SOCIAL HISTORY PAPER

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

ARRANGED BY GROUP 4

AYU RATNA SARI 02

DELLA LORENZA 03
JIMMY GUNAWAN 07

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL XI SOCIAL

MUTIARA BANGSA 3 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

JELAMBAR BARAT III STREET NO. 5B, WEST JAKARTA

2018/2019 STUDY PERIOD

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 FOREWORD

Thank you for the presence of God Almighty for all the blessings, so that
the historical paper entitled "America Revolution" can be resolved to the maximum
without any significant obstacles. This paper was compiled to fulfill the initial
assignment of Indonesian History subjects in semester 2 which was fostered by Mr.
Darma Mustaram, S.Pd .

The writing of this paper is based on learning about the World’s Revolution
in the class. It is hoped that with the writing of this paper, the reader can find out
more deeply about the American Revolution and can give reader inspiration that
obtained from the events of the American revolution

This paper can’t be completed on time without the help and support of
various parties that we cannot mention one by one. For this reason, we express our
gratitude to those who support and inspire us and we also express our deepest
gratitude to the instructors of Indonesian history, for giving us the opportunity to
arrange this paper in order to fulfill the assessmentin on this second semester and
at the same time make us understanding material historical events of the American
revolution that included in the category of world revolution which gave a great
influence to the world.

The author realizes that there are still many mistakes in the preparation of
this paper, both in terms of the systematics of paper writing, vocabulary, grammar,
ethics and the content and material contained in the paper. Therefore, the team of
writers are looking forward to constructive criticism and suggestions from all
readers to make them as evaluation material, especially from the Indonesian History
subject supervisor, Mr Darma Mustaram, S.Pd.

Thus, hopefully this paper can be accepted as an idea that adds to the
nation's intellectual property and fosters a sense of nationalism within us.

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 Jakarta, 7th January 2019

Writer Team

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD ...................................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... iii

CHAPTER I : PRELIMINARY .......................................................................... 1

1.1 Background .............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Formulation of The Problem .................................................................... 3
1.3 Purpose ..................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Benefits ..................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II : DISCUSSION ............................................................................ 5

2.1 The Process of colonialism in America .................................................... 5

2.1.1 The Beginning of Arrival Colonialist ............................................... 5

2.1.2 The Migration of English People to America ................................... 7

2.1.3 The Domination of Englad Power in America ................................. 8

2.1.4 The Resistance of Indian Tribe Against Colonialism ....................... 10

2.2 The Condition Life of People in America Before the Revolution ........... 13

2.2.1 Political Conditions of America Colonial Communities .................. 13

2.2.2 Social Conditions of America Colonial Communities ..................... 14

2.2.2.1 North Coolonial ........................................................................ 14

2.2.2.2 South Colonial .......................................................................... 15

2.2.2.3 Middle Colonial ........................................................................ 16

2.2.3 Economy Conditions of America Colonial Communities ................ 16

2.2.3.1 North Colonnial ........................................................................ 16

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 2.2.3.2 South Colonial .......................................................................... 17

2.2.3.3 Middle Colonial ........................................................................ 18

2.3 The Event of American Revolution.......................................................... 18

2.3.1 Causative Factor ............................................................................... 18

2.3.1.1 The View of Freedom in Politic................................................ 18

2.3.1.2 The View of Freedom in Trade ................................................. 19

2.3.1.3 The Aplication of Too Much Taxes .......................................... 20

2.3.1.4 Disclaimer of England Parliament Mixed in America .............. 24

2.3.1.5 The Boston Tea Party................................................................ 25

2.3.2 The Process of American Revolution ............................................... 27

2.3.2.1 Continental Congress ................................................................ 27

2.3.2.2 American War & The Ending of Revolution ........................... 29

2.3.2.3 Paris Treaty ............................................................................... 31

2.3.2.4 The Forming of Conference ...................................................... 32

2.3.2.5 The Philadelphia Convence 1787 ............................................. 33

2.3.2.6 The American Constitute .......................................................... 34

2.4 The Figures of American Revolution ....................................................... 36

2.5 The Impact of Revolution......................................................................... 39

2.5.1 Impact For World ............................................................................. 39

2.5.2 Impact for Indonesia ......................................................................... 41

CHAPTER III : CLOSURE ................................................................................ 42

3.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 42

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 3.2 Sugesstion ................................................................................................. 42

GLOSSARY........................................................................................................ 44

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 45

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 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1 BACKGROUND
The notion of democracy and nationalism has developed and is well-
known until now not separated from the thoughts of the people to be free from
colonialism and imperialism and hope that they can live by getting the same
rights as others and prosperous. The attempt to break away from imperialism
and colonialism is usually carried out through revolution, the Revolution is a
social and cultural change that takes place quickly and concerns the basis or
points of life of society. In a revolution, changes that occur can be planned or
without premeditation and can be carried out without violence or through
violence.
America itself is an independent country through a revolution. We know
this because before, America was the same as Indonesia, which was a colonial
country. It began when Christus Colombus in 1942 from Spain landed in the
islands of the Bahamas, Cuba and Santo Damingo in the southern part of the
continent. Columbus's arrival to the new continent, which at that time was
inhabited by Native American tribes, namely Indians. The arrival of
Christophorus Columbus caused many travelers to come from mainland Europe
to visit the continent. Thus, many immigrants who came and mingled became
the dominant population in America. At that time, Europe was still hit by
political turmoil, poverty, and ongoing religious conflict.
In its development, Britain became the dominant nation in America.
Britain was able to establish 13 colonies in America including Virginia,
Maryland, New York and Georgia for 160 years. The growth of British colonies
in America during the early eighteenth century until the eighteenth century
caused various tensions with European countries, especially France. So the
French and Indian War arose (1754-1763). In this war, France and Britain
fought over territory in North America. the war was won by the British but

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Britain suffered a huge debt swell due to this war. to cover the cost of the war,
Britain issued a number of regulations for its colonies. various taxes and duties
are imposed on goods and trade in the British colony. colonies in America had
previously been a major contributor to British wealth. seeing the prosperity of
this colony and the lack of support of the colonies during the French and Indian
wars, the royal government changed the tax rules and tightened them to increase
revenue. this tax regulation was implemented without consulting the colonial
government. the colonial government rejected taxes whose rules were issued
without proper representation for them in the British parliament.
The economic conditions before the American Revolution were at that
time the rules of taxes, customs, imports and exports and clothing and food
products were controlled by the British. The first tax rule from the British
government to the colonies in America was the Stamp Act in 1765. In this
regulation every official document, license, trade contract, newspaper,
pamphlet, even playing cards must be marked with a tax stamp. The Stamp Act
was revoked in 1766 because there was a lot of resistance in a number of regions
opposed to this regulation, and there was also a boycott of imported products
from Britain. It was from the conflict of the Stamp Act that first caused a sense
of nationalism in the unity of the American colony.
Then the following year the government of Iggris re-issued the Townshend
Act. This rule imposes duties on imports of tin, glass, paint, paper and the.
Revenue from this fee was used for the benefit of British troops in America and
paid for British royal employees who collected taxes. to challenge him, the
community again boycotted products from the UK. direct protests also occur.
on March 5, 1770, many people gathered to meet the British army in Boston.
they pelted soldiers with various items ...

When a soldier fell, another soldier opened fire on the crowd. five civilians
were killed in this incident called the Buston massacre. this event was
immediately used as propaganda against the British government. in 1772,

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 Rhode island people attacked the British customs ship, the Gaspee, and injured
the captain of his ship. this event was called the Gaspee Affair.
In 1773 a Tea Act was issued. this rule reduces customs clearance for tea
East India Company / Dutch East Indies and allows exports directly to America.
This tea price is much cheaper than the smuggled tea from the Netherlands
which is commonly consumed in the American community. if the people buy it,
that means they accept the excise rules. besides, this tea is only sold through
special agents so that it can harm American traders. in order to protest this rule,
a group of patriots dressed like Indians climbed into the British tea merchant
ship which was leaning on the port of Boston, Massachusetts. led by Samuel
Adams, they dumped tea on a ship. this unusual incident was later known as the
Boston Tea Party.
As a reaction, the royal government issued a number of rules known as the
Intolerable Acts in 1774. The first rule limited the Massachusetts assembly
power and meetings in the city. The second rule states that royal government
employees including soldiers must be tried in Britain, not in America. third, the
Boston port was closed until Britain received compensation due to the Boston
Tea Party. fourth, the British army is allowed to be given a place to live in
buildings that are not occupied, including people's homes. With this, the sense
of nationalism is increasingly aroused and feelings arise to be free and oppose
colonialism. So that the American revolution was carried out as an effort for the
American nation to live sovereignly.

1.2 FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

1. What is the reason for the American revolution?

2. What is the condition of American society before the revolution, both
politically, socially and economically?
3. Who are the figures who played an important role in the American
revolution and its role?
4. What is the process of the American Revolution?
5. How can the events of the American Revolution end?

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 6. What influence does the American revolution have on the world and
Indonesia?

1.3 PURPOSE

Following are the objectives of the writing of this paper:

1. To find out the causes of the American revolution?

2. To know the condition of American society before the revolution, both
politically, socially and economically?
3. To find out the figures who played an important role in the American
revolution and its role?
4. To know the process of the events of the American Revolution?
5. To know the process of the end of the American revolution?
6. To find out the influence gained from the occurrence of the American
revolution, both for the world and Indonesia?

1.4 BENEFITS

The benefits of writing this paper are:

1. Readers can better understand the events of the history of the American
revolution more clearly

2. The author can better understand the material regarding the events of the
American revolution

3. Can be used as a reference source of information or information for the

reader

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 THE PROCESS OF COLONIALISM IN AMERICA

2.1.1 THE BEGINNING OF ARRIVAL COLONIALIST

In 1497 Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean (US)

in order to find a western route to Asia. After five years after Columbus's
arrival, a Venetian sailor named Cabot arrived in Newfoundland, he got
a mission from the king of England. Columbus managed to help realize
Spanish colonialism in 1513. With the subjugation of Mexico in 1522
Spain strengthened their position in the western world. The exploration
of the American continent was intensified and knowledge of the
American continent was increasingly widespread after an Italian
Amerigo Vespucci succeeded in writing a book entitled the new world.

In 1529, a map of the Atlantic coastline from Labrador to

Tierra del Fuergo was successfully made. Meanwhile Spain managed to
conquer Peru after exploration was carried out. In 1539 Spain managed
to land in Florida, roaming the southeastern US to the Mississippi river.
In 1540 departing from Mexico, the Spanish expedition reached the
Grand Canyon and Kansas. But they were driven away by the Indians,
with the success of the Indians, they got horses from the colonial Spain
that he had abandoned. The expedition brought change to the Indians,
quite a lot of horses that were owned by Indians from the previous ones
and they became expert horsemen so they could expand their activities
and drive away Europeans who surged into their territory. The existence
of the Indians would certainly make it difficult for the European
colonialists to control the area. Slowly but surely with their various
strategies to inspire the Indian nation.

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 The French expedition came, after their colonization in
Quebec collapsed in the 1540s, France attempted to occupy the north
coast of Florida 2 decades later. Spain regards France as a threat to trade
routes. Finally in 1565 the Spanish colony managed to destroy the French
colony and not far from there to build settlements st. Agustine. Europe's
first permanent settlement. Spain is getting richer by colonizing the
Caribbean, Peru and Mexico of course by dredging the area's natural
products. This has created interest from other European countries.

In 1570 there were Indians who inhabited the area of Lake Ontario
and Lake Erie. The Indian nation consists of five tribes namely Ho-De-
No-Sau-Nee. The nation, beside the king there was a Council consisting
of representatives of the five tribes. The Board has the right to issue laws
that must be obeyed by the people. The people of the five tribes comply
with the law issued by the council. One important law is the problem of
war, every tribe is not allowed to fight alone, but must be together.
Besides that the law on murder crimes was also issued by the council.
Every tribe is equal and free means no slaves.

Judging from the organizational structure of the Indians, the system

of mutual cooperation has dominated life, democracy has been
implemented, equality of human rights has been well implemented, while
in Europe there are still slavery, especially African slaves. This nation
has extensive power covering parts of the United States and Canada
supported by a strong war fleet. the nation's main income is animal fur.

In 1609 Henry Hudson's envoy from the Dutch East Indies

explored the area now called New York. The Dutch were interested in
the fur trade, for this reason the Dutch finally established close relations
with Indians who were members of the Five Nations Iroquois (Ho-Do-
No-Sau-Nee). As was the custom of the Dutch to strengthen the trade
monopoly and intervene in the five nations they built a fortress in Albany.
The Dutch then built a colony on the island of Manhattan in the early

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 1620s, they bought from an Indian tribe for $ 24 and the name was
immediately replaced with New Amsterdam.

In 1578 Humpherly Gilbert received an order from Queen

Elizabeth (British ruler) to colonize the United States. But Gilbert then
disappeared into the sea. After 5 years, Walter Raleigh continued the
mission. In 1585 he founded the first British colony on the island of
Roanoke, off the coast of North Carolina. But the colony failed. England
initially traded animal fur with Indians. After a long time failed to
establish a colony, finally in 1607, the British managed to establish a
colony in Jamestown. In addition, the Indians also carried out fur trade
with the Dutch. For so long trading animal fur with the Indians and
getting some concessions, finally in 1640 Britain had a strong colony
along the coast of New England and Chesapeake Bay. Meanwhile the
Dutch strengthened their position by building a fort in Albany and
building colonies in Manhattan in the early 1620s.

2.1.2 THE MIGRATION OF ENGLISH POPULATION TO AMERICA

After the British colonies were established many waves of

British immigrants flocked for new livelihoods. They came for various
reasons, both because they wanted to earn abundant income, political
oppression in their country and the restraint of religious freedom.

In 1630, King Charles 1's arbitrary rule stimulated a wave of

migration to America. Followed after the rebellion of the political
opponent of King Charles namely Oliver Cromwell who succeeded in the
1640s caused the men of King Charles to leave England and complain to
Virginia. Around the end of the 17th century and 18 a series of wars and
discrimination against politics and religion encouraged the movement of
migration to America. The movement of the British population in this
period was not sponsored by the government, but by a group of

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 individuals whose main motive was to seek profits. Their journey
requires careful planning and arrangement to minimize costs and prevent
a large risk.

It was compounded when between 1620-1635 when economic

hardship hit Britain, the Industrial revolution took part in the condition
of the British economy. The industrial revolution gave rise to new
discoveries such as spinning machines and weavers which resulted in
many unemployed human labor, landlords who used to farm turned
professors into sheep breeders to produce woolen cloth, this resulted in
unemployed cultivators. The more unemployment that engulfs Britain
will result in a very destructive social crisis, finally the best solution is to
do colonial expansion in America.

The migrants were initially unable to survive, if not assisted by the

Indians. They taught him to plant pumpkin, squash, beans and corn.
Large-scale looting began, with extensive forests being processed to
make houses, ships and furniture. Trade with Europe continues, to bring
in goods that cannot be produced in America or sell raw materials
produced by America. During the first 100 years colonists built dense
settlements along the coast. They did not dare to expand into the interior
because of the resistance and resistance of the Indians and the natural
conditions that were not widely known.

2.1.3 THE DOMINATION OF ENGLAND POWER IN AMERICA

As is well known, the first British colony in the US was

Jamestown, precisely in the bay to the upper reaches of the James River.
Captain John Smith led the colony, in the first year Indian tribes whose
territory began to be controlled by the British carried out a series of
attacks, but the colonials managed to break the attacks of Indian tribes.
In 1610, the city of Henrico (Now Richmond) was built further up the

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 James River. In 1612, local tobacco seeds which were successfully
crossed with East Indian tobacco produced new varieties, and tobacco
was the main income of the Virginia colony. Land clearing and tobacco
planting were increasingly troubling for the Native Americans (Indians).
During the 10-year period tobacco became the main income of
colonialists in the US, and in 1614 the first ships containing abundant
tobacco from its looting in the US arrived in London in 1614. Such
conditions caused an extraordinary attack from the tribes of 1607-1624
Indians whose territory is increasingly threatened by the colonialists.

In 1620 the Leyden Puritans obtained land certificates

from the Virginia alliance number 101 and they planned to leave for
Virginia on a ship called Myflower, but they were stranded on Cape Cod,
New England. They arrived at the port of Polymouth and established
settlements, many of them could not survive, but because of the
friendliness and humanity of the Wampanoang Indians, they were taught
to plant corn and in the fall they could harvest the corn.

In 1630 armed with King Charles 1's permission, a

wave of British immigrants established colonies in the bay of
Massachusetts. Puritans dominated the colony and the governor's office
was occupied by John Winthrop. The rigid orthodoxy that arbitrarily
deprived Indian tribes of land was disliked by young priest Roger
Williams, while Ane Hutchinson opposed the core doctrine of the Puritan
Church. Finally after they were both expelled, in 1663 Williams bought
land from the Narragansett Indians now called Providence, Rhode Island.

The sympathetic British Parliament gave Williams a

charter and established Rhode Island as a special colony. Around 1630
orthodox puritans left the Massachusetts bay colony, they heard information
about the fertility of the Connecticut river valley, supported by their British
colonialist military with more modern equipment and finally fought against
Indian tribes to control the fertile land and predictably, they managed to

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 control the territory it's from Indians. In New Hamphsire and the coast of
Maine, more and more migrants want to find the land and freedom offered
by the New World, he said, of course by eliminating the ownership of Indian
tribes that have lived and lived in the United States for centuries.

2.1.4 THE RESISTANCE OF INDIAN TRIBE AGAINST COLONIALISM

The existence of the Indians would certainly make it difficult

for the European colonialists to control the area. Slowly but surely with
their various strategies to inspire the Indian nation. It should be
remembered that among European colonizers (England, the Netherlands,
France and Spain) they all competed with each other to compete for the
influence of trade in the Indians and in the end competed for the power
of the Indians. It should also be noted that European colonialists,
especially the Dutch, brought African slaves to America for labor in the
fields.

The ups and downs of relations between Indians and

European colonialists often occur. One time they collaborated, but when
others fought with each other, all of them defended their respective
interests. As a host, the Indians felt the need to control the European

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 colonialists, but the great desire to control the rich land encouraged
European colonialists to expand into the territory of the Indian tribes. The
strategy used by the first colonialists was trade. The colonialists
monopolized the trade in Indian tribes, after they felt strong finally as the
essence of controlling the territory. A series of battles took place between
the interests of defending the territory and the interests of European
colonialist expansion, fighting also often occurred between European
colonies.

In 1621 King Philip, a king of the Indians entered into a peace

treaty with British colonialism which had a strong influence. In 1622 the
Indians carried out a series of attacks on Virginia, Jamestown which was
ruled by British colonialism and the Indians managed to win the war.
Then in 1637 there was a battle of Pequot between Indian tribes against
British colonialists, this happened because the colonialists occupied the
fertile Connecticut river region. But finally the British colonialists won
the battle.

In 1660, because of the solidness of the British colonies and

the support of good military forces they finally attacked the Dutch
colonialists, the Dutch colonies in New Nedherland were defeated and
expelled, and British colonies were established in New York, New Jersy,
Deleware and Pennsylvania. British colonialists increasingly expanded
into the Dutch colonies in Long Island and Manhattan, finally fighting
after battle was won by British colonialists.

In 1675 the King of the Indians, namely King Philip tried to

unite the divided Indian nation due to the politics of colonial sheep fighting.
But his efforts did not go well so that the Indian nation suffered a
successive defeat. This resulted in the death of King Philip and many
Indian people who were sold as slaves.

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 In 1745 there was a war between the French colonial army and
the British colonial at the Duquesne fortress. British Colonial immediately
conducted the Albany congress starting June 19 - July 10, 1745 by meeting
the Indians in Albany, New York, in order to strengthen relations with
them and ensure their loyalty to the British to support the British colonials
facing the French colonial, British control can dodge again. In 1754 the
Indians who had fallen into the British colonial grip finally joined in
fighting with Britain in the war with colonial France, then followed the
war with France again in 1763.

England won brilliantly the war. Meanwhile, to get rid of and

undermine the Indian nation, the colonial side used a stratagem and
succeeded. There was a difference of opinion between the representative
council of the Indians, each tribe was divided and moved on its own, not
obeying the law set by the council. Seeing that condition, the colonial side
did not waste the opportunity and through their battle to destroy the Indian
nation which became the main barrier to control the territory of the United
States. The history of the Indians who were previously strong and strong
ended in great power in the era of the 1600s, because of the shrewdness of
the colonialists that the Indians were eliminated from their ancestral
territories and the death toll became even more inevitable.

Many factors influence the defeat of Indian tribes including the

war equipment used by Indians is still traditional, while the colonialists
have more modern warfare equipment, besides that the cunning of the
colonialist party to do fighting and political divisions. As a result of the
defeat, the Indian tribes were increasingly pushed and the area was
diminishing. British colonies in the United States joined the region to
strengthen defense. The bay colonies of Massachusetts, Playmouth,
Connecticut and New Haven formed the New England Confederation in
1643. Since then, colonialism in America has expanded and developed into
a colony society.

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2.2 THE CONDITION LIFE OF PEOPLE IN AMERICA BEFORE THE
REVOLUTION

2.2.1 POLITICAL CONDITIONS OF AMERICAN COLONIAL

COMMUNITIES

During the British colonial period in North America until the

onset of the American Revolution in 1776, Britain owned the Quebec and
Navo Scotia regions which were later made provinces, located in Canada.
In addition, Britain also has 13 original colonies which were later made
into 13 provinces. The 13 colonies will later be transformed into what
country we know with the United States. In 1733, there were thirteen
colonies. These colonies are usually grouped into New England (New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut), Central
colonies (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware), and South
(Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia).

From 1754 to 1763, Britain and France were involved in a war

called the Seven Years' War. England managed to win the war. France
handed over its colonies in Canada to Britain, and surrendered Louisiana
to Spain; Spain handed Florida to England. This war was a turning point
in the political development of the colony. The influence of the main
thrones of the English Throne in the colonies and Canada, France and the
North American Indians, was greatly reduced. In addition, the war effort
resulted in a greater political integration of the colony, as shown at the
Albany Congress and symbolized by the call of Benjamin Franklin to keep
all colonies "Unified or Dead."

Following British control of France in North America, King

George III issued the Proclamation of the Kingdom of 1763, which stated
that people living in thirteen colonies could not settle west of the
Appalachian Mountains. [38] The purpose of this proclamation was to

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organize a new North American empire and protect Indian tribes from
colonial expansion to the western region. In the following period, there
was tension between the colonists and the Kingdom. The British
Parliament issued a Stamp Act of 1765, taxing the colonies without going
through the colonial legislature. Additional taxes were also established
through the Sugar Act (1764), the Stamps Act (1765), the Townsend Act
(1767), and the Tea Act (1773).

2.2.2 SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF AMERICAN COLONIAL

COMMUNITIES

2.2.2.1 NORTH COLONIAL

Based on the geographical approach of American history,

in the colonial period until the onset of civil war in the United States
(1861 - 1865) the region became two major regions, namely the
regions located in the south and north. The division of the area in the
colony period made it easy to find out the differences between
community cultures in the two regions.

The population of the South colony is not as large

as in the North (New England) colony, but larger than the colony in
the Middle. In the 18th century (in 1725), the population of Virginia
consisted mostly of English and Negroes. Many residents came from
the Pennsylvania region to the south after 1725. The emergence of
slavery in the South during the colony influenced the culture of
colonists on the status of Negroes who were mostly slaves. The
population of the hiatam skins in the South colonies such as North
Carolina, Georgia and Maryland, all of them are almost even.

Colony settlements in Carolina related to settlement

of British colonists after they succeeded in establishing the city of
Jameston in Virginia. In the development of the Carolina colony, after

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 being inhabited for more than half a century, then in 1729 the area was
divided into two parts, namely North Carolina and South Carolina.
Most settlers in North Carolina consist of poor farmers with several
slaves. They lived in simple houses made of wood and they planted
tobacco to send to the mother country. In 1763, the capital of South
Carolina, Charleston, was inhabited by a population of 10,000.

2.2.2.2 SOUTH COLONIAL

During the 17th century America was a representation of

culture as well as politics in the government of the British parent
country. The various daily needs of the colonists are assisted by the
parent country. The growth of intellectual life is constrained by
various factors. Contact between one colony and another colony has
not been intensive, many still focus on the interests of the parent
country. The largest colony of the Southern region is to rely on
agriculture and plantations to focus more on the status of the province
of the United Kingdom.

The community that owns plantations in the South consists

of hundreds of families from aristocrats. They are concentrated in the
coastal settlement of the Chesapeake Bay and in the lowlands of South
Carolina. They are elites in plantation communities, their social class
is based on wealth, especially ownership of plantation lands and slaves.
They feel as a super race obtained from generation to generation.

Race superiority began to emerge as a consequence of the

plantation area using slave labor. What emerged was called race
theory, which contained that the position of white people in society
was higher and superior compared to non-white people. During the
colonization African slaves who were "discovered" through
"discovery" in the 15th and 16th were considered and treated as low,
non-Christian and uncivilized races. However, the entry of slaves into

15
 Christianity is not automatically released from their status as a race
that is considered inferior.

2.2.2.3 MIDDLE COLONIAL

However, not all colonists in the area gained prosperity.

Some of them remain poor like their land when they live in their home
countries. This condition has created a new social structure. British
rulers in New York, like the Dutch ruler before them, gave landowners
rights to rich land. Some farmers act as tenants to landlords so that a
class of land tenant farmers is formed.

Whereas in urban areas, besides being inhabited by

aristocratic groups and traders, there are also working classes that do
not have skills. This last group occupies the lowest social layer and is
difficult to carry out social mobility after social relations with political
elites and wealthy traders are closed to them. Marriage of children of
the political elite family with children of families of merchants of
wealthy entrepreneurs has strengthened the alliance between them to
control the political institutions of the colony.

2.2.3 ECONOMY CONDITIONS OF AMERICAN COLONIAL

COMMUNITIES

New England has small farms, and is based more on fisheries,

shipping and small industries. The South Colony has tobacco and cotton
plantations. These gardens were initially cultivated by workers who
were willing to work several years at the entrance to America and the
land, then by slaves. The central colony has small farms, and is known
to have diverse cultures and beliefs.

The thirteen colonies were tied to the "Atlantic economy",

which included the use of ships for the trade of slaves, tobacco, rum,

16
sugar, gold, spices, fish, wood, and manufactured goods, between
America, the West Indies, Europe and Africa. New York, Philadelphia,
Boston, and Charleston were the main cities and ports at that time.

2.2.3.1 NORTH COLONIAL

In Maryland and Virginia the main crop is tobacco, each year

successfully harvesting 100 million pounds exported from the
Chesapeake region. In South Carolina, the main yield is rice and tilapia.
The economy in North Carolina produces a variety of diversified
agricultural products, many of which are small farms that are
characteristic of many colonies. In the South colonies like Maryland
and Virginia there were iron mines.

2.2.3.2 SOUTH COLONIAL

Southern colonial ecology based on agricultural and

plantation products clearly influences their culture. Agricultural and
plantation products were very profitable for the British colonial
government. The weather in the South supports the life base of
agricultural crops.

Virginia as the first British colony in the South, in

1619 produced tobacco reaching 20,000 pounds and in 1688 it reached
18 million pounds. In addition to the community in the South
consisting of plantation owners, farmers, slaves, also found in some
educated communities, statesmen, and priests. They still maintain the
existence of slavery. The social structure in the South based on the
economic economy places aristocratic groups as the ruling class.
Under the aristocracy system in the South, the substance is from the

17
 mengah class, consisting of ordinary plantation owners, small farmers,
traders and professional group traders.

2.2.3.3 MIDDLE COLONIAL

In the central colony, the colonists focused their

economic activities on the agricultural sector, especially grains, pigs
and cattle which could be exported to the West Indies. These
agricultural products can increase prosperity not only farmers in fertile
agricultural areas but also traders in cities such as New York and
Philadelphia.

In addition to agriculture, the life of the colonies in

the Middle Part also bases on the trade and industrial sectors. Colonies
including the Central Region are the provinces of New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware. Its population consists of multi-
nationalities other than the United Kingdom also found by Swedish,
Finnish, Dutch and German people. In New York and New Jersey, for
example, Dutch culture and language are still inherent during the
colony. Likewise the Delaware colony has become an ethnic mix
between the Swedes and Finns, when immigration settlers of the
British and Welsh Quakers, followed by the Germans and the Irish-
Irishmen. New York and Philadelaphia are trade centers in the Central
Colony.

2.3 THE EVENT OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION

2.3.1 CAUSATIVE FACTOR

Originally the British parent country was soft on the colonies. The
British government seemed to provide freedom relative to the colony.
However, after experiencing financial difficulties due to the Seven Years'

18
War against France, Britain began to strengthen its influence on the colony.
In this case, the British government began implementing various kinds of
laws that prioritized the interests of the parent country, such as tea laws,
sugar laws, coffee laws, and so on. All this was clearly an attempt by the
British government to strengthen its power in the colony. Conversely,
mature colonies feel the negative action. As a result, conflicts arose
between the interests of the colonies and the mother country. This conflict
finally culminated in a revolution.

2.3.1.1 THE VIEW OF FREEDOM IN POLITIC

The first factor that led to the American revolution was the
understanding of freedom in politics and trade. The British colonies in
America were not established by the British government, but were created
by fugitives from Britain who were subjected to religious, social,
economic and political pressure. The colonists stated that they were free
humans who built colonies in the new world. Understanding the freedom
of the colonies was contrary to the understanding of the British
government which assumed that the colony was a colony. This is based on
the Paris Agreement 1763.

2.3.1.2 THE VIEW OF FREEDOM IN TRADE

The existence of Understanding of Freedom in Trade in the colony

community and Tururt took part in causing the American revolution. The
colonies also adhere to the notion of freedom in trade. This was contrary
to the understanding of the British government who felt in power over the
colonies in America. Therefore, the British government ordered that the
produce from the colonies must be sold to the parent country only. On the
contrary, the colonies were obliged by the British government to buy only
industrial products from the parent country. The colonists opposed

19
monopolistic regulations and wanted trade freedom, so that the thought of
opposing the British government and the contradictions that culminated in
the American revolution were rejected.

2.3.1.3 THE APPLICATION OF TOO MUCH TAXES

Another factor is the application of various types of taxes. This is

related to the UK financial crisis due to the Seven Years Sea War. The war
ended in victory on the British side. With this victory, it created a new
burden for the British government, especially financial problems. The
British government then imposed various kinds of taxes (tea tax, sugar tax,
metera tax, etc.) which were very burdensome to the colonists.

People in the 17th century paid taxes based on the Molasses Act.
In 1764 AD this regulation was changed by including import duties on
syrup sugar, sugar, beer and other commodities. This new regulation is
known as the Sugar Act. Because the Sugar Act did not increase the
amount of revenue, the Stamp Act in 1765 M. Stamp Act imposed direct
tax on newspapers and legal and commercial documents. Speaking of the
sugar act, the Sugar Acts is a law or regulation passed in 1764 that seeks
to regulate and control the smuggling of sugar and sugar syrup in the
colony by reducing the tax rate from the previous regulations. The Sugar
act was also a renewal and amendment of 1733 Sugar and molasses act. In
the Sugar Act there are additional points in the form of taxation on other
products such as leather, potassium and other commodities that can be
legally exported by the colony.

George Grenville was the prime minister of England which sparked

the idea of implementing the sugar act. George has 3 goals in
implementing the Sugar act. The first is that Britain is aware that
smuggling is part of illegal trade and must be addressed so that the British
government does not experience a shortage of tax absorption. The second

20
is to protect British trade by enacting a new law, namely Navigation Acts.
These Navigation Acts are expected to be complementary to the Sugar
Acts. The third was to collect taxes to replace the costs of the French Indian
War which had absorbed the royal treasury and besides that the Sugar act
was used to pay the defense costs for the colonies. In addition to the above
goals the Sugar Act was also used to initiate a new trading system from /
to the colonies in the form of reducing trade with other countries such as
France and Spain.

In the end the tax absorption by sugar acts encountered several

problems. Among them due to the tight coercion carried out by the UK to
meet its target of reducing smuggling and tax withdrawal in colonies,
especially in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania. Protests for the
sake of protest over the enactment of sugar acts are so powerful that they
spread to all parts of the colony. Unfortunately for the UK this regulation
backfired their trade commodities, because the people of the colony
prioritized local colony products rather than fancy onions from the United
Kingdom due to high taxes. Sugar acts also create constitutional divisions
in the colony. There are some who consider that this regulation is only
used for the sake of the kingdom, some also say that this tax is good for
the colony because it will finance the defense as well as a continuation of
1733 Sugar Molasses acts.

In addition, there is also The Stamp Act, which is a tax regulation

imposed by the British Empire to combat the effects of war. In fact the
British taxpayer had already paid a stamp tax and had been tested in
Massachusetts with the same rules, but this new stamp act was applied to
the entire colony population with more detailed rules than those tested in
Massachusetts. Legally, this law was proposed by prime minister George
Grenville in March 1765 but the new stamp act was fully implemented in
1 Novemner 1765.

21
 This law requires the colonial people to buy stamps which will later
be attached to a number of important documents such as sales letters, trade
contracts, and other official documents. In addition stamps are also
attached to newspapers, pamphlets, posters and even game cards.

Taxes can be paid in the form of silver or gold coins and not in
paper money which is a popular payment method in the colony at that time.
The UK has prepared stamps worth more than £ 100,000 for this tax.

The colonists finally voiced opposition and protest against this law.
The main reason for the protest was that the stamp act was an internal tax
to America, unlike the Sugar act which they saw as a trade tax. The people
affected by this tax are on average the most influential people in the
community such as lawyers, traders, local officials, and printmen.

In 1764, the Ciirrency Act was implemented, which was a

prohibition policy for every colony to print its own currency. A year later,
in 1765 also implemented the Quartering Act which is a law that contains
obligations for British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

In 1766 Charles Townshend filled the position of Chancellor of the

Exchequer, he was an ally of Grenville and a supporter of colonial tax.
When he took office, he tried to withdraw money from the British colony
after the failure of The Stamp act. in 1767 Townshend proposed a proposal
with a new method known as the Townshend Act. This regulation was
approved and supported by all parliaments in June and was implemented
on November 20, 1767. Designed as a rule that was better than the Stamp
Act, the Townshend act imposed taxes on commodities such as wine, fruit,
painting paint, paper and others. These products are products that are
monopolized by the United Kingdom so that inevitably the people of the
colony must buy them from England with taxes.

The Townshend Act also contains additional rules in the form of

The New York Restraining Act. this additional rule requires colonial

22
people, especially New Yorkers, to regulate and handle lodging, food and
drinks of British soldiers in their cities.

In 1766 New York refused to raise funds because New York was
the main port of shipment and return of the army so that the cost of
accommodation funds in New York would be very high compared to other
cities. The British Parliament also prohibits the New York government
from issuing policies or laws as long as The New York Restraining Act
has not been fulfilled. In the end, New Yorkers make limited funding to
fulfill this rule.

In addition to the new tax withdrawal and the New York

Restraining Act, Townshend act also established the American Board of
Customs Commissioners with its head office in Boston where the
resistance to the Stamp Act was most severe. Five officials were appointed
to deal with customs and tax collection. The Townshend act also allows
the court to issue search warrants and make supporting rules to guarantee
the implementation of this rule. Admiralty Court also came to
Townshend's attention, where he established additional offices in Boston,
Philadelphia and Charleston to help the office in Halifax which had already
been formed.

With so many tax policies that must be borne by the people of the
colony, inevitably gave rise to a sense of ignorance in the conditions of the
colonies, so that they finally disagreed with the British government. Large
walkers united and agreed not to bring goods from England, so that British
trade declined in 1765. Colonists also boycotted British goods, instead,
they used items produced by the colonies themselves. . The refusal to pay
taxes made by the colonists occurred because the colonists did not have
representatives in the British parliament. Therefore, the colonists were not
entitled to taxation by the British. Even at that time there were demands in
the form of slogan "no taxation without no representation"

23
2.3.1.4 DISCLAIMER OF ENGLAND PARLIAMENT MIXED IN
AMERICA

In the view of the colonists, the colony was a self-governing

unit in the British empire. Therefore, the colonists wanted them to have
representatives in the English parliament. However, the British
government thinks otherwise. In the view of the British government,
colonies in America have not been able to stand alone. Therefore, the
colonies law and the establishment of taxes for the colonies were
established by the British parliament without the representative of the
colonies. This difference of views often leads to tension between colonists
and the government of the British Empire.

In 1765, representatives of the American colony arrived at the

congress. In the congress, the colonists agreed to unite Siakp to oppose
British parliamentary interference in the affairs of the American colonies.
The Congress also submitted a resolution containing that the British
parliament had no right to decide on tax collection from the colonies. Only
the respective legislative colonies have the right to collect taxes in the
colonies.

The reaction of the colonists' rejection of the imposition of taxes

by the British government was also carried out by refusing the arrival of
tax collectors assigned by the British. Even so, the reaction caused
bloodshed, one of which was an event called "The Boston Massacre" in
1770. This happened when the tax collector came to the city of Boston.
The tax collector official received answers from residents of the city of
Boston. This event was responded to by the British by bringing in a number
of soldiers. The presence of British forces increasingly angered residents
of the City of Boston and triggered riots.

24
2.3.1.5 THE BOSTON TEA PARTY

The most prominent

thing was the dissatisfaction
of the colonists against
British wisdom, among others,
indicated by James Otis who
spoke on behalf of the
merchant Bostont in 1761. Othis opposed the arbitrariness and authority of
the British Parliament regarding several aspects of the life of the colonists
including in the trade sector. Likewise in 1763, Patrick Henry opposed the
Privi Council's rights regarding legal matters in Virginia. Even though the
two figures did not represent the aspirations of the Americans as a whole,
the attitude they showed was a form of resistance of the colonists to the
British imperial system. Likewise not all Americans oppose the attitude of
England. Many of them especially those with an aristocratic view support
British policy.

The culmination of the background of the American revolution was

the events of the Boston Massacre of 1770 which took five civilian
casualties. These events illustrated how the British colonial government
had imposed its will on the American people. The revocation of the
Townshend Act in 1770 could ease tensions. However, the presence of
British troops in the colony who oversaw trade activities and prevented
smuggling caused the colonists to feel displeased. British patrol boat
Gaspee, which carried out surveillance around Rhode Island was burned
by patriots and feared British officials whose property was destroyed. The
jury of the colony refused to cooperate with royal officials in ending illegal
trade. When the Governor of Massachusetts,

Thomas Hatchinson stated in 1772 that the judges would be paid

from royal money, protests arose from various circles. One of them was a
Boston figure, Samuel Adams, opposed it by forming a correspondence

25
committee to coordinate news and complaints from community groups
relating to the actions of the British government. The British government's
attitude was still strong. The UK issued a Tea Law which gave a monopoly
right to the East India Company to export to all colonies. This action was
made by the colonists by boycotting all British tea production sent to the
colony and encouraging agents not to sell their tea to the American market
and send back the tea they had received to England or piled up in the
warehouse. Many British trade agents, who had the support of the governor,
rejected the demands of the colonists. They forced themselves to take
down the British cargo ship in Boston Harbor.

The colonists who received support from Samuel Adam answered

the agents' violent attitude by means of violence. On December 16, 1773,
the colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded three British ships that
would dock in Boston Harbor and immediately plunged the load of tea into
the sea. The event in the language of the colonists as the "Boston Tea
Party" was very upsetting to England.

The reaction from the British is to issue the Coercive Act. Coercive
Act is a term imposed on a series of laws issued by the British Parliament
in response to the Boston Tea Party incident. The Coercive Act targeted
residents in the British colonies and through the Boston Port Act, they were
obliged to pay compensation to East India Company as a result of the
sinking of the tea load from the ship. In addition, members of the people
of Massachusetts who were previously elected by the people of the colony
themselves will be appointed directly by the British government and city
meetings which are usually held without requiring izinn to be reported and
require permission from the governor. But the inhabitants of the colony
did not want to take responsibility so as to create a battle that marked the
American Revolution.

The Boston Tea Party events have prompted some of the

inhabitants of the colony called patriots to inflame the desire for

26
 independence of the American colonies of England. The Patriots tried to
inspire American colonialists to declare independence from Britain. One
of these patriots is Thomas Paine, who made the title "Common Sense".
This Thoams Paine article contains a lawsuit against the royal system and
the British government.

2.3.2 .THE PROCESS OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION

2.3.2.1 CONTINENTAL CONGRESS

Beginning with the emergence of the Patriots who defended the

revolution which fought for the rights of the colonies in America. In 1772,
Samual Adams formed a committee on the Relationship of the Committees
of Correspondence that connected all Patriots in the thirteen colonies and
formed a framework for the rebel government, followed by the creation of
Provincial Congresses, namely government in each colony and in 1774
congressional representatives in each colony formed the Continental
Congress acting as a temporary national government. This committee is
the forerunner of the current government of the United States. At the first

meeting the congress decided to boycott the product as a reaction to the

Intolerable Acts.

27
 With the tea event in Boston, George III was determined to subdue
Massachusetts with the power of weapons. The people of the colony
ignored British demands and threats. In early December 1774, thirteen
colonies held a meeting in Philadelphia (which came to be known as the
Continental Congress I) to determine steps in the face of Britain. This
event was the first time for the thirteen colonies in America to unite and
cooperate with each other. The Continental Congress I produced a
statement that basically the people of the colonies in America remained
loyal to the king of England and demanded policy to restore good relations
between the colonies and the British parent country.

In the Second Continental Congress in 1775 in Philadelphia,

representatives of the thirteen colonies agreed to liberate themselves.
Finally, on July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence was declared as
an excuse to separate from the mother country of England. This
Manuscript of Declaration of Independence was compiled by a small
committee of five people, namely Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin,
Roger Sherman, Robert Livingstone, and John Adams. They were then
known as the Five Figures of Composers of the Declaration of
Independence. On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was
signed and made Independence Day.

In the meantime, warfare spread to almost all thirteen

colonies. At first the American army led by George Washington always
suffered defeat. The defeat experienced by America was caused by the
weakness of the American military, which consisted mainly of civilians
who did not have combat experience. In addition to military problems,
America is also faced with conditions in society that have not fully
supported American independence. Some groups of people who actually
generally come from the upper middle class are still many who are pro
against the UK and do not agree that America becomes an independent
state.

28
2.3.2.2 AMERICAN WAR & THE ENDING OF REVOLUTION

In the fall the British

began a new attack on the
centers of resistance of
American forces. The attack
was carried out through three
attack centers. From the north,
General John Burgoyne carried out an attack from Canada to Albany.
Another force led by Barry St. Leger moves from Lake Ontario to Albany.
While the Howe forces moved from New York to the Hudson River then
headed south and defeated Washington forces at Brandywine (September
1777), and subsequently occupied Philadelphia, the headquarters of the
American Continental Congress.

In the same time Burgoyne moved south from Canada and captured
Fort Ticonderoga. After that, British troops began to face difficulties.
Loyalist support could not be proven, while local patriots began to
participate in obstructing British troops by cutting down trees and placing
them on the road which British troops passed. When the pace of
Burgoyne's forces stopped, small American forces led by Bennedick
Arnold, defeated the St Leger forces in Oriskany, and forced British troops
to withdraw from Fort Oswego on Lake Ontario. Burgoyne, who was
stopped in the forests of New York and surrounded by American patriots,
tried to destroy the power of the colonists in Saratoga. It turned out that
Burgoyne was unable to impose his strength and eventually surrendered to
American forces in October 1777.

The first country to recognize American independence was France

(1778). France then helped America against Britain by sending troops led
by General Lafayette to America. The French act was due to revenge for
its defeat in the seven-year war against England. From the results of the
diplomacy of the leaders of the American independence struggle,

29
Benjamin Franklin. In 1779, Spain helped America fight Britain in return
for residents of Gibraltal and Florida. Thanks to the help of countries that
are hostile to Britain, America's position has become strong. Eventually
Britain lost under the highest leadership of British forces namely General
Cornwallis, along with 7,000 of its soldiers who surrendered to
Washington and Lafayette at Yorktown in 1781.

The formation of an international alliance does not guarantee the

full victory of America against Britain. However, international assistance
still has a large role in the growing fighting spirit of American continental
forces. Since 1780, British forces have begun to experience defeat in
various American battlefields. In the battle in the Ohio Valley they lost.
Likewise his efforts to attack the South were unsuccessful. Even though
Karolina, Charleston and Virginia were captured, in the following battles
the British forces could not defeat the combined American and French
forces. The combined 15,000 forces of Washington and Rochambeau
defeated Lord Cornwallis's forces at Yorktown, on the coast of Virginia.

30
 Finally on October 19, 1781, Cornwallis forces surrendered and the
British Parliament immediately decided to stop the war. After suffering the
defeat of the war, Britain agreed to negotiate in March 1782. Peace
negotiations held in Paris were attended by delegations from the US,
Britain, France, Spain and countries with an interest in the colonies in
America. The results of the Paris-agreement were formally signed on
September 3, 1783. King George III of the United Kingdom recognized
US independence, recognized US borders that stretched from the north
(Great lakes), west (Mississippi River) and South to 31 ° N. In addition, it
was also agreed that Americans would be allowed to fish in Canadian
waters, both countries had the right to sail the Mississippi River; and the
US Congress must return the property of the royalists who were seized
during the war.

2.3.2.3 PARIS TREATY

The Paris Agreement of 1783, negotiated between the United

States and Great Britain, ended the revolutionary war and recognized
American independence. The Continental Congress named a commission
of five people to negotiate an agreement. The five people are: John Adams,
Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens.
Laurens, cannot negotiate because he was previously arrested by a British
warship and held in the Tower of London until the end of the war, and
Jefferson did not leave the United States in time to take part in the
negotiations. Thus, negotiations were carried out only by John Adams,
Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay.

British forces under the leadership of Lord Cornwallis surrendered

to US-French coalition forces led by John Trumbull. This painting depicts
British soldiers surrendering to French (left) and American forces (right)
in 1820. Negotiations began in April 1782, after the American-French

31
victory at Yorktown led to the overthrow of Lord North's Tory and naming
the Whig, Lord Rockingham, then appointed as prime minister and Lord
Shelburne as foreign minister.

The French foreign minister, the Comte de Vergennes, expects

America to coordinate their diplomatic strategy with France, but America
does not trust France's attachment to their goals and pursue an independent
path. Among the team's important achievements was Britain's recognition
of American independence (one of the most stressed points by Jay);
Security (by Adams and Jay) access rights of American fishermen to the
Grand Banks off the coast of Newfoundland and other traditional fisheries
in Canadian waters; And Britain heads to the United States throughout the
region between the Allegheny Mountains to the east and the Mississippi
River to the west, thus doubling the size of this new country.

For its part, the United States agreed to use its power to end the
persecution of Loyalists by state and local governments, and to return the
assets of those seized during the war. The two countries agreed not to
prevent creditors from returning their debt to them.

Peace preliminary articles were signed by Adams, Franklin, Jay,

and Henry Laurens for the United States and Richard Oswald for the
United Kingdom on November 30, 1782. The final agreement was signed
on September 3, 1783, and ratified by the Early Continental Congress in
1784.

2.3.2.4 THE FORMING OF CONFERENCE

With the existence of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and

the war of independence until 1783, the American people began to change
their social political structure. In May 1776 the American Congress
recommended the establishment of a state and replaced the provincial
government based on the principles of the republican government. Every

32
state immediately makes a constitution that is approved by the provincial
Congress and people's agreement. The state parliaments consist of two
chambers (assemblies), except in Philippine which has multi-assemblies -
consisting of lower house representing people and upper house consisting
of state snators including aristocratic groups.

In practice all groups, especially the rich, can only sit in

majelistinggi. The state constitution guarantees protecting the civil
liberties of its citizens, especially from the possibility of the widespread
influence of legislative powers. The article on the Confederation of 1777
ignores the possibility of the formation of a union government, and each
state under the confederation still has its sovereignty. Concerned by the
formation of a strong national government which is controlled by far and
state, each state surrenders its power to Congress while retaining the local
interests of the state. According to the article, Congress has authority in 1)
declaring peace and peace, 2) negotiating agreements and alliances, 3)
regulating Indian affairs, 4) establishing a system of currency, size and
scales, and 5) running a postal delivery system. The state still has the right
to impose tax on its citizens, regulating trade.

Congress cannot impose rules on citizens. In a confederation

system, the central government is held by Congress whose members are
delegates from each state who have one voting right. To organize the
government, Congress formed several ministries and appointed Robert
Morris as the head of financial officials. Mods' ability to handle financial
problems includes facilitating external loans to prevent financial problems
in the new country.

2.3.2.5 THE PHILADELPHIA CONVENCE 1787

The Philadelphia Convention began with the Alexandria Meeting

between Virginia and Maryland regarding shipping problems on the

33
 Patomak River in 1785. The meeting recommended the need for wider
meetings on trade issues throughout the United States. In 1786 the
Annapolis Conference was held and agreed on Alexander Hamilton's
proposal to convene the Philadelphia Convention which was attended by
all states. In May the Philadelphian Convention was opened and delegates
from all states except Rhode Island attended. The trial of the Convention,
which most of its delegates came from young people and aspired to the
formation of the national government, led by George Wahington. In
principle, they agreed on the establishment of a central government by
providing balanced power between the central government and the state
government while still prioritizing the interests of their citizens.

2.3.2.6 THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTE

Declaration of independence 1776 this document is the first source

of the United States government regarding the recognition of human rights
concerning:

1. Right to life

2. Right to independence

3. Right of freedom

4. Right to get happiness

Articles of confederation states law that functions as a guideline for

government administration until the United States constitution is formed.
the law also regulates relations between states and congresses that act as
government administrators or the central government.

Constitution of United State of America United States

constitutional law compiled by James Madison with appendix 12

34
amendments. Amendment Bill of Rights of the United States constitution
which contains recognition of the rights of citizens and states

The United States Constitution produced from the Convention

guarantees two legislature assemblies, namely executives and independent
judicial institutions. The constitution also guarantees the Congress to ratify
taxes, regulate foreign trade and interstate, print and borrow money, build
up opposition armed, declaring war, establishing a postal system to issue
laws that are necessary for delegation of authority. Whereas to protect the
representatives (senators), senators are chosen based on state laws and will
cover six years. The constitution also guarantees the Senate's agreement
regarding the appointment of an executive and foreign agreement.

Theoretically, the Senate does not only represent the state, but also
describes the strength of aristocratic groups. The US president is chosen
indirectly by the electoral college, thus freeing him from dependence on
Congress or his people. The constitution also authorizes a president to
demand laws on land matters, make foreign treaties, act as commander of
the armed forces, appoint judges and other officials and has the right to
issue a veto against the decisions of the Congress. In making the
constitution there were many groups made and federalist groups were the
strongest group. The Federalist group was finally able to establish
leadership in the new central government of George Washington of
Virginia, as the leader of the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention
unanimously elected as the first president in 1789.

John Adams from Massachusetts, former ambassador in European

countries was chosen as vice president. While congressmen are mostly
from federalists. For a while the new government was able to create
political stability supported by a federalist majority. However, in less than
a decade, the dispute over political policy in the federalist government
caused the division of the federalists to be divided into two streams namely,
one faction which still named the Federalist and other political groups

35
 joining the Republican group. Competition between the two camps
became the basis for the formation of political parties in the United States.

In May 1776 the American Congress recommended the

establishment of a state and replaced the provincial government based on
the principles of the republican government. Each state immediately
makes a constitution that is approved by the provincial Congress and
people's agreement. The Parliament of the states consists of two chambers
(assemblies), except in Pensilvania which have multi-assemblies
consisting of a lower house representing the people and an upper house
consisting of state snators including aristocratic groups.

In practice all groups, especially the rich, can only sit in the upper
house. The state constitution guarantees protecting civil liberties of its
citizens, especially from the possibility of expanding the influence of
legislative powers. The article on the Confederation of 1777 has ignored
the possibility of forming a union government and every state under the
confederation still has its sovereignty. Feeling concerned about the
formation of a strong national government that is controlled by far and
state, each state surrenders its power to Congress while maintaining the
local interests of the state.

2.4 THE FIGURES OF REVOLUTION AMERICA

The figures who played a major role in the American declaration

and independence included the following.

a. Samuel Adams

The most effective radical group leader was Samuel Adams of

Massachusetts, who worked tirelessly for one final goal:

36
 independence. Adams wants to free
people from their admiration for more
powerful social and political figures,
awaken them to the strength and
importance of themselves and thus
inspire them to do something. In 1772
he persuaded the Boston city meeting to
choose the "Correspondent Committee"
to declare the rights and complaints of the citizens of the colony.
Adams also ignited the revolution with his action leading the colony
to the 'The Boston Tea Party' event.

b. Thomas Paine

Thomas Paine was a radical political

theorist and writer who came from
England in 1774, published a 50-page
treatise entitled Common Sense which
sold 100,000 copies in three months.
Paine attacks the idea of a monarchy
based on inheritance, and declares that
one honest person is more meaningful
to society than "all the crowned evil pen
that has ever lived." He describes the alternatives - continues to
surrender to tyrant kings and obsolete governments or is free and
happy as an independent republic and independent. Because it
circulated throughout the colony, Common Sense helped make
decisions for independence.

37
c. Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was known as the

author of the Declaration of
Independence inspired by Thomas
Paine's Common Sense as well as the
theories of freedom and humanity by
John Locke. Jefferson also founded the
University of Virginia and built one of
the most famous American homes,
Monticello, in Charlottesville, Virginia.

d. George Washington

George Washington was originally a

Virginia Lieutenant Colonel. In 1776
the American Revolution Revolution
broke out and the Continental
Congress issued a Declaration of
Independence and broke away from
the United Kingdom. George
Washington's leadership contributed
a lot to the success of colonies in
America fighting for their
independence. In 1783 Britain
recognized the independence of the United States, George
Washington left the army. Four years later in 1787 he became Chair
of the Constitutional Convention. In 1789 after the Constitution was
passed, he was unanimously elected to be the first American
President.

e. Benjamin Franklin

38
 Benjamin Franklin is a
scientist, inventor, writer, newspaper
publisher, Philadelphia city father,
diplomat, and signatory to the
Declaration of Independence and the
Law. Before the revolution Franklin
had played an active role in realizing
the values of life of intelligent practical
nature and optimistic beliefs in self-
improvement which are often associated with America itself.

On the British side, there are the figures that take a part of
American Revolution:

1. William Howe (1729-1812), leader of British forces in America.

2. Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805) British troop leader in America.

3. Benedict Arnold (1741-1801), former American general who

later defected to England

On the French side, who helped the United States there was a figure
named GNBJMilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834), leader
of French aid forces to the United States

2.5 THE IMPACTS OF REVOLUTION

2.5.1 IMPACT FOR WORLD

The impact of the American Revolution had a major influence on the

national movements and political systems in the world, including:

1. The American Revolution gave an example to other colonies that

they could also free themselves from their colonial countries.

39
 Nationalism that was formed from colonized society became a
great power to try to stand up to be a state of its own and self-
determination.

2. Countries in the form of republics and democracies become

popular new alternatives. a government whose legitimacy comes
from the people and casts its votes through a representative body
is a rational choice favored by the oppressed people. Many new
countries free from colonialism later applied this form. Now the
form of the republic is adopted by most countries in the world.

3. The phrase "all men are created equal" (all human beings created
equal) listed in the declaration of independence becomes a strong
and well-known phrase throughout the world. This phrase is used
by various rights-like movements later on, until now. The
abolition of colonialism, the abolition of slavery, the feminist
movement that voiced the equality of men and women, and the
human rights movement were rooted in this statement.

4. Likewise with the issue of Human Rights, Abraham Lincoln as

the elected president of America in 1860 was the president who
opposed slavery. So that his actions brought his name as one of
the human rights figures in the world. Although the United States
is one of the countries that upholds human rights, but the problem
of the view of human rights cannot be equated because every
country has a different nation's personality. However, with the
statement of the United States and the abolition of slavery
committed by Abraham Lincoln, it has brought fresh air to the
implementation of human rights and has inspired the birth of the
"statement of universal human rights" on December 10, 1948.

40
2.6.2 IMPACT FOR INDONESIA

Declaration of Independece 1776 containing an

acknowledgment of human rights plus President Wodrow
Wilson's statement on self-determination later:

1. Influencing the struggle of the national movement organization

in Indonesia. Evidently, the Indonesian association included its
principle: striving for an Indonesian government that was
responsible only to the people of Indonesia.

2. Influence the drafting of the Indonesian Proclamation Text and

the drafting of the 1945 Constitution, especially the opening of
the first paragraph: That independence is really the right of all
nations and therefore colonization in the world must be
abolished because it is not in accordance with humanity and
justice.

3. Steps to defend American independence through physical and

diplomatic struggle later to defend independence. For example
through physical confrontation (war of independence) and
diplomacy to Middle Eastern countries led by H. Agus Salim.

4. The American Revolution opened the eyes of the world that with
the strength of unity and respect for human rights, independence
can be obtained. However, it does not mean that independence
can be obtained for free. Independence must be achieved by self-
effort and never giving up. The American Revolution spread
throughout the world. The principle of the existence of human
rights gives rise to other countries wanting to create freedom.
One country inspired by the American Revolution is France. In
France then a revolution emerged which opposed the absolute
power of the king. In the end a legal state emerged with the
division of power.

41
 CHAPTER III

CLOSURE

3.1 CONCLUSION

The American Revolution was a revolution of the movement of

the American colony to free itself from the shackles of colonization and
discrimination of blacks and whites by the British who dominated occupation
in America. The American Revolution triggered the emergence of nationalism,
democracy and freedom which was also inseparable from the attitude of respect
for human rights as stated in the Declaration of Indepence. In its revolution, it
was not much different from Indonesia, which was a process of uniting the
strengths of each of the colonies to become one of the great powers of the
United States which was able to fight British colonialism.

The process of the American revolution itself gave birth to a new

government system that was more democratic and became an example for other
countries. The American Revolution became one of the reasons for the example
of learning about the equality of fate to be one of the factors driving the unity
of a society against colonialism. Unyielding attitude that was displayed by the
leaders of the American revolution even though it had failed, but managed to
bring America to the gate of its independence.

3.2 SUGGESTION

We as the successors of the nation should imitate what is displayed

by the leaders of the Indonesian revolution, namely we should uphold the
human rights of every individual in the world and abstain from promoting the
independence and progress of the Indonesian people. Therefore, the character
of nationalism and patriotism should be grown from an early age to have a
sense of love for the homeland and to faithfully defend the homeland early on.

42
 In addition, the government should pay attention to and supervise the
running of politics, development, and the government properly in accordance
with the principles of democracy and justice. The government also wants to
accommodate and listen to the aspirations of the people to achieve national
prosperity.

The Indonesian people also need to foster and maintain a sense of

unity and unity and tolerance among the people of Indonesia, because
friendship and unity are essentially the foundation of the nation's founding.

43
 GLOSSARY

Aristocratic : people of nobility or nobility

Democracy : life ideas or views that prioritize equal rights and obligations
and equal treatment for all citizens

Exploration : exploration of the field with the aim of gaining more

knowledge (circumstances), especially the natural resources
found in that place; investigation; exploration

Imperialism : a political system that aims to colonize other countries to gain

greater power and profit

Intensive : seriously and continuously working on something to get

optimal results

Patriots : People who struggle hard to advance and fight for national
independence

Colony : population placement area

Colonialism : understanding of the control of a country over another region

or nation with the intention of expanding the country

Nationalism : awareness of membership in a nation that is potentially or

actually jointly achieving, maintaining and perpetuating the
nation's identity, integrity, prosperity and strength; spirit of
nationality

Rulling Class : The ruling class is the social class of a given society that
decides upon and sets out that society's political agenda.

Superiority : excellence; advantages

44
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