Supplementary Exercises: Subordinate Clauses

Complex sentence mengandung sedikitnya dua klausa: main clause dan subordinate clause.

Subordinate clause, yang merupakan bagian dari main clause dan tidak bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat,
dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective (kata sifat), adverb (keterangan), atau noun (kata benda).

- Adjective clause (juga disebut relative clause) biasanya diawali relative pronoun (lihat Bab 2 tentang
Pronoun), seperti who, whose, that, which, where, atau when dan ada setelah kata benda yang
diterangkannya.
- Noun clause biasanya diawali kata that atau kata tanya seperti why, what, atau how, dan berfungsi
sebagai pengganti kata benda dalam suatu kalimat (menjadi subject atau object).
- Adverb clause diawali kata hubung seperti because, although, if, atau while dan biasanya ditemukan di
awal atau di akhir kalimat. Berikut ini adalah tabel yang berisi kata-kata hubung yang biasa digunakan
dalam adverb clause.
Time Cause/result Condition Opposition manner Comparison
After Because If Although As though Than
Since Since Even if While As if As
Before So (that) Unless Though
By the time Whereas Only if Whereas
When In order that Once Even though
Whenever In case (that)
While Whether or not
Now that In the event (that)
Until Provided (that)
Once
As soon as
As/so long as
as

Exercise 1: Kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini terdiri atas dua klausa: main clause dan subclause. Lengkapi bagian
kalimat yang kosong dengan kata-kata yang tepat.

Adjective clause:

1. No one knew the men _____________ were standing outside the room.
2. Pure gold, ____________ is easily bent, is rarely used for jewelry.
3. The girl’s family disapproves of the boy _____________ she wants to marry.
Noun clause:

4. The weatherman predicted _________ it would rain.

5. ___________ the magician did surprised the crowd.
6. The policeman asked ___________ I lived.

Adverb clause:

7. Farmers use irrigation ___________ their crops will not die.

8. Copper is much used conductor __________ it is strong and cheap.
9. The man would have died __________ the doctors had not operated.

Exercise 2: Main clause adalah kombinasi subject-verb yang bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat.
Subordinate clause adalah kombinasi subject-verb yang diawali kata-kata seperti which, because, after,
atau that yang tidak bisa berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat.

Tentukan apakah kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini main clause (MC) atau subordinate clause (SC).

MC 1. it started to rain ___ 11. the cost of chicken has gone up

___ 2. after the runner fell down ___ 12. whom he saw at the theater
___ 3. before the telephone was invented ___ 13. exercise promotes health
___ 4. which no one clearly understood ___ 14. walking develops leg muscles
___ 5. she left because of you ___ 15. winning is not everything
___ 6. what you said to me ___ 16. that apples are very nutritious
___ 7. a singer performed after dinner ___ 17. while the choir was singing
___ 8. because the chicken was burned ___ 18. if prices continue to climb
___ 9. she has been crying a lot ___ 19. they arrived after deadline
___ 10. when you left town ___ 20. although there was ice in the road

Exercise 3: Subordinate clause terdiri atas subject-verb, sedangkan phrase atau frase tidak. Tentukan
apakah setiap item adalah subordinate clause (SC) atau phrase (PHR).

PHR 1. before finishing dinner ___ 11. driving fifty-miles an hour

___ 2. if the doctors operate soon ___ 12. which he passed easily
___ 3. whom the committee chose ___ 13. exercising every morning
___ 4. after the last class ___ 14. until the summer ends
___ 5. as the sun set behind the hill ___ 15. as soon as it is over
___ 6. because he was born in Texas ___ 16. a self-correcting typewriter
___ 7. standing in a long time ___ 17. what he did during the holidays
___ 8. which the driver hit ___ 18. where she used to live
___ 9. an inexpensive Japanese model ___ 19. during the president’s talk
___ 10. before the rain had stopped ___ 20. that he had gone bankrupt

Exercise 4: Tentukan apakah kelompok kata-kata di bawah ini main clause (MC), subordinate clause (SC),
atau phrase (PHR).

MC 1. the water is used for irrigation ___ 11. when the radio was invented
___ 2. which is used to make chewing gum ___ 12. the first ships were only logs
___ 3. a famous talk show host ___ 13. mollusks live in shells for protection
___ 4. her hopes for the future ___ 14. a city located near the coast
___ 5. the population increased greatly ___ 15. a boat floating down the river
___ 6. a brain infection causing jerking ___ 16. staying busy makes the time fly
___ 7. the fourth largest city of the state ___ 17. alligators living in Florida
___ 8. although the law was repealed ___ 18. before inflation showed
___ 9. who lived in Oregon ___ 19. because the temperature is never high
___ 10. several different writing systems ___ 20. walking burns many calories

Exercise 5: Tentukan apakah bagian kata yang digaris bawahi adalah main clause (MC), subordinate clause
(SC), atau phrase (PHR).

SC_ 1. The aardvark, which hunts at night, feeds entirely on ants and termites.
___ 2. In a group of African musicians, the drummer will probably serve as the leader.
___ 3. Before he entered public service in1794, John Quincy Adams was a successful
Boston lawyer.
___ 4. Former President Dwight Eisenhower considered himself a Kansan although he
was born in Denison, Texas.
___ 5. King Edward VIII of England abdicated his throne in 1936 because the government
disapproved of his marriage plan.
___ 6. In terms of population, Bangkok, Thailand is quite a bit larger than Barcelona,
Spain.
___ 7. Adsorption, which is often confused with absorption, refers to a mixing or
intermingling of two substances.
___ 8. Through his use of the mobile, Alexander Calder created a new definition of
 sculpture.
___ 9. When winter descends on North America, the weather in Acapulco, Mexico is
warm and pleasant.
___ 10. An accountant is a person who organizes, maintains, analyzes, and interprets
business records.

Exercise 6: Beberapa pertanyaan di bawah ini berhubungan dengan adjective clause. Untuk pertanyaan
no. 1-4, pilih salah satu jawaban yang dapat melengkapi kalimat yang ditanyakan. Untuk pertanyaan no. 5-
10, pilih salah satu jawaban yang salah secara gramatika.

1. Great Britain, which is now an island, _____________ once part of the European mainland.
(A) which
(B) being
(C) with
(D) was
2. The province of Brittany __________ a peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic.
(A) upon
(B) lying on
(C) lies on
(D) which is on
3. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, _______________ remembered for her love poems, published her first
work at the age of twelve.
(A) is
(B) who is
(C) who
(D) being
4. The Adriatic Sea, which lies between the coasts of Italy and Yugoslavia, _________ the Mediterranean
Sea.
(A) part of
(B) belonging to
(C) an arm is
(D) is an arm of
5. Bangkok, Thailand, who (A) is nicknamed (B) the “Venice of Asia”, has (C) many (D) canals.
6. Toward (A) the front of (B) the cortex is the motor area sends (C) nerve (D) messages to the muscles.
7. Egyptians, who are gathering (A) their (B) clay from the Nile, used straw or reeds (C) strengthen (D)
their bricks.
8. The Brooklyn Bridge which (A) was built by (B) John Roeblings who perfected (C) the suspension (D)
bridge.
9. In (A) 1678, John Bunyan who (B) published his masterpiece Pilgrim’s Progress which was extremely (C)
popular for over (D) 200 years.
10. Pearl Buck, who (A) growing (B) up in China, was an (C) American by birth (D).

Exercise 7: Beberapa pertanyaan di bawah ini berhubungan dengan adverb clause. Untuk pertanyaan no.
1-4, pilih salah satu jawaban yang dapat melengkapi kalimat yang ditanyakan. Untuk pertanyaan no. 5-10,
pilih salah satu jawaban yang salah secara gramatika.

1. _____________ James Buchanan was a bachelor, his niece served as hostess of the White House during
his presidency.
(A) It was
(B) During
(C) Because of
(D) Since
2. Because _____________ has depleted many wildlife species, game preserves are being established.
(A) excessive hunting
(B) hunting was excessive
(C) of hunting excessively
(D) they hunted excessively
3. The lowlands of Albania are quite fertile _____________ are alluvial.
(A) because they
(B) which is because
(C) because of which
(D) and because
4. American Indian languages, which differs widely, _______________ to group many units of meaning
into multisyllabic words.
(A) and tend
(B) tending
(C) to tend
(D) all tend
5. Although was (A) defeated for the presidency (B) three times, William Jennings Bryan was a major (C)
influence in the (D) United States.
6. Because (A) wood which (B) was abundant in (C) the North American continent, it was the chief
building (D) material of early settlers.
7. The Bunsen burner is so (A) named because it thought (B) to have (C) been invented by (D) Robert
Bunsen.
8. Seventy-five percent of the Burmese farmers (A) although only ten (B) percent of (C) their land is under
cultivation (D).
9. Buttercups are (A) avoided by (B) grazing (C) animals because (D) their bitter juices.
10. Plastic buttons are used on men’s (A) shirts because (B) they are strength (C) and can withstand many
washings (D).

Exercise 8: Beberapa kalimat di bawah ini mengandung noun clause sebagian lagi tidak.

(i) Baca kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini.

(ii) Identifikasi apakah kalimat tersebut mengandung noun clause atau tidak. Jika tidak, tandai dengan
‘x’ di sebelah kiri kalimat tersebut.
(iii) Jika kalimat tersebut mengandung noun clause, tandai noun clause tersebut dan tentukan fungsinya
dalam kalimat tersebut. Lalu tulis NC di sebelah kiri kalimat tersebut berikut fungsinya dalam
kalimat. Contohnya:

S V

NC:S Whatyou
What yousaid
said was very nice.
O
S V
NC:O Everyone knows what you said.

NB: noun clause yang berfungsi sebagai objek tidak selalu diawali kata ‘that’ (unmarked). Perhatikan
contoh di bawah ini:

Unmarked noun clause: The boy said he felt sick.

Marked noun clause: The boy said that he felt sick.

X_ 1. The speaker summarized the main points of his report.

NC:O 2. Ambitious students feel that hard work is ultimately rewarded.
___ 3. The pilot said his plane was in good condition.
4. Where the dog went is a mystery.
___ 5. My father does not know how much money I spent.
6. What you said hurt my feelings.
___ 7. That encyclopedia contains 1,523 pages and 470 articles.
 8. Results of the garbage study reveal fifteen percent of the city’s edible food is
___ wasted.
9. Harry knows how he did in the test.
___ 10. How dolphins communicate is the subject of the film.
11. Even his parents don’t know why he ran away from home.
___ 12. Environmentalists are worried about the disappearance of many species of cacti in
the Southwest.
___ 13. The chief of police said his men arrested a suspect.
___ 14. That magazine is said to be useful to amateur radio operators.
___ 15. The man that caused the accident believed in his own innocence.
___ 16. That company reports its electric cars are virtually trouble-free.
___ 17. A woman that witnessed the fight said she would not testify willingly.

Exercise 9: Contoh-contoh soal di bawah ini berhubungan dengan noun clause. Pilih salah satu jawaban
untuk melengkapi pertanyaan yang tersedia.

1. A Washington researcher claims __________ he has developed a test for early symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
a. are that
b. that
c. which
d. are
2. ___________ possible scientists will someday release the energy stored in water.
a. that is
b. that it is
c. it is
d. to be
3. Geologists cannot accurately predict __________ Mount St. Helens will erupt again.
a. when
b. which
c. is that
d. and when
4. __________ 1980 that voyager transmitted photographs of Saturn to earth.
a. when it was
b. that was in
c. during
d. it was in
5. Many newspaper printed the governor’s statement ___________ would support tax cut.
a. that he
b. was that he
c. which he
d. and it
6. ______________ said under oath was disputed by several other witnesses.
a. it is the man
 b. what the man
c. that the man
d. the man has said
7. It was in 1901 __________ Theodoe Roosevelt became president of the United States.
a. when
b. and
c. that
d. which
8. It was Albert Einstein who developed the theory ____________ relativity.
a. of
b. that
c. is
d. and
9. It is believed __________ occur after rock strata break and before they settle into a new position.
a. to be earthquakes
b. earthquakes which
c. that earthquakes
d. earthquakes that
10. Why ____________ at a given time is not known.
a. does a drought occur
b. it is drought that
c. a drought should occur
d. a drought that occurs