‫ حسام اشتيوي‬.

‫ا‬ ( Grammar ) ‫قواعد اللغة الناجليزية‬

Pronouns
:‫ وتختلف الضمائر بأشكالها و استخداماتها على النحو التالي‬، a pronoun replaces a noun ‫الضمير يحل محل السام‬
Subject pronouns Object pronouns Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns Reflexive pronouns
‫ضمائر الفاعل‬ ‫ضمائر المفعول به‬ ‫صفات الملكية‬ ‫ضمائر الملكية‬ ‫ضمائر الناعكاس‬
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves
.Examples: - I go to school everyday. - This is my book. - This book is mine. - Give me the book. - The boys hurt themselves

Reflexive pronouns ‫الضمائر المنعكسة‬

Singular – ( ‫) المفرد‬ myself – yourself – himself – herself – itself
Plural – ( ‫) الجمع‬ ourselves – yourselves – themselves
‫استخدامات الضمائر المنعكسة‬
Ali cut himself ← ( ‫ عندما يكون الفاعل و المفعول به هما الشيء ذاته ) يعودان على بعضهما البعض‬- 1
My father himself cleaned the car ← ‫ للتأكيد‬-2
Did you do your homework on your own? ← ( on your own = by yourself = alone ) ‫ ناستخدم‬-3
: ‫ ل تستخدم الضمائر المنعكسة عادة مع بعض الفأعال وهي‬-4
approach – afford – bath – dress – shave – wash – meet – sit down – stand up – worry – decide – remember – concentrate
I shaved after I had got up ← ‫مــثــــال‬
She put her bag next to her (herself ) ← ‫ مــثــــال‬position ‫ أو‬place ‫ ل ناستخدم الضمائر المنعكسة مع حروف الجر من ناوع‬-5
( Idioms with reflexive pronouns ) ‫ مصطلحات مع الضمائر المنعكسة‬-6
enjoyed ourselves – behave themselves – help yourself – make yourself ← ‫مـثــــال‬
Let the kid do it for himself ← ‫ ( فأي التعبير التالي‬for ) ‫ تستخدم الضمائر المنعكسة بعد حرف‬-7
He lives by himself = alone ← ‫ ( فأي التعبيرات التالية‬by ) ‫ تستخدم الضمائر المنعكسة بعد حرف‬-8
I answered these questions by myself = no body helped me ←
Practice
.Fill in the gaps *
?A: Welcome to the class. 2- A: That is Hans. ……..is 3- A: Where is Qatar -1
.B: ……am David and this is from Germany. B: ……is near Saudi Arabia
.Maria. …… is from Italy
?A: And who are …..? 5- A: Do you know Maria? 6- A: Do you know the teacher -4
. …… B: …..are new students from Qatar. B: No, I don't know …... . B: No, I don't know

.Complete the sentences with a possessive adjective *

?My sister's married.' What's …….. husband's name ' -1
?My brother's office is in New York.' What's ……. Job ' -2
?Mum and Dad are in Rome.' What's ..….. phone number ' -3

.Use reflexive pronouns to complete the sentences *

.Your hair looks terrible. Look at ……………… in the mirror -1
.Ahmed is getting very strange. He talks to ………………… all the time -2
.The question ………………. Is not very complicated, but the answer certainly is -3
.The old lady lives …………….. these days, and she rarely goes out to see anyone -4
.……………… You don't need to explain what I did to everyone. I can speak -5

.Choose the correct answer *

.To understand ancient Egypt, scholars study its hieroglyphics and try to interpret ( it – them – itself – themselves ) -1
.The dialect that is spoken in Olimbos is so old that many of ( its – his – hers – theirs ) words date back to the time of Homer -2
.As the bare mountains turned green, the people found ( they – them – their – themselves ) looking forward to spring -3
.New chemicals are not always tested to determine if ( it – she – he – they ) will cause cancer or genetic mutations -4

: Other pronouns ‫ضمائر أخرى‬

?Who visits her? - What are you going to buy ← ‫ مـثـــــال‬....?Who? Which? Whose? What : ‫ ( وهي‬Interrogatives ) ‫☺ ضمائر الستفهام‬
Faisal is the man whose car is black ← ‫ … مـثــــال‬who – whose – that – which : ‫ ( وهي‬Relative pronouns ) ‫☺ ضمائر الربط‬
☺
some of ( us ) ‫بعض من‬ .… all of ‫ جميعكم‬/ ‫جميعهم‬ few of ( you ) ‫قليل من‬ .… none of ‫ل أحد من‬ ...… most of( ‫ كم‬/ ‫ ناا‬/ ‫أكثر )هم‬
any of ( them ) ‫أي من‬ .… both of ‫كل من‬ a few of ( it ) ‫قليل من‬ .… either of ‫كل من‬ .… each ( one ) of ‫كل واحد من‬
: ‫ ( يلي هذه الضمائر ضمير مفعول كالتالي‬Quantitative ) ‫ضمائر مقدارية‬

: ‫وهي‬ ( Indefinite pronouns ) ‫☺ ضمائر نكرة‬

somebody / one something somewhere nowhere

everybody / one anything anywhere nothing
anybody / one everything everywhere nobody / one
Do you need anything else? – Somebody else called you ← ‫ ( مثل‬else ) ‫ يتبع هذه الضمائر أحياناا كلمة‬-
somebody's explanation - someone's suggestion – everyone's clothes ← ‫ يمكن استخدام هذه الضمائر فأي صيغة الملكية مثل‬-
this ‫ هذه‬/ ‫ هذا‬- that ‫ تلك‬/ ‫ ذاك‬- those ‫ أولئك‬- these ‫ هؤلء‬: ‫ ( وهي‬Demonstrative pronouns ) ‫☺ ضمائر الشارة‬

‫تـــمــــــت‬
 ‫ حسام اشتيوي‬.‫ا‬ ( Adjective ) ‫الصفات‬

Syllables
‫ فأهناك كامات‬، ‫ ) المقاطع ( حيث ناجد أن كلمات اللغة الناجليزية تختلف عن بعضها البعض‬syllables ‫بداية ناود أن ناتحدث عن موضوع أساسي فأي اللغة يسمى بـ‬
.‫ إليك بعض المثلة‬، ‫ذات مقطع واحد و هناك اثانين و هناك ثالثاة و هكذا‬
One syllable Two syllables Three syllables Four syllables Five syllables Six syllables
tree be-long sub-ma-rine ex-pe-di-tion ca-pa-bil-i-ty ex-tra-cur-ric-u-lar

Comparative & Superlative adjectives

.‫بداية ناعرف الصفة على أناها كلمة تضاف إلى السم لتميز الشيء المتحدث عنه عن الشياء الخأرى من نافس النوع‬
.Ali is tall. - John is a clever boy. - The lion is a dangerous animal ← ‫أمثلة‬
.(beautiful – dangerous) ‫ وهناك أكثر‬، (lucky – happy) ‫ وهناك من مقطعين‬، (short-nice-thin)‫والصفات تختلف فأي مقاطعها فأهناك صفات من مقطع واحد‬
:‫ اناظر إلى الجدول التالي‬،‫وناستطيع أن ناحول الصفات إلىصفات مقارناة ) أي عندما ناقارن شيء بآخأر ( وممكن فأي هذه الحالة أن تكون الصفات عظمى‬

Comparative ‫مقارنة‬ Superlative ‫عظمى‬

l → taller than - long → longer than }
‫ عند‬er ‫ ناجد أناه مع صفات المقطع الواحد ناضيف إليها‬-1
than ‫المقارناة وعند صياغة جملة المقارناة ناضع بعدها‬
Adel is taller than Ahmed
‫ ناض‬y ‫ مع بعض الصفات ذات المقطعين و التي تنتهي بـ‬-2
. i ‫ إلى‬y ‫ مع تحويل ال‬er ‫لها عند المقارناة‬
py →happier - funny → funnier
‫ الصفات القصيرة التي تنتهي بحرف ساكن و قبلها متح‬-3
‫فأإنانا ناكرر الحرف الخأير من الصفة عندما ناضيف لها‬
→bigger - hot→hotter - fat →fatter
‫ مع الصفات التي تتكون من مقطعين فأأكثر فأإنانا ناضيف‬-4
an ‫ قبل الصفة عند عملية المقارناة بالضافأة إلى‬more
tiful → more beautiful than
erous→ more dangerous than
The lion is more dangerous than the fox
.less ‫ عند المقارناة للتقليل من شأن الصفة ناستخدم‬-5
big - less expensive - less thin
The fox is less dangerous than the lion
{ tall → the tallest - long → the longest }
.the ‫ وناضع قبلها‬est ‫ مع صفات المقطع الواحد ناضيف‬-1
.Ex. Adel is the tallest student in our class
.i ‫ تقلب إلى‬y ‫ الصفة التي تنتهي بـ‬-2
happy → happiest - funny → funniest
.the most ‫ مع الصفات الكبيرة ناضع قبل الصفة‬-3
exciting → the most exciting
terrifying → the most terrifying
Ex. The Piranha fish is the most terrifying
.creature
‫ للمقارناة بين أكثر من اثانين ) عظمى ( و‬least ‫ تستخدم‬-4
.‫معناها القل‬
beautiful → the least beautiful

:‫ وهي كالتي‬est ‫ أو‬er ‫يوجد فأي اللغة الناجليزية صفات شاذة لتنطبق عليها قاعدة‬

tive Comparative Superlative Adjective Comparative Superlative

d ‫جيد‬ better best little ‫قليل‬ less least
‫سيء‬ worse worst much ‫كثير للكمية‬ more most
r ‫بعيد‬ farther/further farthest/furthest many ‫كثير للعدد‬ more most
. ‫ لتعبر عن شيئين متساويين‬as ….as ‫تستخدم‬
.Ex. Omar is as tall as Ahmed. The wolf is as dangerous as the lion
. not as …. As ‫ هو‬as …..as ‫نافي‬
.Ex. Mary is not as tall as Ahmed

‫ملحظات هامة‬
. a bit – much – a lot ‫ يمكن أن ناحدد مقدار صفة المقارناة باستخدام‬-1
.Ex. The box is a bit heavier than the bag ( ‫) أثاقل قليلل من‬
.Ex. Traveling by plane is a lot more comfortable than traveling by train ( ‫) أكثر راحة بكثير عن‬
(.… The more ….., the more. ‫كما‬، .... ‫ هناك أسلوب آخأر للمقارناة بين شيئين و هو ) كما‬-2
.Ex. The more your work, the more your gain
(quiet – clever – narrow – simple ) ‫ مثل‬more ‫ و‬er ‫ ممكن أن ناستخدم معها السلوبين‬، ‫ هناك بعض الصفات التي تتكون من مقطعين‬-3
. more clever than ‫أو‬ cleverer than ‫أي ناستطيع أن ناقول‬

Exercises
.Choose the correct answer -1
.Question two is not ( much – too – far – as ) difficult as question one -
.The question is ( difficult – the most difficult – more difficult ) of all -
.Correct the following adjectives -2
.This is the ( interesting ) book I have ever read -
.The weather today is ( good ) than it was last year -
.Rewrite the following using the word(s) in brackets to give the same meaning -3
The house and the villa are the same price. ( expensive ) -
No mountain in the world is higher than Everest. ( highest ) -
 ‫تـــمـــت‬

‫ حسام اشتيوي‬.‫ا‬ ( Grammar ) ‫قواعد اللغة الناجليزية‬

Countable & uncountable nouns
‫السأماء المعدودة و غير المعدودة‬
:‫ قارن بين التآي‬، ‫الساماء في اللغة النإجليزية ممكن أن تآكون معدودة و ممكن أن تآكون غير معدودة‬

Countable ‫المعدود‬ Uncountable ‫غير المعدود‬

t a banana every day - .I eat rice every day -
ke bananas - .I like rice -
‫ حيث أن المفرد منه‬، ‫ اسم معدود‬banana ‫نالحظ هنا أن كلمة‬ ‫ اسم غير معدود حيث يوجد له شكل واحد‬rice ‫نالحظ أن كلمة‬
.bananas ‫ و الجمع‬a banana .one rice ‫ أو‬two rices ‫فأل ناستطيع أن ناقول‬
.‫ وع السم المعدود المفرد‬a – an ‫نإستخدم‬ :‫ مع السم غير المعدود فأل ناقول‬a – an ‫لنإستخدم‬
ook an orange a table a water a tea a sugar
:‫ولكن ناستطيع القول‬
a bowl of rice a drop of water
a cup of tea a game of tennis
‫ مع السماء المعد‬any – some ‫نإستطيع أن نإستخدم‬ ‫ مع السماء غير‬any – some ‫نإستطيع أن نإستخدم‬
.‫فأي الجمع‬ . ‫المعدودة‬
ere are some books - .We listened to some music -
e there any books - ?Do you listen to any music -
‫ )قليل( مع السماء المع‬few ‫ )كثير( و‬many ‫أيضا ل ناستخدم‬ little ‫ )كثير( و‬much ‫أيضال ناستخدم مع السماء غير المعدودة‬
.‫فأي حالة الجمع‬ .(‫) قليل‬
ere are many students in school - .I have a little work to do -
ere are a few students in school - much sugar much advice -

( ‫ يوجد في اللغة النإجليزية بعض الساماء و التي تآعتبر أساماء غير معدودة ) ممكن أن تآعتبر معدودة في لغات أخرى‬:‫ملحاظة‬
:‫مثل‬

dation traffic progress work fun

advice weather information silver
bread baggage scenery travel
furniture chaos blood clothing
ssion luggage news freedom knowledge
.I am looking for work. – It is nice weather today - ← ‫أمثلة‬

.. room – time – hair – paper – experience :‫هناك الكثير من الكلمات التي يمكن أن تستخدم كإسم معدود أو غير معدود مع اخأتلف فأي المعنى مثل‬
:‫قارن بين التي‬

Countable Uncountable
ought a paper to read - .I need some paper to write on -
.‫ بمعنى جريدة‬paper ‫هنا جاءت‬ .‫هنا جاءت بمعنى ورق‬
ere's a hair in my soup - .You have got very long hair -
.‫ شعرة واحدة‬a hair ‫المقصود بـ‬ .‫ حيث يقصد الشعر ككل‬hairs ‫لناقول‬
d some interesting experiences while I was - They offered me the job because I had a lot of -
way .‫بمعنى تجارب حدثات لي فأي حياتي‬ .experience.‫ وهي بمعنى خأبرة‬experiences ‫لناقول‬
u can stay with us, there is a spare room - .You can't sit here. There isn't room -
‫بمعنى غرفأة‬ .‫ متسع‬space ‫بمعنى‬
joy your holiday. – Have a good time - .I can't wait. I haven't got time -
‫بمعنى مرة‬ .‫بمعنى الزمن‬

Exercises
.Put in a – an or some where necessary -
.I've seen …….. good films recently -1
.When I was ……….. child, I used to be very shy -2
?Would you like to be …….. actor -3
!What ……… beautiful garden -4
.I'm going shopping. I want to buy …….. new shoes -5
.Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct -
.If you want to know the news, you can read ( paper/a paper) -1
.I had to buy ( a/some ) bread because I wanted to make ( an/some ) sandwiches -2
.too long. You should have ( it/them ) cut ( Your hair is/Your hairs are ) -3
.It's very difficult to find a ( work/job ) at the moment -4
.We had ( very good weather/a very good weather ) while we were on holiday -5
.Bad news ( don't/doesn't ) make people happy -6
 ‫تآـــمـــــت‬

‫ حسام اشتيوي‬.‫ا‬ (Grammar ) ‫قواعد اللغة النإجليزية‬

Relative Clauses
Relative Clauses . ‫إليك بداية هذه التعريفات حتى يتضح ماذا نإعني بـ‬
.A clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a verb and which is part of a larger sentence -
A relative clause tells us which person or thing ( or what kind of person or thing ) the speaker means. Also, it acts -
.an adjective qualifying either a subject or an object
Relative clauses connectors
[ who – that – which – whose – where – when ]
.A butcher is somebody. He sells meat -1
.A butcher is somebody who/that sells meat
.‫ حلت مكان الفاعل العاقل‬who/that ‫نالحظ هنا أن أداة الوصل‬
.This is the book. It talks about history -2
.This is the book that/which talks about history
.‫ حلت مكان الفاعل غير العاقل‬that/which ‫نالحظ هنا أن أداة الوصل‬
.A) This is the man. I met him yesterday -3
.This is the man who/that I met yesterday
.B) This is the book. I bought it yesterday
.This is the book which/that I bought yesterday
relative pronoun (… ,him, it )‫ وفأي هذه الحالة ناحذف الـ‬، ( object)‫ يتحدث عن أداة الوصل فأي حالة المفعول به‬A+B ‫ المكون من‬3 ‫نالحظ أن مثال‬
This is the man I met yesterday ‫ مع العاقل و ممكن أن ناحذفأها فأتصبح الجملة‬who/that ‫إضافأة لذلك فأي حالة المفعول به ممكن أن ناستخدم‬
.‫ لغير العاقل‬B ‫ وكذلك المر مع مثال‬relative clause (who/that) ‫ وحذفأنا أيضا ل‬relative pronoun (him) ‫نالحظ فأي هذه الجملة أنانا حذفأنا‬
.A widow is a woman. Her husband is dead -4
.A widow is a woman whose husband is dead
.( our – your – its – my – his – her ) ‫ تحل مكان ضمير الملكية‬whose ‫نالحظ هنا أن‬
.This is the hotel. We stayed in it last year -5
.This is the hotel where we stayed last year
.‫ جاءت لتصف المكان‬where ‫نالحظ هنا أن‬
.I saw the film. I was in Paris at that time -6
.I saw the film when I was in Paris
when ‫هنا أن‬ Relative Clause Extra Information' Clause' ‫نالحظ‬
‫لتصف الوقت و‬ ‫جاءت‬
.The woman who lives next door is a doctor - .My brother Ali, who lives in London, is a doctor -
.‫تحل مكاناه‬
‫ يخبرناا عن أي شخص‬relative clause ‫ ل يخبرناا عن أي شخص أو شيء فأي هذا المثال الـ‬relative clause ‫هنا ناجد أن الـ‬
.‫أو صفة هذا الشخص الذي يعنيه‬ brother Ali ‫يعنيه لنانا ناعرف من هو الشخص الذي يعنيه‬
‫ تخبرناا‬The woman who lives next door←‫فأجملة‬ ‫ فأي هذه الجملة يعطينا معلومات‬relative clause ‫فأنجد أن الـ‬ Extra '
mation' .‫عن أي امرأة التي يعنيها بالضبط‬ .Ali ‫ عن الشخص‬extra information ‫إضافأية‬ Infor
es Claus

:‫ و اناظر إلى المثلة التية مع بقية الروابط‬Extra Information ' Clause'‫( فأي الـ‬,) ‫لحظ استخدام الفاصلة‬
.We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us -
.This morning I met Ahmed, whom/who I hadn't seen for ages -
.Amy, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood -
.Mr. Bord is going to spend a few weeks in Egypt, where her daughter lives -
‫ و ذلك‬that ‫ ول ناستخدم‬which ‫ ومع الفاعل غير العاقل ناستخدم فأقط‬، that ‫ فأقط و ل ناستخدم‬who ‫فأي حالة الفاعل العاقل يجب أن ناستخدم‬
.Extra Information' Clause' ‫فأي طريقة‬

Exercises
.Choose the correct answer
.I watched the film yesterday ( who – which – where – when ) won five prizes -1
? What is the name of the school ( who – which – where – whose ) your son goes to -2
.A watch is something ( that we use – when we use – that we use it ) to tell the time -3
.Complete the following sentences with suitable relative clause
.An orphan is a child ……………………. Parents are dead -1
.A cemetery is a place ………………. People are buried -2
.The place ………………. We spent our holidays was really beautiful -3
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‫ حسام اشتيوي‬.‫ا‬ (Grammar ) ‫قواعد اللغة الناجليزية‬

'Have' & ' Have got '
‫ تستخدم فأي‬have ‫ تستخدم فأي اللغة الناجليزية البريطاناية أما‬have got ‫ يوحيان إلى نافس المعنى ) يمتلك( بحيث أن‬have/have got ‫ناستطيع القول بأن‬
.‫اللغة الناجليزية المريكية‬
I've got a car = I have a car ‫أناا أملك سيارة‬
He has got a car = He has a car ‫هو يملك سيارة‬
I have got a headache = I have a headache

ave got Have

ar ?Do you have a car
?Does he have a car
a car .No, I don't have a car
a car .No, he doesn't have a car
I haven't .Yes, I do. / No, I don't
he hasn't .Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't

:‫ فأي الحوال التية‬have got ‫ وليس‬have ‫ناستطيع استخدام‬

→ Have = noun -1 ‫تعبر عن‬ activity or a habit

fast – dinner – a cup of coffee – a cigarette – a bath – a shower

a swim – a rest – a party – a holiday – a nice time – an accident
perience – a dream – a look – a chat – a baby – difficulty - fun

to + infinitive -2 ‫المصدر‬ ?Ex. Do you want to have a drink

3- 'ing' form( ing ‫) أي الفعل المنتهي بـ‬ .Ex. I find having no car very inconvenient
After model verbs -4 ‫بعد الفأعال الناقصة‬ .Ex. She won't have a good chance
got 5- In the past we use ( had ) ‫ عادة ل ناستخدم‬.Ex. Adel had long hair when he was a child ( had got ‫) لناقول‬

((did/didn't ‫عند السؤال أو النفي فأي الزمن الماضي ناستخدم عادة‬

.Ex. I had a bicycle when I was young
?Did you have a nice weekend
.I didn't have any money when I was a student
: ‫قارن بين التي‬
.I have a shower every morning. 2- I've got a shower -1
.‫ أما الثاناية فأتعني أناني أملك حماما ل أو دشلا‬، ‫الجملة الولى تعني أناني آخأذ حماما ل أو دشال كل صباح‬

: ‫عبر عن رأيك‬
?I usually have a sandwich for my lunch. 2- I have got some sandwiches. Would you like one -1

Exercises

.Notice that (have) and (have got) are used in different ways in the question, short answer and negative forms
.Ask and answer questions about the following -1
a camera – brothers and sisters – a stereo – your parents/ a holiday home
a computer – your sister/ a car – a bicycle – your brother/ a motorbike
.Choose the correct answer -2
.I usually ( have – have got – having got ) a shower every day -
.He ( has – has got – had ) his breakfast at eight every day -
.Has he got a camera? Yes, he ( have – does – has – has got ) -
.Rewrite the following using the words in brackets to give the same meaning -3
They don't have any children. ( got ) -
The house hasn't got a garden. ( doesn't ) -
Does Ali have a car? ( got ) -
.Look at the wrong sentences and compare them with the right sentences -4
( ) .I've got a shower in the morning .( ) I have a shower in the morning -
( ) ?What time have you got lunch? ( ) What time do you have lunch -
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