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* abasakfet@kiit.ac.in
thin films for the application of solar cell must have compact
Abstract—SnS is a promising material for solar cell absorber structure. Furthermore thin film for photovoltaic application
layer application due to its low cost, easy availability and less must have low electrical resistivity as high electrical
toxicity than other semiconductor material used for the same resistivity of film deteriorates solar cell performance [10].
purpose. SnS thin films as an absorber layer for photovoltaic Here in this work SnS thin films are deposited using
application are deposited using chemical bath deposition (CBD)
having a thickness of 550 nm from a solution containing
chemical bath technique at elevated temperature for 22 hours.
SnCl2.2H2O, TEA, TA and NH3OH. NH3OH is used to control The main focus of this work is to study the structural (SEM
the pH of the solution which is maintained at 5. The surface and XRD analysis), optical (transmittance and bandgap) and
morphology of the deposited film has been examined using X- electrical (Carrier Concentration, mobility, resistivity,
Ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The optical conductivity) properties of deposited thin film using CBD
as well as electrical properties of deposited film have been technique suitable as absorber material for photovoltaic
characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and hall effect devices. Results confirm that SnS can be a good choice for
measurement system respectively. Results show that films use as an absorber layer in photovoltaics.
deposited in this process have amorphous crystal structure and
have good adherence to the substrate. The bandgap obtained is II. EXPERIMENT DETAILS
1.4eV which is very suitable for its use as absorber material for
thin film solar cell. In the present work the depositions are done on glass
substrates. Glass substrates are first cleaned with soap
Keywords: SnS thin film, Chemical bath deposition, X-ray solution and followed by cleaning ultrasonically in acetone
diffraction, Hall Measurement and de-ionized water. Finally the glass slide was dried using
blowing N2.
I. INTRODUCTION In this work first a solution of 1g tin salt (SnCl2·2H2O)
In recent days new semiconductor materials are growing and 5 ml of acetone(C3H6O) was prepared. Another 100 ml
interest among the researchers for the application in solution of 12 ml of 3 M triethanolamine (TEA), 8 ml of 1.5
photovoltaics [1]. SnS is one of IV-VI group semiconductor M thioacetamide (TA) and 10 ml of 5 M ammonia, NH3(aq),
material having direct bandgap value 1.3-1.5 eV and a high 70 ml of distilled water is prepared. While preparing the
absorption coefficient as compared to other materials like solution thioacetamide was added in the solution very slowly
GaAs and CdTe. It has shown great potential as an absorber using a dropper to avoid the precipitation. Next 95 ml of 2nd
material for photovoltaic application [2][3]. Another added solution is mixed with the 1st solution to make a new solution
advantage for SnS is the abundance of its constituent of 100 ml. This mixed solution is stirred for some time to
materials in nature with less toxicity [4]. have a uniform mixture and then set at 310 K with glass slides
Several researchers have deposited SnS thin film using in the solution placed at 450 angles. A deep brown thin film is
various deposition techniques like sputtering [5], electro- deposited on the glass slides in about 22 hour. After
deposition [6], SILAR method [7], co-evaporation [8], spray completion of deposition, the deposited films were rinsed in
pyrolysis [9] and chemical bath deposition [10]. Among the distilled water and dried by direr. It is observed that the films
above methods chemical bath deposition(CBD) is the low are uniform and had better adherence on glass substrate.
cost and simple method for deposition of thin films where Structural characterization of the deposited films is
thin film layers grow over surface areas [10]. investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and by
Different crystal structures have been found for deposited X- ray diffraction (XRD) using Cu-Kα radiation. The optical
SnS: orthorhombic structure, zinc blende structure and NaCl characterization ie. transmittance and absorbance was
structure. Mainly deposited SnS thin films are of measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer having
orthorhombic structure though several researchers have wavelength range of 300 nm-900 nm (Shimadzu 2450). The
reported about zinc blende and NaCl crystal structure. SnS thickness of the film was measured using Film metrics F-10.