Makkar IELTS Speaking Guesswork Sep-Dec 2018, Final Version

Experiment Instructions
WL 203 Methods of Pressure

Measurement
WL 203 METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, Barsbüttel, Germany 01/2011
Experiment Instructions
This manual must be kept by the unit.
Before operating the unit:

- Read this manual.
- All participants must be instructed on
handling of the unit and, where appropriate,
on the necessary safety precautions.
Version 0.2 Subject to technical alterations
i
Table of Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Intended use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Device description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Device design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.1 Connecting or detaching hose or stopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.2 Applying pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.2.3 Filling U-tube manometer and inclined tube manometer . . . . 7
2.2.4 Emptying U-tube manometer and inclined tube manometer . 8
3 Basic principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Pressure measurement with U-tube manometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Pressure measurement with inclined tube manometer . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Pressure measurement with Bourdon tube manometer . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1 Experiment 1: Positive pressure measurement with U-tube
manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 Experiment 2: Negative pressure measurement with inclined tube
manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 Experiment 3: Positive pressure measurement with Bourdon tube
manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4 Experiment 4: Negative pressure measurement with Bourdon tube
manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.5 Experiment 5: Positive pressure measurement with U-tube
manometer and Bourdon tube manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
manometer and Bourdon tube manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
ii
5 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.2 List of abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.3 List of formula symbols and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.4 Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.5 Scope of delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.6 Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
iii
1 Introduction
WL 203 Methods of Pressure Measurement

consists of two devices:
• A U-tube manometer, an inclined tube mano-
meter, a Bourdon tube manometer for positive
pressure and a Bourdon tube manometer for
negative pressure are arranged on the
manometer panel. The test pressures that are
displayed on the manometers are generated
using a plastic syringe.
The manometer panel, including experiments,

Manometer panel Calibration is described in this instruction manual.
device
• Calibrating a Bourdon tube manometer is
Fig. 1.1 WL 203 Methods of Pressure demonstrated with the calibration device.
Measurement
The calibration device is shown in the separate
instruction manual HM 150.02 Dead-Weight
Piston Gauge.
Learning objectives are

• familiarisation with different pressure measure-
ment methods
• function of a Bourdon tube manometer
• pressure measurements with U-tube and Bour-
don tube manometers
• calibration of mechanical manometers.
This material should be used to help you prepare

your lesson. You can compose parts of the mate-
rial as information for students and use it in class.
1 Introduction 1
We wish you much joy and success with the

G.U.N.T. device WL 203 in your important task
of introducing students and trainees to the fun-
damentals of technology.
Should you have any comments about this
device, please do not hesitate to contact us.
1.1 Intended use

The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.
1 Introduction 2
2 Device description
2.1 Device design

4 3 2 1
B
H
A C D E F G
1 Bourdon tube manometer for negative pressure

2 Bourdon tube manometer for positive pressure
3 Inclined tube manometer
4 U-tube manometer
A-H Connector
Allocation of the connectors to the manometers
Fig. 2.1 View of the device
2 Device description 3
Different types of manometers are mounted on

the manometer panel:
• two tube manometers, namely
– one U-tube manometer,
– one inclined tube manometer,
• two Bourdon tube manometers, namely
– one Bourdon tube manometer for positive
pressure,
– one Bourdon tube manometer for negative
pressure.
Each manometer is connected via hoses to one or

more connectors, which are designed as pneu-
matic quick connectors. The allocation is shown in
Fig. 2.1.
The connectors are used to have
• pressures applied,
• hoses attached in order to connect a tube
manometer and a Bourdon tube manometer to
one another,
• stoppers inserted in order to shut off connec-
tors,
• the U-tube manometer or the inclined tube
manometer filled (connectors B and H).
Using a plastic syringe, pressures are generated

and applied to one or more manometers through
the measuring hose.
Fig. 2.2 Syringe and measuring hose
2.2 Operation
2.2.1 Connecting or detaching hose or stopper
Follow the descriptions in this chapter in order to

• connect the measuring hose
• join a tube manometer and a Bourdon tube
manometer on the manometer panel to one
another via hoses
• shut off connectors with stoppers.
Attach hose or stopper to a connector:

1. Slide the locking ring backwards.
2. Push the hose or stopper into the connector.
3. Push the hose or stopper with some force fur-
Hose
Locking ring ther into the connector, until you notice it snaps
Fig. 2.3 Attaching the hose in.
4. Pull the locking ring forwards. This locks the
connection to the hose or stopper.
Detach hose or stopper from a connector:

1. Slide the locking ring backwards.
2. Pull the hose or stopper forwards out of the
connector.
Hose
Locking ring
Fig. 2.4 Detaching the hose
2.2.2 Applying pressure
A small amount of pressure is already built up by

attaching hoses and stoppers.
1. Attach the measuring hose to a connector (see

Chapter 2.2.1, Page 5).
Connector Measuring Syringe Plunger 2. For positive pressure:
hose
Draw up air into the syringe.
Fig. 2.5 Connection of connector,
measuring hose and syringe For negative pressure:

Push the syringe plunger down.
3. Screw the syringe onto the measuring hose.
4. To apply positive pressure:
Slowly push the syringe plunger down.
To apply negative pressure:
Slowly draw up the syringe.
NOTICE
Bourdon tube manometers will be damaged by
pressures that are outside the measurement
range.
• Only apply pressures that are in the following
measurement ranges:
Bourdon tube manometer for
positive pressure: 0...60mbar
Bourdon tube manometer for
negative pressure: -60...0mbar
2.2.3 Filling U-tube manometer and inclined tube manometer
1. Remove all stoppers from the connectors (see

Chapter 2.2.1, Page 5).
2. Fill a measuring jug with about 20ml of water.
Add a few drops of ink to the water, to improve
the visibility of the liquid.
3. Using the funnel, slowly pour the water into the

following connector:
• U-tube manometer: Connector B

• Inclined tube manometer: Connector H
Pour the water in until the water level in both
branches of the manometer is at the height of
the "0" value on the scale.
4. If there are water bubbles in the water, or water
Fig. 2.6 Filling the tube manometer bubbles in the air:
• Shut off connector A for the U-tube mano-
meter or connector G for the inclined tube
manometer.
• Connect connector B for the U-tube mano-
meter or connector H for the inclined tube
manometer to the measuring hose.
• Screw the syringe onto the measuring hose.
• Carefully apply alternating positive and neg-
ative pressure to the manometer until all
bubbles have dissipated.
2.2.4 Emptying U-tube manometer and inclined tube manometer
Hose ends in the connector 1. Prepare a beaker for about 50ml.

2. Remove the measuring hose and the stoppers
from the connectors A, B, C, D, G, and H.
3. Loosen the 3 screws on the transparent cover
with the imprinted scale and remove the cover.
4. Loosen the hose from the groove of one branch
and pull the end of the hose from the connec-
tor.
5. Place the end of the hose over the beaker, so

that the water flows out of the hose.
6. Re-insert the hose into the connector and
press the hose into the groove.
7. Attach the transparent cover with the imprinted
Transparent cover with imprinted scale,
attached with 3 screws each
scale and fasten it with 3 screws.
Fig. 2.7 Emptying the tube manometer
3 Basic principles
The basic principles set out in the following make

no claim to completeness. For further theoretical
explanations, refer to the specialist literature.
3.1 Pressure measurement with U-tube manometer
An open U-tube manometer consists of a U-tube

which is open at the ends of both branches. The
U-tube is roughly half-filled with a sealing liquid, in

this case water.
If air pressure is applied to one branch, the col-
h2 umn of liquid is displaced to the other side. The
difference in height of the columns of liquid in both
Δh branches is the measurement for the differential
pressure between the applied pressure and the
h1
ambient pressure. This is stated in mm water col-
umn (mm WC).
Δp = ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Δh (3.1)
Δ p Differential pressure
ρ Density of the sealing liquid
For water: 998,2kg/m3 at 20 °C
Fig. 3.1 U-tube manometer g Gravitational acceleration
9,81m/s2
Δ h Height difference
By simplifying slightly we get the following conver-
sion:
1cm water column corresponds to 1mbar.
3 Basic principles 9
3.2 Pressure measurement with inclined tube manometer
The inclined tube manometer works on the same

principle as the U-tube manometer, however the
branches are positioned at an angle of less than
90° to each other. The inclination means that a
small change in the height of the column of liquid
h1 leads to a significant change in the length of the
column of liquid.
The greater the inclination, the greater the resolu-
h2
tion of the measurement range of the inclined tube

manometer.
α The measured column of liquid of the inclined
branch is then corrected:
h 2corr = h 2 ⋅ cos α (3.2)
h 2corr Corrected column of liquid of the

Fig. 3.2 Inclined tube manometer inclined branch
h2 Measured column of liquid of the
inclined branch
α Angle of the inclined branch
With WL 203 α = 30°. In this case the correction

is as follows:
h 2corr = h 2 ⋅ cos 30° (3.3)
= h 2 ⋅ 0 ,866
3.3 Pressure measurement with Bourdon tube manometer
Dial plate Bourdon tube Bourdon tubes are circular curved tubes with an
oval cross-section. The pressure being measured
affects the inside of the tube, whereby the oval
cross-section approaches a circular shape, since
the pressure strives to change the cross-section
of the tube to a circle shape. The curvature of the
Bourdon tube causes cyclic stress, which bends
the spring.
Needle
The unrestrained end of the spring moves. A

mechanism converts the size of this movement
into a rotary motion, which then moves the needle
and displays the pressure reading on the scale.
Fig. 3.3 Bourdon tube manometer
4 Experiments
The selection of experiments makes no claims of

completeness but is intended to be used as a
stimulus for your own experiments.
The results shown are intended as a guide only.
Depending on the construction of the individual
components, experimental skills and environmen-
tal conditions, deviations may occur in the experi-
ments. Nevertheless, the laws can be clearly
demonstrated.
A worksheet for documenting the experiments is

contained in Chapter 5.6, Page 29.
4.1 Experiment 1: Positive pressure measurement with U-tube manometer
Objective of the experiment

To learn about the measurement of differential
pressure with the U-tube manometer
Procedure of the experiment

1. Set up the following conditions:
• Connector A:
Closed with a stopper
• Connector B:
Connected to the measuring hose
• Connector C:
Open
2. Read off the heights h1 and h2 of the water col-
umns in both branches of the U-tube mano-
meter and note down the values in row "a" of
the worksheet.
4 Experiments 12
3. Draw up the syringe to the "20ml" mark.

5. Slowly press the syringe plunger to the "15ml"
mark.
NOTICE
• Make sure that the water columns in both
branches of the U-tube manometer do not rise
over the top of the scales.

umns in both branches of the U-tube mano-
meter and note down the values in row "b" of
the worksheet.
7. Calculate
• Δ h 2-1 and Δ p 2-1 in rows "a" and "b" of the
worksheet
• the differential pressure in mm WC and in
mbar in row "c" of the worksheet
4 Experiments 13
Measurements
Consecutive Positive/ Tube manometer: Bourdon
no. negative 7 U-tube manometer tube mano-
pressure
□ Inclined tube manometer meter for:
applied
with the
□ Positive
pressure
syringe
□ Negative
pressure
Reading Calculation Reading
Left Right
Inclined Δ h 2-1 Δ p 2-1 Δp
branch: branch:tube or or
h1 h2 mano- Δ h 2corr-1 Δ p 2corr-1
meter:
h2corr
in ml in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mm WC in mbar in mbar
a
no - 0 0 - 0 0 -
pressure
b
1 with 5 -157 153 - 310 31,0 -
pressure
c
- - - - 310 31,0 -
=b-a
4 Experiments 14

manometer

To learn about the measurement of differential
pressure with the inclined tube manometer

• Connector D:
Open
• Connector G:
Closed with a stopper
• Connector H:
umns in both branches of the inclined tube
manometer.
mark.
NOTICE
• Make sure that the water columns in both
branches of the inclined tube manometer do
not rise over the top of the scales.

umns in both branches of the inclined tube
manometer.
4 Experiments 15
7. Calculate
• h 2corr , Δ h 2corr-1 and Δ p 2corr-1 in rows "a"
and "b" of the worksheet
Measurements
no. negative
pressure
□ U-tube manometer tube mano-
meter for:
applied
with the
□ Positive
pressure
syringe
□ Negative
pressure
Left Right
meter:
h2corr
a
no - 0 -3 -3 3 0,3 -
pressure
b
2 with 5 165 -166 -144 309 30,9 -
pressure
c
- - - - 306 30,6 -
=b-a
4 Experiments 16
4.3 Experiment 3: Positive pressure measurement with Bourdon tube

manometer

To learn about the measurement of positive pres-
sure with a Bourdon tube manometer

• Connector E:
2. Read off the pressure on the Bourdon tube
manometer for positive pressure.
mark.
NOTICE
• Make sure that the pressure in the Bourdon
tube manometer for positive pressure moves
within the 0...60mbar range.

manometer for positive pressure.
7. Calculate
• Δ p in rows "a" and "b" of the worksheet
• the differential pressure in mbar in row "c" of
the worksheet
4 Experiments 17
Measurements
no. negative □ U-tube manometer tube mano-
pressure
applied 7 Positive
with the pressure
syringe
□ Negative
pressure
Left Right
meter:
h2corr
a
no - - - - - - 1
pressure
b
3 with 2 - - - - - 41
pressure
c
- - - - - - 40
=b-a
4 Experiments 18
4.4 Experiment 4: Negative pressure measurement with Bourdon tube

manometer

To learn about the measurement of negative
pressure with a Bourdon tube manometer

• Connector F:
manometer for negative pressure.
3. Press the syringe plunger to the "0ml" mark.
5. Slowly draw up the syringe to the "2ml" mark.
NOTICE
• Make sure that the pressure in the Bourdon
tube manometer for negative pressure moves
within the -60...0mbar range.

manometer for negative pressure.
7. Calculate
• Δ p in rows "a" and "b" of the worksheet
• the differential pressure in mbar in row "c" of
the worksheet
4 Experiments 19
Measurements
pressure
applied
with the
□ Positive
pressure
syringe
7 Negative
pressure
Left Right
meter:
h2corr
a
no - - - - - - 0
pressure
b
4 with -2 - - - - - -57
pressure
c
- - - - - - -57
=b-a
4 Experiments 20
4.5 Experiment 5: Positive pressure measurement with U-tube manometer

and Bourdon tube manometer

To compare the positive pressure measurement
in two different manometers

• Connectors A and E:
Connected to each other with a hose
• Connector B:
• Connector C:
Open
2. Read off:
– the heights h1 and h2 of the water columns
in both branches of the U-tube manometer
– the pressure on the Bourdon tube mano-
meter for positive pressure.
4 Experiments 21

mark.
NOTICE
Make sure that
• the water columns in the branches of the
U-tube manometer do not rise over the top of
the scales and
• the pressure in the Bourdon tube manometer
for positive pressure moves within the
0...60mbar range.
6. Read off:
in both branches of the U-tube manometer
meter for positive pressure.
7. Calculate
• Δ h 2-1 and Δ p 2-1 for the U-tube manometer
in rows "a" and "b" of the worksheet
• Δ p for the Bourdon tube manometer in rows
"a" and "b" of the worksheet
mbar in row "c" of the worksheet.
4 Experiments 22
Measurements
no. negative 7 U-tube manometer tube mano-
pressure
applied 7 Positive
with the pressure
syringe
□ Negative
pressure
Left Right
meter:
h2corr
a
no - 0 1 - 1 0,1 0
pressure
b
5 with 5 -125 123 - 248 24,8 24
pressure
c
- - - - 247 24,7 24
=b-a
The accuracy of the reading on the U-tube

manometer is greater than that on the Bourdon
tube manometer.
The differential pressure measured on the U-tube
manometer is 3,3% greater than the differential
pressure read from the Bourdon tube manometer.
4 Experiments 23

manometer and Bourdon tube manometer

To compare the negative pressure measurement
in two different manometers

• Connector D:
Open
• Connectors E and G:
Connected to each other with a hose
• Connector H:
2. Read off:
in both branches of the inclined tube
manometer.
meter for negative pressure.
3. Press the syringe plunger to the "0ml" mark.
4 Experiments 24
5. Slowly draw up the syringe to the "5ml" mark.
NOTICE
Make sure that
• the water columns in the branches of the
inclined tube manometer do not rise over the
top of the scales, and
• the pressure in the Bourdon tube manometer
for negative pressure moves within the
-60...0mbar range.
6. Read off:
in both branches of the inclined tube
manometer.
meter for negative pressure.
7. Calculate
• h 2corr , Δ h 2corr-1 and Δ p 2corr-1 for the
inclined tube manometer in rows "a" and "b"
of the worksheet
• Δ p for the Bourdon tube manometer in rows
"a" and "b" of the worksheet
4 Experiments 25
Measurements
no. negative
pressure
□ U-tube manometer tube mano-
meter for:
applied
with the
□ Positive
pressure
syringe
7 Negative
pressure
Left Right
meter:
h2corr
a
no - 0 -1 -1 -1 -0,1 0
pressure
b
6 with -5 -139 136 118 257 -25,7 -26
pressure
c
- - - - 258 -25,8 -26
=b-a
The accuracy of the reading on the inclined tube

manometer is greater than that on the Bourdon
tube manometer.
The differential pressure measured on the
inclined tube manometer is 0,8% lower than the
differential pressure read from the Bourdon tube
manometer.
4 Experiments 26
5 Appendix
5.1 Technical data
Manometer panel
Length x Width x Height 750 mm x 600 mm x 780 mm
Weight 12 kg
Measuring ranges
Bourdon tube manometer for positive pressure 0...60 mbar
Bourdon tube manometer for negative pressure -60...0 mbar
U-tube manometer and inclined tube manometer
(maximum height difference) 500 mm WC

Angle of the inclined tube manometer 30 °
Calibration device
See instruction manual for HM 150.02 Dead-Weight Piston Gauge
5.2 List of abbreviations
Abbreviation Meaning
WC Water column
5.3 List of formula symbols and units
Formula Mathematical/physical value Unit

symbol
g Gravitational acceleration m/s2
h Height mm, cm, m
p Pressure mbar, mm WC
α Angle °
Δh Height difference mm, cm, m
Δp Differential pressure mbar, mm WC
ρ Density kg/m3
5 Appendix 27
Index Explanation
corr corrected
5.4 Tables
Unit mm3 cm3 ltr m3
1mm3 1 0,001 0,000001 0,000000001
1cm3 1.000 1 0,001 0,000001

1ltr 1.000.000 1.000 1 0,001
1m3 1.000.000.000 1.000.000 1.000 1
Tab. 5.1 Conversion table for units of volume
Unit bar mbar Pa kPa
1bar 1 1000 100000 100
1mbar 0,001 1 100 0,1
1Pa 0,00001 0,01 1 0,001
1kPa 0,01 10 1000 1
Tab. 5.2 Conversion table for units of pressure
5.5 Scope of delivery
1 Methods of Pressure Measurement WL 203

1 Instruction Manual for Methods of Pressure Measurement WL 203
1 Instruction Manual for Dead-Weight Piston Gauge HM 150.02
5 Appendix 28
5.6 Worksheet

pressure
applied
with the
□ Positive
pressure
syringe
□ Negative
pressure
Left Right
meter:
h2corr
a
no -
pressure
b
with
pressure
c
- - -
=b-a
a
no -
pressure
b
with
pressure
c
- - -
=b-a
a
no -
pressure
b
with
pressure
c
- - -
=b-a
5 Appendix 29

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Experiment Instructions

WL 203 Methods of Pressure

This manual must be kept by the unit.

Before operating the unit:

Version 0.2 Subject to technical alterations

2.2.2 Applying pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

WL 203 Methods of Pressure Measurement

The manometer panel, including experiments,

Learning objectives are

This material should be used to help you prepare

We wish you much joy and success with the

1.1 Intended use

The unit is to be used only for teaching purposes.

2.1 Device design

1 Bourdon tube manometer for negative pressure

Fig. 2.1 View of the device

Different types of manometers are mounted on

Each manometer is connected via hoses to one or

Using a plastic syringe, pressures are generated

Fig. 2.2 Syringe and measuring hose

2.2.1 Connecting or detaching hose or stopper

Follow the descriptions in this chapter in order to

Attach hose or stopper to a connector:

Detach hose or stopper from a connector:

2.2.2 Applying pressure

A small amount of pressure is already built up by

1. Attach the measuring hose to a connector (see

measuring hose and syringe For negative pressure:

2.2.3 Filling U-tube manometer and inclined tube manometer

1. Remove all stoppers from the connectors (see

3. Using the funnel, slowly pour the water into the

• U-tube manometer: Connector B

2.2.4 Emptying U-tube manometer and inclined tube manometer

Hose ends in the connector 1. Prepare a beaker for about 50ml.

5. Place the end of the hose over the beaker, so

Fig. 2.7 Emptying the tube manometer

The basic principles set out in the following make

3.1 Pressure measurement with U-tube manometer

An open U-tube manometer consists of a U-tube

U-tube is roughly half-filled with a sealing liquid, in

3.2 Pressure measurement with inclined tube manometer

The inclined tube manometer works on the same

tion of the measurement range of the inclined tube

h 2corr = h 2 ⋅ cos α (3.2)

h 2corr Corrected column of liquid of the

With WL 203 α = 30°. In this case the correction

h 2corr = h 2 ⋅ cos 30° (3.3)

3.3 Pressure measurement with Bourdon tube manometer

The unrestrained end of the spring moves. A

The selection of experiments makes no claims of

A worksheet for documenting the experiments is

4.1 Experiment 1: Positive pressure measurement with U-tube manometer

Objective of the experiment

Procedure of the experiment

3. Draw up the syringe to the "20ml" mark.

6. Read off the heights h1 and h2 of the water col-

4.2 Experiment 2: Negative pressure measurement with inclined tube

Objective of the experiment

Procedure of the experiment

6. Read off the heights h1 and h2 of the water col-

4.3 Experiment 3: Positive pressure measurement with Bourdon tube

Objective of the experiment

Procedure of the experiment

6. Read off the pressure on the Bourdon tube