x Contents

High-Temperature Applications 89
Hot-gas defrost service 90
Transformers for Low-Voltage Controls 91
Review Questions 92

Chapter 6. Electrical Measuring Instruments 93

Performance Objectives 93
Electricity 93
Types of Meter Movements 94
D’Arsonval meter movement 94
Analog meters 97
Parallax Error 97
Ammeters 98
Extending the range of an ammeter 99
Connecting an ammeter in the circuit 99
Clamp-on ammeters 99
AC ammeters 101
Voltmeters 101
Connecting a voltmeter 102
AC Voltmeters 102
Ohmmeters 103
Multimeters 103
Meggers 104
Digital Meters 104
Other Instruments 106
Automatic halogen leak detector 106
Electronic sight glass 107
Electronic charging meters 107
Using an Ohmmeter 108
Warning 108
Adjusting the meter 108
Review Questions 110

Chapter 7. Electrical Power: Direct Current

and Alternating Current 111
Performance Objectives 111
Power Sources 111
Types of Batteries 112
Primary cell 112
Secondary cell 112
Dry Cells 112
Battery Specifications 115
Connecting Cells 115
Battery Maintenance 118
Nickel-Cadmium Cells 119
Alkaline Cells 119
Alternating Current 119
Sine Wave 120
Sine-Wave Characteristics 121
Phase 122
Average, RMS, and Peak Values of AC 122