RUNWAY ORIENTATION

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RUNWAY ORIENTATION
Teja Tallam
Teja Tallam
Vnr Vjiet Vnr Vjiet
RUNWAY
 “Rectangular area on an aerodrome used for landing and take
off “
 Runway orientation is important in airport planning

 Current practice is to layout a runway in the direction of

prevailing wind – wind force can be utilized

 Direction of runway controls the layout of other

facilities(passenger terminals, taxiways/aprons, circulation

roads, parking etc)
Data required
1) Map or area and contours – for examining the flatness of the area
and possible changes in longitudinal profile
2) Wind data – direction, duration and intensity of wind
Wind direction is variable and keeps on changing throughout the year. Wind
data can be obtained for 5 to 10 years from the Meteorological department.
Types of Wind:
 Head Wind: Wind blowing from opposite direction of head or nose of

aircraft. It provides braking effect during landing and greater lift on wings
during take-off. Thus length of runway gets decreased by 10%.
 Tail Wind: Wind which is blown in same direction as on aircraft. It

increases stopping distance and lift-off distance. Dangerous too.

 Cross Wind: makes an angle with the direction of aircraft movement
(VsinO). If this component is more then aircraft may not manoeuver safely.
Generally it should not be more than 25kmph
Wind components
 Wind Coverage: it is the % of time in a year during which
the cross wind component remains within the limit.
 ICAO and FAA recommends minimum wind coverage of 95%

 Calm Period: it is the period in which the wind intensity

remains below 6.4kmph
 Calm period = 100 – wind coverage
WIND ROSE ANALYSIS
 An approach often used in determining the runway
orientation
 Area is divided into 16 parts (22.5 degree each)
 2 methods are available
 Type -1 : based on Direction and Duration of wind
 Concentric circles indicate percentage duration of wind
 Radial lines indicate direction of wind
 Type-2 : based on Direction Duration and Intensity of wind
 Radial lines indicate direction of wind
 Concentric circles indicate intensity of wind
 Deviation upto 33 degree can be allowed
Type – 1 Wind Rose
Type
–2
Wind
Rose
RUNWAY
CONFIGURATION
 FAA includes over 20 runway layouts
 Amongst them there are 4 basic runway patterns :
1. Single runway
2. Parallel runway
3. Dual parallel runway
4. intersecting runways
5. open-v runways
SINGLE RUNWAY: simplest of all
• Capacity – 50 to 100 operations per hour
PARALLEL RUNWAYS
• Capacity depends on no. of
runways and spacing b/w
them
• Based on spacing
• Close
• Intermediate
• Far
INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
• Two or more runways that cross each other are classified as
intersecting runways.
• This type of runway is used when there are relatively strong
prevailing winds from more than one direction during the
year.
• Capacity – 70 to 175 operations per hour
OPEN-V RUNWAYS
Runways diverging from different directions but do
not intersect and form an open-V shape are ‘OPEN-V
runways’
Lakshadweep
Colorado
Madeira airport
Nepal
St. Martens airport @ Caribbean
Ski Resort in
Alps
Gisborne Railway track
Slippery ice
runway at
Antarctica
RUNWAY LIGHTING

 These lights are used to assist pilot in to identify the runway

 GREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line the runway edge
 RED LIGHTS : Mark the end of runway
 BLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside taxiways
 While runways have YELLOW or WHITE lights marking their
edges
RUNWAY SIGNS

 Various kinds of runway signs are also used for

facilitation
 They differ according to their purpose and action
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR TIME

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