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A new service introduced in 3GPP Release 6 specifications is Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS).
There are two high level modes of operation in MBMS, as given
1. Broadcast mode, which allows sending audio and video. The already existing Cell Broadcast Service (CBS) is
intended for messaging only. The broadcast mode is expected to be a service without charging and there are no
specific activation requirements for this mode.
2. Multicast mode allows sending multimedia data for the end users that are part of a multicast subscription group.
End users need to monitor service announcements regarding service availability, and then they can join the
currently active service. From the network point of view, the same content can be provided in a point-to-point
fashion if there are not enough users to justify the high power transmission. A typical example in 3GPP has been
the sport results service where, for example, ice hockey results would be available as well as video clips of the key
events in different games of the day. Charging is expected to be applied for the multicast mode.
From the radio point of view, MBMS is considered an application independent way to deliver the MBMS User
Services, which are intended to deliver to multiple users simultaneously. The MBMS User Services can be classified
into three groups as follows
3. Carousel service, which can be considered as a combination of streaming and file download. In this kind of
service, an end user may have an application which is provided data repetitively and updates are then broadcast
when there are changes in the content.
For MBMS User Services, an operator controls the distribution of the data. Unlike CBS, the end user needs first to
join the service and only users that have joined the service can see the content. The charging can then be based on
the subscription or based on the keys which enable an end user to access the data. The MBMS content can be
created by the operator itself or by a third party and, as such, all the details of what an MBMS service should look
like will not be specified by 3GPP, but left for operators and service providers. One possible MBMS high level
architecture is shown in Figure, where the IP multicast network refers here to any server providing MBMS content
over the Internet.
Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC)
By Narendra Neeraj at September 20, 2015 Labels: WCDMA 0 comments
Push-to-talk over cellular (PoC) service is instant in the sense that the voice connection is established by simply
pushing a single button and the receiving user hears the speech without even having to answer the call. While
ordinary voice is bi-directional, the PoC service is a one directional service. The basic PoC application may hence be
described as a walkie-talkie application over the packet switched domain of the cellular network. In addition to the
basic voice communication functionality, the PoC application provides the end user with complementary features
like, for example:
Access control so that a user may define who is allowed to make calls to him/her;
With ordinary voice calls a bi-directional communication channel is reserved between the end users throughout
the duration of the call. In PoC, the channel is only set up to transfer a short speech burst from one to possibly
multiple users. Once this speech burst has been transferred, the packet switched communication channel can be
released. This difference is highlighted in Figure.
The speech packets are in the PoC solution carried from the sending mobile station to the server by the
OPRS/UMTS network. The server then forwards the packets to the receiving mobile stations. In the case of a one-
to-many connection, the server multiplies the packets to all the receiving mobile stations. This is illustrated in
Figure The PoC service is independent of the underlying radio access network.
Multiplexing of services with different quality requirements on a single connection, e.g. speech, video and packet
data;
Delay requirements from delay-sensitive real time traffic to flexible best-effort packet data;
Quality requirements from 10 % frame error rate to 10_6 bit error rate;
Co-existence of second and third generation systems and inter-system handovers for coverage enhancements and
load balancing;
Support of asymmetric uplink and downlink traffic, e.g. web browsing causes more loading to downlink than to
uplink;
High spectrum efficiency;
GSM also covers services and core network aspects, and this GSM platform will be used together with the WCDMA air
interface: see the next section regarding core networks.
Cell breathing is the constant change of the range of the geographical area covered by a cellular
telephone transmitter based on the amount of traffic currently using that transmitter. When a cell becomes
heavily loaded, it shrinks.
sf16AdmUL: Parameter that defines absolute admission limit for the number of RLs with SF=16 in UL.
RF Optimization Processes
By Andrew Morgan at October 10, 2014 Labels: GSM, LTE, WCDMA
WCMDA Paging
By Narendra Neeraj at September 13, 2014 Labels: UMTS, WCDMA 0 comments
Paging process in WCMDA or HSDPA system is called WCMDA Paging. The Paging Channel (PCH) is a
downlink transport channel. The PCH is always transmitted over the entire cell. The transmission of the
PCH is associated with the transmission of physical-layer generated Paging Indicators, to support efficient
sleep-mode procedures.
System information Block Type 5 (SIB 5) defines common channels to be employed in Idle mode. The
UE may use Discontinuous Reception (DRX) in idle mode in order to reduce power consumption. When
DRX is used the UE needs only to monitor one Page Indicator, PI, in one Paging Occasion per DRX cycle.
The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) is a fixed rate (SF=256) physical channel used to carry the paging
indicators.
Paging Procedure:
Idle mode paging is used when UE is in idle mode so we can say UE is in Cell PCH or URA PCH.PAGING
TYPE 1 message on an appropriate paging occasion on the PCCH.
UE dedicated paging procedure is used to transmit dedicated paging information to one UE in connected
mode in CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state. PAGING TYPE 2 message on the DCCH using AM RLC.
WCDMA Question for Interview
By Narendra Neeraj at September 06, 2014 Labels: Interview, WCDMA 2 comments
1. What is the WCDMA technology?
2. What is the different between WCDMA & GSM?
3. What is the different between CDMA & WCDMA?
4. What is architecture & Interface of WCDMA?
5. What are the channel concepts of WCDMA Network?
6. What are the Logical, transport & physical channel in WCDMA?
7. What is the channel mapping in WCDMA?
8. What is the cell search procedure?
9. What are the RRC and what are the RRC states?
10. What is location registration?
11. What is the admission control & congestion control?
12. What is the power control?
13. UE TX Power
14. What are the types of handover?
15. What is Handover procedure?
16. What are the handover Parameter?
17. When Events 2A, 2B, 2C & 2E occur?
18. When Event 1A-1F events occur?
19. What are theSIR, RSCP, RSSIand EC/NO?
20. What is the CPICH?
21. What is the channelization and scrambling code?
22. What is the code tree?
23. What is the spreading factor?
24. What is the cell breathing?
25. What is the Pilot Pollution?
26. What are the near far effects?
27. What are the noise rise effects?
28. What is compressed mode?
29. What is the processing Gain?
30. What is the Pole capacity?
31. What are Rake receiver and WCDMA reception issue?
32. What is the different between CELL_PCH & URA_PCH?
33. What are the types of measurement?
34. What is the paging? What are types of paging and why paging is required?
35. What is the cell update procedure and what are the various cell update cause?
36. What is active set?
37. What is virtual active set?
38. What is the monitoring & detected cell set?
39. What are the various types of RNC?
40. What is the channel concept and channel mapping in WCDMA Network?
41. What is the SIB?
42. What are the idle mode and cell search parameter?
43. What are the admission control & congestion control parameter
Thanks to read Article and Best of luck for your interview.
WCDMA RAN is a part of the 3rd generation (3G) mobile system, and comprises:
OSS-RC
RNC
RANAG
RBS
WCDMA RAN has interfaces towards the Core Network (CN), and towards the external Network
Management Systems (NMS).
WCDMA RAN provides Radio Access Bearers (RAB) between the CN and the subscriber's User Equipment
(UE) for speech, data, and multimedia services.
The Network Elements (NEs) RNC, RANAG, and RBS provide and manage the data links between WCDMA
RAN and the UE. The links between the NEs in WCDMA RAN carry the user data within WCDMA RAN.
These physical links are also used to carry O&M data. See figure for an overview of WCDMA RAN.
Fading
By Narendra Neeraj at April 22, 2014 Labels: GSM, WCDMA 0 comments
FADING in Telecomunication
• The communication between the base station and mobile station in mobile systems is mostly non-LOS.
• The LOS path between the transmitter and the receiver is affected by terrain and obstructed by
buildings and other objects.
• The mobile station is also moving in different directions at different speeds.
• The RF signal from the transmitter is scattered by reflection and diffraction and reaches the receiver
through many non-LOS paths.
This non-LOS path causes long-term and short term fluctuations in the form of log-normal fading and
rayleigh and rician fading, which degrades the performance of the RF channel
RAYLEIGH FADING
• This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal.
• The Rayleigh fading is applicable to obstructed propagation paths.
• All the signals are NLOS signals and there is no dominant direct path.
• Signals from all paths have comparable signal strengths.
• The instantaneous received power seen by a moving antenna becomes a random variable depending on
the location of the antenna.
RICEAN FADING
• This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal.
• In this case there is a partially scattered field.
• One dominant signal.
• Others are weaker.
DOPPLERS SHIFT
• Dopplers shift is the shift in frequency due to the motion of mobile from the actual carrier frequency.
• Consider a mobile moving at a constant velocity v along a path segment having a length d between
points X and Y while it receives signal from a remote source S.
• The Change in frequency due to dopplers shift is given by
fd = (v/) * cos()
• It can be seen from the above equation that if the mobile is moving towards the direction of arrival of
wave the dopplers shift is positive I.e. the apparent received frequency is increased. .
Inter-RAT Handover ( IRAT Handover)
By Narendra Neeraj at April 22, 2014 Labels: WCDMA 0 comments
The 2G/3G inter-RAT handover involves the handover from GSM to UMTS and the handover from UMTS
to GSM. The handover is controlled mainly by the network. For MSs in dedicated mode, inter-RAT
handovers can be performed, including the emergency handover, better cell handover, inter-RAT load
handover, and inter-RAT service handover.
In dedicated mode, an MS obtains the list of neighboring UMTS cells and other information from the
Measurement Information. Then, the MS reports the measurement result to the BSS through the
measurement report. After receiving the measurement result, the BSS determines whether to initiate
the inter-RAT handover from GSM to UMTS based on the measurement result and the handover
algorithm.
HSDPA
By Narendra Neeraj at April 18, 2014 Labels: WCDMA 0 comments
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G (third-generation) mobile
telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also dubbed 3.5G,
3G+, or Turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) to have higher data-transfer speeds and capacity. As of 2013 HSDPA deployments can
support down-link speeds of up to 42.3 Mbit/s. HSPA+ offers further speed increases, providing speeds
of up to 337.5 Mbit/s with Release 11 of the 3GPP standards
Capacity
• It is the maximum throughput that the RBS can deliver to one cell. The capacity is shared by all
HSDPA users.
System Capacity
• It is the average capacity per cell for a cluster of cells. For system capacity calculation it is assumed
that the load is homogenously distributed and HSDPA is deployed in all cells.
Dedicated Channel Traffic
• DCH traffic is defined as the traffic carried by dedicated transport channels such as speech, PS or CS
radio bearers i.e. on channels other than HSDPA.
RBS Load
• It is the percentage of the maximum available RBS power that is used in the downlink.
Power Margin
• Power margin saves a part of the RBS power to cater for power variations, due to the dynamic UE
behavior when users move and experience varying channels conditions.
• For HSDPA it is assumed that no power margin is needed and RBS may use 100% of the available
power in a system with HSDPA.
High-order Modulation
• HS-DSCH uses 16 QAM if the UE category permit.
• This allows twice as high data rates to be transmitted as compared to QPSK
2 ms TTI
• Transmission Time Interval for HSDPA is short when compared to R99
• It is 2 ms for HS-DSCH for R99 it is 10-40 ms
HSDPA Power
• The RBS power available for HSDPA is determined dynamically, depending on R99 power usage
• At least 25% of the average power can be used for HSDPA
Transport Channel
• High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)
Physical Channels
• High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
• High Speed Shared Control Channels (HS-SCCH)
• High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCH)
• Associated Dedicated Channel (A-DCH)
PAGING IN WCDMA
By Narendra Neeraj at April 18, 2014 Labels: WCDMA 0 comments
Paging is initiated upon request from the CN or triggered in UTRAN. It is used to notify
the UE of different events.
In WCDMA RAN P4 these are:
• UE terminating service request for PS or CS services (CN initiated). CN initiated
paging is applicable to UEs in idle mode.
• UTRAN initiated broadcast to inform UEs when System Information is modified.
UTRAN initiated paging is used whenever System Information (e.g. information about
cell selection/ reselection, addition/replacement of neighbors, handover etc.) has
been updated. The paging message has the following characteristics:
• Type of paging message: Paging Type 1 or Paging Type 2
• UE identity used in the message (IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI)
• The physical radio channels and type of resource required
• The area in which the page will be broadcasted (LA or globally)
The paging record varies in length depending on whether it includes the UE identity
in terms of IMSI, TMSI, or P-TMSI. A PCH frame can carry one “Paging Type 1” message
of 10 ms and may contain between 3-5 paging records, depending on whether the
paging uses IMSI or TMSI/P-TMSI.
When the UE mode is Cell_FACH or Cell_DCH common or dedicated physical channels
are already in use and the paging message “Paging Type 2” will be used. For paging,
the capacities of the FACH and the RACH are assumed to be enough, but there is a
risk of congestion in the PCH due to heavy paging load. Therefore, the probability of
congestion in the PCH must be calculated in order to dimension the LA/RA. If the
operator wants to check the paging success rate, this should be done on MSC level.
Notice that even if a UE does not response to a paging in a certain Location Area, a
second paging might be sent throughout the whole MSC area (depending on
configuration) and UE can be finally reached. For this reason the most reliable
indicator for paging is the one obtained at MSC level.
The KPI can be divided into following classes, and the counters related to the KPI should be well defined
in the PM system of the RNC.
Coverage KPIs
UL Interference Cell Ratio
Soft Handover Ratio
Accessibility KPIs
IU Paging Success Ratio
Radio Access Success Ratio
RRC Setup Success Ratio (other)
RRC Setup Success Ratio (service)
AMR RAB Setup Success Ratio
VP RAB Setup Success Ratio
CS RAB Setup Success Ratio
PS RAB Setup Success Ratio
HSDPA RAB Setup Success Ratio
HSUPA RAB Setup Success Ratio
Retainability KPIs
CS Service Drop Ratio
AMR Call Drop Ratio
VP Call Drop Ratio
AMR Traffic Drop Ratio
VP Traffic Drop Ratio
PS Service Drop Ratio
HSDPA Service Drop Ratio
HSUPA Service Drop Ratio
Mobility KPIs
Soft Handover Success Ratio
Softer Handover Success Ratio
HS-DSCH Service Cell Change Success Ratio with SHO (HSDPA to HSDPA)
Channel Handover Success Ratio (HSDPA to DCH)
Channel Handover Success Ratio (DCH to HSDPA)
Intra-frequency Hard Handover Success Ratio
Intra-frequency Hard Handover Success Ratio (HSDPA to HSDPA)
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Success Ratio
Inter-frequency Hard Handover Success Ratio (HSDPA to HSDPA)
CS Inter-RAT Handover Success Ratio (WCDMA to GSM)
PS Inter-RAT Handover Success Ratio (WCDMA to GPRS)
PS Inter-RAT Handover Success Ratio (GPRS to WCDMA)
HSDPA Inter-RAT Handover Success Ratio (WCDMA to GPRS)
SRNC Relocation Success Ratio
TRNC Relocation Success Ratio
E-DCH Soft Handover Success Ratio
E-DCH Service Cell Change Success Ratio with SHO (HSUPA to HSUPA)
E-DCH Service Cell Change Success Ratio with Inter-HHO (HSUPA to HSUPA)
E-DCH to DCH Handover Success Ratio (Intra Cell)
DCH to E-DCH Handover Success Ratio (Intra Cell)
E-DCH to DCH Handover Success Ratio (with Inter HHO)
HSUPA Inter-RAT Handover Success Ratio (UTRAN to GPRS)
Availability KPIs
Worst Cell Ratio
IU Paging Congestion Ratio
Admission Refused Ratio
Congested Cell Ratio
Unserviceable Cell Ratio
Average CPU Load
IUB Bandwidth Utilizing Ratio
Traffic KPIs
CS Equivalent Erlang
PS UL Throughput
PS DL Throughput
UL Traffic of Typical Radio Bearers
DL Traffic of Typical Radio Bearers
HSDPA Mean UE Number
HSDPA RLC Traffic Volume
HSUPA Mean UE Number
HSUPA RLC Traffic Volume
UL Traffic Volume of QoS Classes
SPREADING in WCDMA
By Narendra Neeraj at April 18, 2014 Labels: WCDMA 0 comments
WCDMA applies a two-layered code structure consisting of a orthogonal spreading codes and pseudo-
random scrambling codes. Spreading is performed using channelization codes, which transforms every
data symbol into a number of chips, thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. Orthogonality
between the different spreading
factors can be achieved by the tree-structured orthogonal codes. Scrambling is used for cell separation
in the downlink and user separation in the uplink.
Uplink Spreading
In the uplink, either short or long spreading (scrambling) codes are used. The short codes are used to
ease the implementation of advanced multiuser receiver techniques; otherwise, long spreading codes
can be used. Short codes are S(2) codes of length 256 and long codes are Gold sequences of length 241,
but the latter are truncated to form a cycle of a 10-ms frame. IQ/code multiplexing used in the uplink
leads to parallel transmission of two channels, and therefore, attention must be paid to modulated
signal constellation and
related peak-to-average power ratio (crest factor). the transmitter power amplifier efficiency remains
the
same as for QPSK transmission in general.
Downlink Spreading
In the downlink, the same orthogonal channelization codes are used as in the uplink. For scrambling,
Gold codes of length 218 are used, but they are truncated to form a cycle of a 10-ms frame (i.e.,
384,000 chips). To form a complex-valued code, the same truncated code is used with different time
shifts in I and Q channels. It is possible to generate 218-1 scrambling codes, but only 8191 of them are
used. Each cell is allocated one primary scrambling code. In order to reduce the cell search time, the
primary scrambling codes are divided into 512 sets. Thus, the mobile station needs to search at
maximum 512 10-ms-long codes. In addition to primary scrambling codes, there are 15 secondary
scrambling code sets. Secondary scrambling codes are used when one set of orthogonal
channelization codes is not enough. This can be the case when adaptive antennas are used in
the downlink. It should be noted that use of the secondary scrambling code destroys the orthogonality
between code channels.
PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE WCDMA
By Narendra Neeraj at April 18, 2014 Labels: WCDMA 0 comments
shows the air interface protocol architecture. The protocol architecture is similar to the current ITU-R
protocol architecture, ITU-R M.1035. The air interface is layered into three protocol layers:
The physical layer (layer 1, L1);
The data link layer (layer 2, L2);
Network layer (layer 3, L3).
The physical layer interfaces the medium access control (MAC) sublayer of layer 2 and the radio
resource control (RRC) layer of layer 3. The physical layer offers different transport channels to MAC. A
transport channel is characterized by how the information is transferred over the radio interface.
Transport channels are channel coded and then mapped to the physical channels specified in the
physical layer. MAC offers
different logical channels to the radio link control (RLC) sublayer of layer 2. A logical channel is
characterized by the type of information transferred. Layer 2 is split into following sublayers: MAC,
RLC, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) and broadcast/multicast control (BMC). Layer 3 and RLC
are divided into control and user planes. PDCP and BMC exist in the user plane only. In the
control plane, layer 3 is partitioned into sublayers where the lowest sublayer, denoted as
RRC, interfaces with layer 2. The RLC sublayer provides ARQ functionality closely coupled with the
radio transmission technique used.
Noise Rise
By Narendra Neeraj at April 17, 2014 Labels: WCDMA 0 comments
What is “noise rise”? What does a higher noise rise mean in terms of network loading?
For every new user added to the service, additional noise is added to the network. That is, each new
user causes a “noise rise”. In theory, the “noise rise” is defined as the ratio of total received wideband
power to the noise power. Higher “noise rise” value implies more users are allowed on the network, and
each user has
to transmit higher power to overcome the higher noise level. This means smaller path loss can be
tolerated and the cell radius is reduced. To summarize, a higher noise rise means higher capacity and
smaller footprint, a lower noise rise means smaller capacity and bigger footprint.
Cell breathing
By Andrew Morgan at April 02, 2014 Labels: WCDMA
The cell coverage shrinks as the loading increases, this is called cell breathing.
In the uplink, as more and more UE are served by a cell, each UE needs to transmit higher power to
compensate for the uplink noise rise. As a consequence, the UE with weaker link (UE at greater distance)
may not have enough power to reach the NodeB – therefore coverage shrinkage.
In the downlink, the NodeB also needs to transmit higher power as more UE are being served. As a
consequence UE with weaker link (greater distance) may not be reachable by the NodeB.
Pilot Pollution
By Andrew Morgan at April 02, 2014 Labels: WCDMA
Simply speaking, when the number of strong cells exceeds the active set size, there is “pilot pollution” in
the area. Typically the active set size is 3, so if there are more than 3 strong cells then there is pilot
pollution. Definition of “strong cell”: pilots within the handover window size from the strongest cell. Typical
handover window size is between 4 to 6dB. For example, if there are more than 2 cells (besides the
strongest cell) within 4dB of the strongest cell then there is pilot pollution.
i) Every cell is tranmitting its scrambling code(Primary Scrambling Code) via CPICH.
ii) UE detect the cell power, primary scrambling code and some addition info for compensating
demodulation process
iii) UE detect P-SCH (Primary Synchronization Code) and figure out slot boundary (start and end of each
slot)
iv) UE detect S-SCH (Primary Synchronization Code) and figure out frame bounday (start and end of
each frame)
v) UE detect P-CCPCH and decode MIB. Through this MIB, UE can figure out SFN.
3G KPI (Key Performance Indicators)
By Andrew Morgan at September 26, 2013 Labels: KPI, WCDMA 0 comments
What are the possible causes for a Drop Call on a UMTS network?
Missing Neighbor
SC Collisions
Delayed Handovers
Loss of Synchronization
Fast Fading
External Interference
Missing Neighbors
Poor Coverage
Pilot Pollution / Spillover
Poor Cell Reselection
Core Network Issues
Non – availability of resources. Admission Control denies
Hardware Issues
Improper RACH Parameters
External Interference
3G Basic Parameter
By Andrew Morgan at September 26, 2013 Labels: WCDMA 0 comments
Basic Parameters of WCDMA
What is SIR?
SIR is the Signal-to-Interference Ratio – the ratio of the energy in dedicated physical control channel
bits to the power density of interference and noise after dispreading.
What is RSCP?
RSCP stands for Received Signal Code Power – the energy per chip in CPICH averaged over 512 chips.
What is Eb/No?
By definition Eb/No is energy bit over noise density, i.e. is the ratio of the energy per information bit
to the power spectral density (of interference and noise) after dispreading.
Eb/No = Processing Gain + SIR
For example, if Eb/No is 5dB and processing gain is 25dB then the SIR should be -20dB or better.
What are the Eb/No targets in your design?
The Eb/No targets are dependent on the service:
on the uplink, typically CS is 5 to 6dB and PS is 3 to 4dB – PS is about 2dB lower.
on the downlink, typically CS has 6 to 7dB and PS is 5 to 6dB – PS is about 1dB lower.
Handover Parameter
e1a – a Primary CPICH enters the reporting range, i.e. add a cell to active set.
e1b – a primary CPICH leaves the reporting range, i.e. removed a cell from active set.
e1c – a non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH, i.e. replace a cell.