Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
AUTOMOBILES
ABSTRACT
Our project deals with the fabrication of automobile exhaust air
35-40%, which means that only one-third of the energy in the fuel is converted
into useful work and about 60-65% is wasted to environment. In which about 28-
30% is lost by cooling water and lubrication losses, around 30-32% is lost in the
form of exhaust gases and remaining by radiation, etc. In this air conditioning
Compression System by using energy in the form of heat rather than mechanical
work. The heat required for running this type of air conditioning System can be
obtained from that which is wasted into the atmosphere from an IC engine.
INTRODUCTION
temperature of the enclosed space or substance and then maintaining that lower
"adding cold."
cars is to cool the space inside the car by utilizing waste heat and exhaust gases
from engine. The air conditioning system of cars in today’s world uses “Vapour
Compression Refrigerant System” (VCRS) which absorbs and removes heat from
the interior of the car which is the space to be cooled and further rejects the heat
exhaust gases from the engine. In vapour compression refrigerant system, the
system utilizes power from engine shaft as the input power to drive the
compressor of the refrigerant system. Hence the engine has to produce extra
work to run the compressor of the air conditioning system thus utilizing extra
amount of fuel. This loss of power of the vehicle for air conditioning can be
In many ways air conditioning and refrigeration systems are very similar.
Both use specially designed chemicals, the physical effects of the compression and
expansion of gases, and the conversion of gas to liquid to reduce the temperature
of air. The varying uses of these systems, however, mean refrigeration and air
operation.
Supply
supply for the gases. Refrigeration systems have gas installed in a series of tubes.
In old refrigerators, this gas was chloro-flouro-carbon, or CFC, but this has harmful
effects on people, so refrigerators not contain HFC-134a. HFC-134a is the sole gas
chemicals, but also air from the room or rooms being heated. Gases built into air
conditioning units cool air that circulates through the unit; the unit then
Circulation
Air conditioners have circulation systems designed to project cool air away
from the units while refrigeration units have circulation systems designed to retain
coolant in a confined space. Refrigeration systems circulate cool liquids and gases
through a series of tubes and vents. Cool air from within a refrigerator is sucked
into a compressor that recycles the gas through the tubes. Air conditioners, while
also employing tubes in the coolant system, have fans for the dispersal of air.
space, air conditioning systems disperse cool air throughout areas of unknown
volume.
Vaporization
gas in the cooling process, but the manner in which they achieve this is different
indoor air quality. In common use, an air conditioner is a device that lowers the air
sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning systems can also
In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of
to AC).
COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
Compressor,
Condenser,
Expansion valve,
Evaporator,
Fan or blower,
IC engine.
COMPRESSOR
diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e.,
compressed air). By one of several methods, an air compressor forces more and
more air into a storage tank, increasing the pressure. When tank pressure reaches
its upper limit the air compressor shuts off. The compressed air, then, is held in
the tank until called into use. The energy contained in the compressed air can be
used for a variety of applications, utilizing the kinetic energy of the air as it is
released and the tank depressurizes. When tank pressure reaches its lower limit,
Positive displacement
compressors are:-
Piston-type air compressors use this principle by pumping air into an air
chamber through the use of the constant motion of pistons. They use one-
way valves to guide air into a cylinder chamber, where the air is
compressed.
matching two helical screws that, when turned, guide air into a chamber,
Vane compressors use a slotted rotor with varied blade placement to guide
air into a chamber and compress the volume. A type of compressor that
this type, a rotating component imparts its kinetic energy to the air which is
eventually converted into pressure energy. These use centrifugal force generated
pressurizes it.
waste heat. Generally this is some form of air- or water-cooling, although some
(particularly rotary type) compressors may be cooled by oil (that is then in turn
air- or water-cooled) and the atmospheric changes also considered during cooling
of compressors.
Most air compressors either are reciprocating piston type, rotary vane
There are two main types of air compressor's pumps: oil-lubed and oil-less. The
oil-less system has more technical development, but is more expensive, louder
and lasts for less time than oil-lubed pumps. The oil-less system also delivers air of
better quality.
The most common types of air compressors are: electric or gas/diesel
(Horsepower) and CFM (cubic feet of air per minute). The gallon size of the tank
tells you how much compressed air "in reserve" is available. Gas/diesel powered
electricity. They are noisy and require ventilation for exhaust gases. Electric
powered compressors are widely used in production, workshops and garages with
120 Volt or 230-240 Volt. Compressor tank shapes are: "pancake", "twin tank",
stationary or portable.
CONDENSER
condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it. In so doing,
the latent heat is given up by the substance, and will transfer to the condenser
coolant. Condensers are typically heat exchangers which have various designs and
come in many sizes ranging from rather small (hand-held) to very large industrial-
from the interior of the unit to the outside air. Condensers are used in air
plants and other heat-exchange systems. Use of cooling water or surrounding air
information, the goal is to provide some basic information on the different types
Water-cooled
Air-cooled
Evaporative
Air cooled – If the condenser is located on the outside of the unit, the air cooled
condenser can provide the easiest arrangement. These types of condensers eject
Most common uses for this condenser are domestic refrigerators, upright
freezers and in residential packaged air conditioning units. A great feature of the
air cooled condenser is they are very easy to clean. Since dirt can cause serious
Water cooled – Although a little more pricey to install, these condensers are the
more efficient type. Commonly used for swimming pools and condensers piped
for city water flow, these condensers require regular service and maintenance.
and the forming of algae, water cooled condensers require a constant supply of
Depending on the application you can choose from tube in tube, shell
and coil or shell and tube condensers. All are essentially made to produce the
EXPANSION VALVE
conditioning a system that controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the
the working fluid. The valve needle remains open during steady state operation.
The size of the opening or the position of the needle is related to the pressure and
temperature of the evaporator. There are three main parts of the expansion valve
that regulate the position of the needle. A sensor bulb, at the end of the
the diaphragm increases causing the needle to lower. Lowering the needle allows
more of the working fluid into the evaporator to absorb heat. The pressure at the
inlet of the evaporator affects the position of the needle and prevents the working
fluid from flowing back into the compressor. Since the pressure before the valve is
higher than the pressure after the valve, the working fluid naturally flows into the
evaporator. The pressure at the inlet of the evaporator acts on the diaphragm.
There is also a spring providing a constant pressure closing the valve needle. The
spring constantly restricts the amount of working fluid entering the evaporator.
on temperature needs. The pressure created by the spring acts on the opening of
the valve. When the pressure of the sensor bulb acting on the diaphragm is
greater than the combined pressure of the evaporator and spring, the valve opens
to increase the flow rate of the working fluid. An increase of flow rate lowers the
valves is how the evaporator pressure affects the position of the needle. In
internally equalized valves, the evaporator pressure against the diaphragm is the
pressure at the inlet of the evaporator, whereas in externally equalized valves, the
evaporator pressure against the diaphragm is the pressure at the outlet of the
having low pressure drop. Externally equalized valves must be used on multi-
EVAPORATOR
An evaporator is a device used to turn the liquid form of a chemical into its
cooling chemical, such as R-22 (Freon) or R-410A, to evaporate from liquid to gas
while absorbing heat in the process. It can also be used to remove water or other
liquids from mixtures. The process of evaporation is widely used to concentrate
foods and chemicals as well as salvage solvents. In the concentration process, the
contains the desired product. In the case of desalination of sea water or in Zero
Liquid Discharge plants, the reverse purpose applies; evaporation removes the
beverage industry. Foods or beverages that need to last for a considerable amount
in kraft pulping. Cutting down waste-handling cost is another major reason for
can greatly reduce the amount of waste product that must be processed.
The solution containing the desired product is fed into the evaporator and
passes across a heat source. The applied heat converts the water in the solution
into vapor. The vapor is removed from the rest of the solution and is condensed
heating section contains the heating medium, which can vary. Steam is fed into
this section. The most common medium consists of parallel tubes but others have
plates or coils typically made from copper or aluminium. The concentrating and
separating section removes the vapor being produced from the solution. The
condenser condenses the separated vapor, then the vacuum or pump provides
Fouling also occurs when hard deposits form on the surfaces of the heating
such deposits that reduce the efficiency of heat transfer. Foaming can also create
a problem since dealing with the excess foam can be costly in time and efficiency.
Antifoam agents are to be used, but only a few can be used when food is being
processed.
Corrosion can also occur when acidic solutions such as citrus juices are
evaporators. Quality and flavor of food can also suffer during evaporation. Overall,
FAN OR BLOWER
or turbine. The flow rates of these fans range from approximately 200 to
2,000,000 cubic feet (5.7 to 57000 cubic meters) per minute. A blower is another
name for a fan that operates where the resistance to the flow is primarily on the
Most blowers may be categorized into one of two general types: centrifugal
Centrifugal
disk, with blades mounted at right angles to the disk, to impart movement to the
air or gas and increase its pressure. The assembly of the hub, disk and blades is
known as the fan wheel, and often includes other components with aerodynamic
scroll-shaped fan housing, resembling the shell of the nautilus sea creature with a
central hole. The air or gas inside the spinning fan is thrown off the outside of the
more air or gas into the wheel through the central hole. Inlet and outlet ducting
are often attached to the fan's housing, to supply and/or exhaust the air or gas to
There are many varieties of centrifugal fans, which may have fan wheels
that range from less than a foot (0.3 meters) to over 16 feet (5 m) in diameter.
Axial
The axial design uses axial forces to achieve the movement of the air or gas,
spinning a central hub with blades extending radially from its outer diameter. The
fluid is moved parallel to the fan wheel's shaft, or axis of rotation. The axial fan
In general, axial fans are used where the principal requirement is for a large
volume of flow, and the centrifugal design where both flow and higher pressures
are required.
IC ENGINE
CONSTRUCTION
In this project we use SPARK IGNITION engine of the type two stroke single
cylinder of Cubic capacity 75 cc. Engine has a piston that moves up and down in cylinder.
A cylinder is a long round air pocket somewhat like a tin can with a bottom cut out.
Cylinder has a piston which is slightly smaller in size than the cylinder the piston is a
metal plug that slides up and down in the cylinder Bore diameter and stroke length of
WORKING
There are only two strokes involved namely the compression stroke and the
power stroke; they are usually called as upward stroke and downward stroke
respectively.
Upward Stroke
During this stroke, the piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center,
At the time the inlet port is uncovered and the exhaust, transfer ports are
covered. The compressed charge is ignited in the combustion chamber by a spark given
by spark plug.
Downward Stroke
The charge is ignited the hot gases compress the piston moves downwards,
during this stroke the inlet port is covered by the piston and the new charge is
compressed in the crankcase, further downward movement of the piston uncovers first
exhaust port and then transfer port and hence the exhaust starts through the exhaust
port. As soon as the transfer port open the charge through it is forced in to the cylinder,
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The unit consists of four main parts - the boiler, condenser, evaporator and
the absorber. The unit can be run on waste exhaust gas heat. When the unit
operates on the exhaust gas, the heat is supplied by the exhaust gas which is fitted
underneath the central tube and when the unit operates on electricity the heat is
supplied by a heating element inserted in the pocket. The unit charge consists of a
ammonia at the room temperature for which the unit is designed. When heat is
supplied to the boiler system, bubbles of ammonia gas are produced which rise
and carry with them quantities of weak ammonia solution through the siphon
pump.
This weak solution passes into the tube, whilst the ammonia vapour passes
into the vapour pipe and on to the water separator. Here the water vapor is
condensed and runs back into the boiler system leaving the dry ammonia vapour
to pass to the condenser. Air circulating over the fins of the condenser removes
the heat from the ammonia vapour to cause it to condense into liquid ammonia
which flows into the evaporator. The evaporator is supplied with hydrogen. The
hydrogen passes across the surface of the ammonia and lowers the ammonia
The mixture of the ammonia and the hydrogen vapour passes from the
continuous trickle of weak ammonia solution fed by gravity from the tube. This
weak solution, flowing down through the absorber comes into contact with the
mixed ammonia and hydrogen gases which readily absorbs the ammonia from the
mixture, leaving the hydrogen free to rise through the absorber coil and to return
to the evaporator.
The hydrogen thus circulates continuously between the absorber and the
evaporator. The strong ammonia solution produced in the absorber which flows
down to the absorber vessel and then to the boiler system, thus completing the
full cycle of operation. The liquid circulation of the unit is purely gravitational.
Heat is generated in the absorber by the process of absorption. This heat must be
dissipated into the surrounding air. Heat must also be dissipated from the
condenser in order to cool the ammonia vapour sufficiently for it to liquefy. Free
air circulation is therefore necessary over the absorber and the condenser. The
whole unit operates by the heat applied to the boiler system and it is of
paramount importance that this heat is kept within the necessary limits and is
properly applied.
2D DRAWING
ADVANTAGES
The running cost of this system is less than air conditioning system.
Among the refrigerant circulated is less per ton of refrigeration than air
DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
The air conditioning effect from the waste heat from the cars has a wide
Commercial vehicles.
We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time
understand the difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and also the quality. We
have done to our ability and skill making maximum use of available facilities. In
conclusion remarks of our project work, let us add a few more lines about our
In this changing modern world, every day there is a new discovery in all the
fields of science and technology, benefiting the mankind. In this work, the design
of water cooler is slightly modified with an addition air cooler. If one utilizes
engine energy which goes as waste, even more useful things can be made.