejects all the heat from the system.
The condenser accepts hot, high –pressure refrigerant usually a super-heated gas, from
the compressor.

The condenser is usually air cooled by natural or forced convection to increase the
cooling effect of the condenser.

Condenser: It is a closed vessel used to condense the steam. The low pressure steam
gives off its heat to the coolant (normally water) and gets converted into water during
the process of condensation.
There are following devices which are related with condenser.
Condensate Extraction Pump: It is a pump which is installed in between the condenser
and fresh water container. It transfers the condensate from the condenser to the fresh
water container.
Fresh water container:-It is a sump that lies after the condenser. It receives the
condensate water from the condenser by condensate pump.

14
3.1.1 Classification of condenser

General, there are three different types of condenser:

3.1.1.1 Air cooled condensers

Air-cooled condensers utilize ambient air in order to cool and cycle refrigerant. These
can be readily seen oftentimes outdoors, as they are commonly used in residential and
rooftop cooling systems, and are housed in your standard exterior unit.

Types of Air cooled condensers

a. Natural convection air cooled condenser

b. Forced convection air cooled condenser

15
  The advantage of choosing an air-cooled system is that they:
Are typically lower in initial purchase cost.
Require less overall lifespan maintenance
Do not require a mechanical room. .

3.1.1.2 Water-Cooled Condenser

The system operates through a network of water coils used to transfer the heat from the
condenser coils. These systems typically work in-tandem with a cooling tower in order
to circulate out and exhaust heat.
Types of water cooled condenser.

• Tube in tube condenser

• Shell and coil condenser

• Shell and tube condenser

16
 • Water-cooled systems are often chosen because:
They operate at better efficiencies.
Water is inexpensive
Extended lifespan
Can operate better at higher temperatures.
Liquid cooling offers higher thermal conductivity than air cooling
Water has unusually high specific heat capacity among commonly available liquids at
room temperature and atmospheric pressure allowing efficient heat transfer over
distance with low rates of mass transfer.

3.1.1.3 Evaporative Condensers

The evaporative condenser can be an efficient method of heat rejection. The heat is
rejected at a lower temperature than with simple air-cooling. However this advantage is
only realized above a certain size and loading conditions. This is shown that operating
costs can be higher than for air cooled, taking account of cost of water supply, disposal
and treatment.
The cooling effect of the evaporation of water is applied directly to the condenser
refrigerant pipes in the evaporative condenser

• Applications:
Evaporative condensers can be utilized inside or outside of a building and under run of
the mill conditions, work at a low gathering temperature.
Advantages:
These are used in large commercial air-conditioning units.

17
TEST OF CONDENSER USING DIFFERENT MATERIALS

Thermal Heat Transfer (Q)

Materials conductivity (k) (Watt)
(W/m. K)

Copper 399 28188

Aluminum 235 16602

Steel 43 3037.9

18
3.1.2 Selection of Condenser Type

Weighted Decision Matrix

Considerable Properties of Condenser:

1. Volume (a)

2. Efficiency (b)

3. Conductivity (c)

4. Cost (d)

5. Environmental Conditions (temperature) (e)

Weighted table

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) TOTAL PERCENTAGE

(a) _____ 1 0 0 1 2 20%

(b) 0 _____ 0 1 1 2 20%

(c) 1 1 _____ 0 0 2 20%

(d) 1 0 1 _____ 1 3 30%

(e) 0 0 1 0 _____ 1 10%

1 for important

0 for not important

19
 Rating matrix

Type

1. Water Cooled(A)

2. Air Cooled(B)

WEIGHTEAGE A B A B
A 0.20 2 1 0.40 0.20
B 0.20 2 1 0.40 0.20
C 0.20 2 1 0.40 0.20
D 0.30 1 2 0.30 0.60
E 0.10 2 1 0.20 0.10
1.70 1.30

1 Does not meet requirements

2 Fully meet the requirements

So on this basis we have selected water cooled condenser as it has a rating of 1.7.

20
3.1.3 Material Selection For Condenser

Weighted Decision Matrix

Considerable Properties of metals

1. Thermal conductivity (a)

2. Corrosion resistance (b)

3. Maintenance (c)

4. Cost (d)

5. Manufacturing (e)

Weighted table

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) TOTAL PERCENTAGE

(a) _____ 1 0 1 1 3 30%

(b) 0 _____ 0 0 1 1 10%

(c) 1 1 _____ 1 1 4 40%

(d) 0 1 0 _____ 1 2 20%

(e) 0 0 0 0 _____ 0 0%

1 for important

0 for not important

21
 Rating matrix
Material

1. Stainless steel (A)

2. Aluminum (B)

3. Copper (C)

WEIGHTEAGE A B C A B C
A 0.30 2 3 3 0.60 0.90 0.90
B 0.10 2 3 2 0.20 0.30 0.20
C 0.40 3 1 2 1.20 0.40 0.80
D 0.20 3 2 1 0.60 0.40 0.20
E 0.00 2 3 2 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.6 2.00 2.1

1 DOES NOT MEET REQUIREMENT

2 PARTIALLY
3 FULLY

So we will select stainless steel as it has highest rating of 2.6.

22
3.2 Flash Tank

Flash (or partial) evaporation is the partial vapor that occurs when a saturated liquid
stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other
throttling device. This process is one of the simplest unit operations. If the throttling
valve or device is located at the entry into a pressure vessel so that the flash
evaporation occurs within the vessel, then the vessel is often referred to as a Flash
tank:-

This type of flash evaporation is used in the desalination of brackish water or ocean
water by "Multi-Stage Flash Distillation." The water is heated and then routed into a
reduced-pressure flash evaporation "stage" where some of the water flashes into
steam. This steam is subsequently condensed into salt-free water. The residual salty
liquid from that first stage is introduced into a second flash evaporation stage at a
pressure lower than the first stage pressure. More water is flashed into steam which is
also subsequently condensed into more salt-free water. This sequential use of multiple
flash evaporation stages is continued until the design objectives of the system are met.
A large part of the world's installed desalination capacity uses multi-stage flash
distillation. Typically such plants have 24 or more sequential stages of flash
evaporation.

23
As it consist of multi stage due to its design objective but our project objective will be
achieved with in one flash tank as it converted water into steam which later takes into
condenser. So we are not using multistage rather we are using single stage flash tank.

3.2.1 Design consideration

According to design consideration there are different design of flash tank

• Horizontal vs. Vertical

– Vertical preferred when:
• small liquid load
• limited plot space
• ease of level control is desired

Horizontal preferred when

•large liquid loads are involved, consequently hold-up will set the size
•Three phases are present

24
3.3 Valves

Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and pressure within a system or
process. They are essential components of a piping system that conveys liquids, gases,
vapors, slurries etc.

FUNCTIONS FROM VALVES ARE:

 Stopping and starting flow

 Reduce or increase a flow
 Controlling the direction of flow
 Regulating a flow or process pressure
 Relieve a pipe system of a certain pressure
There are many valve designs, types and models, with a wide range of industrial
applications. All satisfy one or more of the functions identified above. Valves are
expensive items, and it is important that a correct valve is specified for the function, and
must be constructed of the correct material for the process liquid.

25
3.3.1 Types of valves.

Different types of valves are available: gate, globe, plug, ball, butterfly, check,
diaphragm, pinch, pressure relief, control valves etc. Each of these types has a number
of models, each with different features and functional capabilities. Some valves are self-
operated while others manually or with an actuator or pneumatic or hydraulic is
operated.
In piping following types of valves are used depending on the requirements. The cost of
Valve in the piping system is up to 20 to 30% of the overall piping cost. And the cost of
a given type and size of the valve can vary 100%. It means that if you choose ball valve
over butterfly valve for the same function. It can cost you more. So, the selection of
valves is essential to the economics, as well as operation, of the process plants.
• Check Valve
• Expansion Valve
.

3.3.1.3 Check valve (non-return valve)

The check valve prevents backflow in the piping system. The pressure of the fluid
passing through a pipeline opens the valve, while any reversal of flow will close the
valve.
Non return valves allow the fluid to flow only in one desired direction. Any flow in the
opposite direction is mechanically restricted from occurring. A non-return valve is fitted
to ensure that a medium flows through a pipe in the right direction, where pressure
conditions may otherwise cause reversed flow.
Non return valves are used to prevent back flow of fluid, which could damage
equipment or upset the process. Such valves are especially useful in protecting a pump
in liquid applications or a compressor in gas applications from back flow when the pump
or compressor is shut down. Non return valves are also used in process systems that
have varying pressures, which must be kept separate. All check valves are non return
valves.

26
3.3.1.2 Expansion Valve

Expansion valves are essentially isenthalpic devices with no work interaction and
negligible heat interaction with the surroundings.
The expansion valve is a passive orifice through which the liquid refrigerant is forced by
the pressure difference between the condensing and the evaporating conditions. If a
system could always operate at fixed conditions, correctly charged, a simple restriction
would fulfil the requirement. In practice this is never the case and control is necessary.
Expansion devices in general use are the following:
1.Capillary tubes, for small hermetic systems. These are factory selected and cannot be
adjusted.
2.Solenoid valves with liquid level sensors or liquid level valves for flooded evaporators.
3.High-pressure float valves plus handset throttle valves for some flooded and low-
pressure receiver circuits.
4.Thermostatic expansion valves or electronic expansion valves for direct expansion
circuits.

Different types of valves serve these functions. These valves can be classified or
categorized based on :
• Function
• End connection
• How it operates
• Types of Actuator it used

27
3.4 PUMPS
A hydrodynamic pump machine is a device for converting the energy held by
mechanical energy into fluid.

Pumps enable a fluid to:

• Flow from a region or low pressure to one of high pressure

. • Flow from a low level to a higher level.

• Flow at a faster rate.

The type of pump selection depends upon the following factors:

• The type of liquid you wish to pump

• The distance you wish to move the liquid

• The volume you need to achieve over a specific time frame

But it can be difficult to know exactly which pump you should choose. There are so
many designs and niches that identifying the pump which will meet these three needs
can be confusing. To simplify things when trying to select your pump, there are two
types of pump which work in very different ways and broadly encapsulate most pump
designs.

28
 Risk assessment

A systematic process of evaluating the potential risks that may be involved in a projected activity must
be analyzed and eliminated during design phase of the machine. This assessment is necessary to ensure
the 5S principle of safety for Atlas Honda ltd. Since company has strict policy against the happening and
root causes of any possible outcome that may result in staff or worker injury or may affect the
production line

1. The following three categories were considered during the assessment:

• Risk Identification

• Risk Assessment

• Risk Management

2. Likelihood, Impact and Risk rating is based on the following criteria:

• 1 = Low

• 2 = Medium

• 3 = High

3. Risk rating is calculated by multiplying likelihood and impact.

29
 Risk rating = Likelihood x Impact

Risk Description Consequences likelihood Impact Risk Risk

Rating Management
Design Wrong Low efficiency 1 3 3 Suitable
selection of of the project. selection of
components. components for
efficiency.

Cost Cost of the Project will 1 3 3 Keep 10%

designed not be contingencies
machine will feasible in the budget
exceed the
budget
range of
estimated
cost.
Quality of deviation 2 1 2 Incorporation
Fabrication selected from of factor in
parts will simulation value of FOS
diminish due
to machining
tolerances

30
Gantt chart

31
32
 SOR

Title:Design and Fabrication of Issue: 01 Date: 21-02-2019

flash chamber and condenser

CHANGES D/W REF REQUIREMENTS

1 Introduction

1.1 Preamble

The provision of clean water is an important issue

to solve and there is no one solution,thankfully.
Different areas have different problems and
resources and no one solution can be applied to all.
In developed countries, water is often pumped from
a nearby lake or from ground water and extensively
treated in several stages in large plants to ensure
safety. Water is commonly filtrated, sometimes in
several stages with chemicals added to completely
eliminate the smallest particles of pollutants and to
speed up the process. Chemicals are then filtered
out again. Filtration in various forms is so far the
only method to clean water, apart from UV-
purification, whether it be a traditional slow sand
filter or a reverse osmosis system or a modern,
large scale filter in a water-purification plant.In now
a days concentrated solar system is ued for the
purification of saline water into purified water.
Concentrated Solar system is ued for the purifiation
of saline water by solar energy and then heat
exhanger is used to exhanges heat from fluid with
water and makes water hotter and then Flash
chamber is used to convert water into steam by
reducing pressure and then condenser is used to
convert it into purified water and store it into storage
tank.

1.2 Scope

The scope of project is to Design and fabrication Of

Flash Chamber And Condenser For Distillation
System.

1.3 Related Documents

33
 1.3.1 Books

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (8th

Edition)
by Yunus A. Cengel
Fluid Mechanics
by Munson 5th Ed
Power plant Technology
By M.M.El-Wakil

1.3.2 Softwares

Solid works

EES
Ansys 13.0
1.4 Deliverables

To Design and Fabrication Of Flash Chamber And

D 1.4.1
Condenser For Distillation System

Fabrication of Flash Chamber And Condenser of

W(H) 1.4.2 Distillation System for puifiation of Saline water.

Fabricate the system by using suitable material.

Purification of Saline Water by Concentrated Solar

W(L) 1.4.3
system

Automatic System for Flash chamber to stop when

W(L) 1.4.4
the required level of Flash chamber is obtainted.

D 1.4.5 Final project report

1.5 Technical Requirements

1.5.1 knowledge of Thermodynamics,Basic knowledge of

fluid Mechanics

1.5.2 knowledge of Ansys software

1.5.3 knowledge of Solid works software

1.5.4 Hydraulic fittings,Valves,vaccum maintainance.

1.5.5
Selection of suitable material
1.6 Design Considerations

34
 1.6.1 Cost consideration

1.6.2 Local market availability of items

1.6.3 Mobility

1.6.4 Sealing

Stress
1.6.5
pressure maintaince.
1.6.6

1.7 Hazards/Safety

1.7.1 Wear protective googles,steel toed

shoes,gloves,and Ear muffs to minimize risk of
engineering.

1.8 Costs

1.8.1 The estimated cost of the Project is Rs. 6,00,000.

1.8.2 The above mentioned cost is subjected to material

cost, assembly requirements, and testing.

Project Advisor's

Signature

35
 Bibliography

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2.(Hindelang, Man jjhat; Palazzolo, Joseph; Robertson, Matthew, "Condensers",

Encyclopedia of CHemical Engineering Equipment, University of Michigan, retrieved
May 13, 2012)
3.(American Petroleum Institute. Specification for Glycol Type Gas Dehydration Units
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4. Khurmi R.S., and Gupta J.K., Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, S Chand,
2012.
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Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2008.
6. Admiraal D. M., and Bullard C. W., Heat Transfer in Refrigerator Conditioners
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Sons, 1994.
9. Shan K. W., Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 2nd Edition, Mc
Graw Hill, 2003.
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