International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport

ISSN: 2474-8668 (Print) 1474-8185 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rpan20

Temporal and notational comparison of

badminton matches between men’s singles and
women’s singles

Javier Abian-Vicen, Adrian Castanedo, Pablo Abian & Javier Sampedro

To cite this article: Javier Abian-Vicen, Adrian Castanedo, Pablo Abian & Javier Sampedro (2013)
Temporal and notational comparison of badminton matches between men’s singles and women’s
singles, International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 13:2, 310-320

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868650

Published online: 03 Apr 2017.

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International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport
2013, 13, 310-320.

Temporal and notational comparison of badminton

matches between men's singles and women's singles
Javier Abian-Vicen1, Adrian Castanedo1, Pablo Abian2, Javier Sampedro 2
1
Camilo José Cela University. Sport Sciences Institute, Madrid, Spain.
2
Polytechnic University of Madrid. Faculty of Sciences for Physical Activity and Sport
(INEF), Madrid, Spain.

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to compare the temporal and notational
structures in games and matches between men's singles (MS) and
women's singles (WS) in the current top level of world badminton players.
Ten matches of each event (n=20), from the official videos of the Beijing
2008 Olympic Games, were analyzed. Match duration (MS: 2378.0±387.9
s, WS: 1696.1±170.4 s.; P<0.05), real time played (MS: 613.7±80.1 s and
WS: 493.6±70.2 s; P<0.05), rally time, rest time and shots per rally were
significantly higher in men’s singles than in women’s singles, whereas
work density and percentage of time played (MS: 26.0±2.1%, WS:
29.0±2.0%; P<0.05) were higher in women’s single. There were no
differences in variables between the first and the second game in any
event. For the final shot of each rally it was observed that the unforced
error, the smash, the net and the drive were the most decisive shots in
matches. It was also found differences (P<0.05) between the two events;
the smash and the drive were commonly used by men and the drop was
commonly used by women. In conclusion the temporal and notational
structure of the badminton match was different when comparing men’s
singles from women’s singles.

Key Words: Badminton, Notational analysis, elite performers, gender,

Olympic Games.

1. Introduction

Badminton is a racket sport characterized by its dynamism and speed of execution and
need for technical, tactical and psychological skills and good physical training
(Downey, 1982; Pearce, 2002). It is a sport with a wide variety of movements and
shuttlecock shots (Ghosh, 2008; Hong and Tong, 2000) and many repetitive game
actions of short duration but high intensity (Cabello et al., 1997), which clearly
distinguishes a sequence of episodes of work and breaks (Cabello et al., 2004) that will
determine the temporal structure.

There are five regulated events: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles,

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women's doubles and mixed doubles. Each discipline requires specific training based on
the main tactical characteristics of the game (Chen et al., 2011).

Despite being an Olympic sport since Barcelona 92 few studies were found about
badminton in comparison to other sports. These studies have been focused on
biomechanical analysis (Kuntze et al., 2010; Kwan and Rasmussen, 2010; Lung-Ming
et al., 2009), physical, physiological and injury analysis (Boesen et al., 2011; Fahlström
and Söderman, 2007; Faude et al., 2007; Ghosh, 2008; Lin et al., 2007; Ooi et al., 2009;
Yuka, 2010; Yung et al., 2007), or educational studies (Bebetsos and Panagiotis, 2011;
Hastie et al., 2009; Mascret, 2011; Tešanović et al., 2009). There is little research that
analyzes the temporal structure of badminton matches, very few since the new scoring
system "rally-point scoring" was introduced in 2006, and even less research linking
these areas with different events or the sex of the participants in elite worldwide
tournaments.

Notational analysis through video recording of the matches is a method that can provide
important practical information about the characteristics of each event, player and
competition. Notational analysis will be of considerable use for coaches and players to
improve the training and competitions in badminton (Cabello and Gonzalez, 2003;
Cabello et al., 2004; Chen and Chen, 2008; Hong and Tong, 2000; Ming et al., 2008;
Pearce, 2002), racket sports in general (Fernandez-Fernandez et al., 2008; Hughes et al.,
2007; O'Donoghue and Ingram, 2001) and team sports like basketball (García et al.,
2010; Ortega et al., 2006).

Cabello, Padial, Lees and Rivas (2004), studied the differences in Spanish badminton
players of different competitive levels and sexes, and found significant differences (P <
0,05) in certain time parameters between men's and women's singles matches. The
authors observed that the total time of the match, the total work time and the total time
of breaks were significantly higher in men than women. They also found that these
differences were minimized in the World Championship competitions with top players.
All of these details were studied in badminton matches played with the old scoring
system "service rally point" where men's singles were played to the best of 3 games of
15 points with the need of the possession of service to make a point, and women's
singles were played to the best of 3 games of 11 points.

Another reference in badminton notational research is the study by Chen et al. (2011),
which was carried out with 10 Taiwan badminton players in men's singles with
simulated matches. The study was designed to compare the old scoring system with the
current one. The authors found a significant decrease in match duration, work density,
rest time, effective playing time, and number of rallies in the current scoring system
"rally-point scoring". This scoring system, introduced by the Badminton World
Federation in 2006 sets that all the game events have to be played to the best of 3 games
of 21 points. This system was designed to shorten the length of badminton matches in
an effort to make them more exciting to watch, attract more sponsors, expand media
exposure, and eventually to increase the sport’s popularity. Chen et al. (2011) also
concluded that the physiological responses between the two systems and the selection of
the type of shuttlecock shot during the matches were not significantly different between
the two scoring systems.

311
In the literature review, the question arises from the differences existing between men’s
singles and women’s singles matches in top-level athletes. In the temporal structure we
believe that match duration and rally time will be higher in men’s than women’s singles
and in the notational structure the number of shots per rally and the shot frequency will
also be higher in men’s than women’s singles. Therefore, the aim of our study was to
compare the temporal and notational structures in games and matches between men's
singles and women's singles at the current elite world badminton level.

2. Methods

2.1. Participants and general procedure

Twenty matches from the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, 10 men's singles (MS) and 10
women's singles (WS), were analyzed. All of them were randomly selected from the
official draws of this competition in these two events, with the only premise of having a
final result of 2 games to 0. Due to the timing and design of the competition, matches
were played with the current scoring system "rally point scoring", where the one who
wins the best of 3 games of 21 points is the winner. Given the category of the
tournament, all participants were the best players in the world at that time.

2.2. Materials
Official videos recorded by the Organization of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games were
used to carry out the analysis of the matches. Reproduction was carried out using VCL
Media Player software and the temporal structure was measured with a digital
stopwatch (Casio, Tokyo, Japan). It is worth to mention that all measurements and
observations were made by the same investigator who had extensive training in the
methods and procedure of this study. The analyst was instructed to watch the videos of
the badminton matches and record his observations directly in a table.

2.3. Variables
The independent variables were the games of each match (first and second) and the
events (MS and WS). The dependent variables were the temporal values: match duration
(the time that elapsed from the first service until the shuttlecock touched the ground on
the last point, including rest time periods between points and games); Real time played
(the time in which the shuttlecock was in play from the first to the last point of the
match); Percentage of real time played (real time played multiplied by 100 divided by
the match duration); Rally time (the time from the service until the shuttlecock touched
the ground on each point); Rest time (the time that elapsed from when the shuttlecock
touched the ground until the next service was performed); Time point 11 (when any
player scored the 11th point for the first time in the game, the time that elapsed from
when the shuttlecock touched the ground until the next serve); Time between games
(the time that elapsed from when the shuttlecock touched the ground on the last point of
a game until the first serve took place in the next game); Work density (rally time
divided by rest time) and notational details: Total points played (total number of points
played by both players); Shots per rally (total number of times the shuttle was hit by
both players from the serve until it hit the ground); Shot frequency (number of shots
divided by real time played).

312
The percentages obtained by each type of the last shot of the rally were also analyzed:
(1) Smash: an aggressive overhead shot with a downward trajectory, 2) Clear: a shot
made over the head with a flat or rising trajectory towards the end of the rival court, 3)
Drop: a smooth shot from above the head with a downward trajectory towards the front
of the court, 4) Net: a precise shot from near the net (including net drop, push, kill and
brush), 5) Drive: a hard shot made at middle body height and in the middle of the court
with a flat trajectory, 6) Lob: a high and deep shot, made from the end up towards the
front of the court, and 7) unforced error: an error of a player during the rally in a
situation where it was not expected: there was no excessive pressure from the opponent
and there were possibilities to make effective shots to place the shuttlecock on the other
court).

It should be noted that the variables listed above are generally recognized to comprise
an effective evaluation index for analyzing the temporal and notational structure of
badminton matches (Cabello and Gonzalez, 2003; Faude et al., 2007). In order to ensure
that the analytical results of the analyst were consistent the reliability coefficient was
calculated. In this study, the reliability coefficient for all variables was ≥0.96.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

The following software programs were used: Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft,
Spain) to store the results and SPSS v. 17.0 (SPSS Inc., USA) to perform the statistical
calculations. Descriptive, inferential and normality statistical tests was used and means,
standard deviations and ranges were calculated. A two way ANOVA (2 x 2) for repeated
measures was used, the first factor was the game (first-second) and the second the event
(MS-WS). In the variables where details of the game were not used, such as match
duration, real time played, rest time and percentage of time played, a Student’s t test for
independent samples was used to analyze gender differences. The criterion for statistical
significance was set at P < 0.05.

3. Results

Higher values in match duration (MS = 2378.0 ± 387.9 s vs WS = 1696.1 ± 170.4 s; P <
0.05), real time played (MS = 613.7 ± 80.1 s vs WS = 493.6 ± 70.2 s; P < 0.05) and total
number of played points (MS = 68.0 ± 6.7 s vs WS = 62.6 ± 4.9 s; P < 0.05) were found
in the men’s singles matches, while a higher percentage of time played was found in the
women’s singles (MS = 26.0 ± 2.1 s vs WS = 29.0 ± 2.0 s; P < 0.05).

There were no significant interactions between game and gender in any of the variables
analyzed. Comparing the course of each game between men and women (Table 1),
higher values (P < 0.05) in match duration, real time played, rally time (only first
game), shots per rally, rest time and shot frequency were found in men’s singles.
However percentage of time played and the work density were significantly higher in
the women's singles matches. There were no significant differences between MS and
WS in total points played in each game, rally time in the 2nd game, rest time at point 11
and rest time between games. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in any of
the events between the first and second game within the same variable.

313
 Table 1. Mean ± Standard deviation obtained in each game of men’s singles (MS) and
Women’s singles (WS). (* = Significant differences P < 0.05 from MS).

MS WS
1st game 2nd game 1st game 2nd game
Match duration (s) 1128.3 ± 256.5 1121.0 ± 214.0 769.8 ± 134.1* 795.5 ± 152.7*
Real time played (s) 310.5 ± 40.7 303.3 ± 52.3 243.7 ± 57.6* 249.8 ± 53.0*
% time played 28.1 ± 3.4 27.3 ± 2.4 31.4 ± 2.6* 31.3 ± 2.1*
Total of played points 34.6 ± 4.6 33.4 ± 3.6 31.2 ± 4.6 31.4 ± 3.4
Rally time (s) 9.0 ± 0.9 9.1 ± 1.4 7.8 ± 1.5* 8.1 ± 1.7
Shots per rally 9.7 ± 0.8 9.9 ± 1.4 7.1 ± 1.6* 7.4 ± 1.7*
Rest time (s) 24.1 ± 3.8 25.2 ± 4.6 17.6 ± 2.4* 18.2 ± 3.5*
Rest time at point 11 (s) 70.3 ± 6.9 69.3 ± 4.7 73.7 ± 11.5 71.5 ± 7.1
Work density 0.38 ± 0.06 0.36 ± 0.04 0.45 ± 0.05* 0.44± 0.04*
Shot frequency 1.08 ± 0.04 1.09 ± 0.03 0.91 ± 0.04* 0.92 ± 0.06*
Rest time between games (s) 128.7 ± 5.9 130.9 ± 5.5

A comparison in time intervals between MS and WS in the duration of rallies and

breaks in the games of the match are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The rallies were
significantly more frequent (P < 0.05) between 3 and 6 seconds for WS, and greater
than 18 seconds for MS. In relation to the rest periods between rallies, intervals between
9 s and 15 s were more frequent in WS (P < 0.05) and over 18 seconds in MS (P <
0.05).

Figure 1. Comparison by games between men's singles (MS) and women's singles (WS)
in rally time and in time intervals.(* = Significant differences (P < 0.05) in the game
between MS and WS)

314
Figure 2. Comparison by games between men's singles (MS) and women's singles (WS)
in rest time between rallies in time intervals. (* = Significant differences (P < 0.05) in
the game between MS and WS; ‡ = Significant difference (P < 0.05) between Game 1
and 2 in MS)

The frequency distribution of the last shot of each rally during the match is shown in
Figure 3. The unforced errors were more frequent in WS than MS (P < 0.05), these
constituted 41.0 ± 9.4% in MS and 48.6 ± 9.0% in WS of the last rally shot. However,
the smash (MS: 29.1 ± 8.4% vs WS: 21.6 ± 9.5; P < 0.05) and the drive (MS: 6.3 ±
3.9% vs WS: 2.0 ± 2.7%; P < 0.05) were used more frequently in MS in the last shot of
the rallies, and the drops (MS: 3.8 ± 3.5% vs WS: 9.0 ± 6.0%; P < 0.05) in WS. There
were no significant differences in the frequency distribution of the clear, net or lob
between MS and WS.

315
 Figure 3. Type of the last shot of each point in the match. (MS = men’s singles; WS =
women’s singles; * = Significant differences P < 0.05 between MS and WS)

4. Discussion

The study results confirm the initial hypothesis anticipated, in which parameters of the
temporal and notational structure of badminton matches such as match duration, rally
time and number of shots per rally among others, were higher in MS than in WS. These
details show how the matches of the single event did not have the same characteristics
for men and women. The significant differences observed in a variety of the variables
analyzed should be taken into account by the protagonists in this sport such as coaches
and players to benefit from its use and to prepare different training.

These results agree with the work of Cabello et al. (2004) which confirmed that work
and rest time are higher in MS than in WS. However, this author noted that these
differences between the two events were almost nonexistent when increasing the level
of players, as shown in the World Championship matches. In our study, the data was
taken from matches at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, ensuring the highest level of
players in the world, and these differences between events were significant. Maybe this
is due to the change in scoring in 2006 to the "rally point scoring" system, where both
men and women play to the best of 3 games of 21 points. In the study of Cabello et al.
(2004), they played with the "service rally point," system which in itself was a system
that involved a broader temporal structure of the matches than the current system and
was different for MS and WS (Chen and Chen, 2008; Chen et al., 2011; Faude et al.,
2007; Ming et al., 2008; Ooi et al., 2009): men played to the best of 3 games of 15
points, and women to the best of 3 games of 11 points.

316
Ming et al. (2008) also analyzed men’s and women's single matches, however the
authors presented data very different to ours in match duration (MS: 1036.2 ± 160.2 s,
WS: 1028.4 ± 58.2 s) or rally time (MS: 4.62 ± 0.86 s, WS: 4.16 ± 0.24 s). These
differences may be due to their matches were simulations developed with the old
scoring system (Cabello and Gonzalez, 2003), and because the players were not
professionals and younger than ours, with ages ranging from 14 to 17 years old.

From our data, it stands out that work density (MS: 0.38 ± 0.06 (1st game) 0.36 ± 0.04
(2nd game) and WS: 0.45 ± 0.05 (1st game), 0.44 ± 0.04 (2nd game)) and percentage of
time played was significantly higher in WS than in MS. Men's rally time had an average
per match of 9.1 ± 1.1 s and an average time of rest between rallies of 24.6 ± 4.2 s,
while women's rally time was 7.9 ± 1.6 s and the average rest time was 17.9 ± 2.95 s.
Men developed longer points and took much longer breaks than women, proportionally
giving MS a lower percentage of time played than WS. We deduce from this data that
the physical demands required for playing longer points in MS implied the need for a
better recovery to play the next point in the best conditions, thus MS players needed
more rest time between points. The number of shots per rally and the shot frequency
were higher in MS than in WS (Table 1; P < 0.05), which can confirm that MS rallies
were faster and more explosive than WS rallies.

Chen and Chen (2008) found a match duration of 1950 ± 150 s in MS matches with the
current scoring system. This is surprising since they analyzed matches of two and three
games, and when compared with our data from matches of two games of MS, we get
longer matches. In our study the mean match duration was 2378 ± 387 s. It is justified
when we see that the matches at the Olympic Games had longer rallies and especially
much longer pauses between points, making a total rest time for men of 1764 ± 307 s
compared to 1284 ± 108 s in the matches with top players in Taiwan. This may be
because of the Taiwan players did not have the same physical, technical, tactical,
psychological and competitive characteristics as the participants in the Olympic Games.

If we compare our work with Cabello et al. (2004), the data on match duration and real
time played in both studies were very similar despite being played with different scoring
systems. According to Cabello, the match duration in MS matches was 2090 ± 921 s,
and in WS was 1638 ± 930 s, whereas in our data we obtained 2378.0 ± 387.9 s in
match duration in MS and 1696.1 ± 170.4 s in WS. These are details that create
controversy when, according to other studies, the matches were shorter with the new
scoring system (Chen and Chen, 2008; Chen et al., 2011; Faude et al., 2007; Ming et
al., 2008; Ooi et al., 2009). These differences are probably due to the fact that in this
study we analyzed matches of the best players in the world and the current rally time
and especially the rest time between points were much higher in our study than in the
one by Cabello et al. (2004), even more so when considering that in the old scoring
system many more rallies were played per game (98 ± 32 rallies per game in MS and 82
± 30 rallies per game in WS) than with the current scoring system (68.0 ± 6.7 rallies per
game in MS and 62.6 ± 4.9 rallies per game in WS).

Other characteristic details recorded in the research were breaks in point 11, with a
duration of 70.3 ± 6.9 s (game 1) and 69.3 ± 4.7 s (game 2) in men , and 73.7 ± 11.5 s
(game 1) and 71.5 ± 7.1 s (game 2) in women. None of these results showed significant

317
differences between MS and WS, but after comparing them with the official regulations
of the Badminton World Federation, which states that the break in point 11 should be of
60 seconds. The same goes for rest time between games, that according to the rules
should be of 120 seconds and the average amount per match at the Olympic Games was
of 128.7 ± 5.9 s, in MS and 130.9 ± 5.5 s. in WS. It is up to the Badminton World
Federation to decide the criteria of whether these differences are important or not.

The unforced error, the smash, the net and the drop were the most frequent way to finish
the points, both in the MS, and WS (Figure 3). Differences between MS and WS
matches were found in the last shot of each rally. The smash and drive were used more
frequently in MS and the drop in WS to finish the points. This reflects the fact that the
shots with faster and more explosive characteristics are a trigger in men because of their
physical abilities as can they produce more striking force than women, surprising the
rival and adding difficulty to the defence and continuity of the rally.

We can also observe that women made, by percentage, more unforced errors than men
(MS: 41.0 ± 9.4%, vs WS: 48.6 ± 9.0%; P < 0.05). It is worthy of mention that the
frequency of unforced errors with an average between men and women of 47.5 ± 9.1%
(first game) and 42.1 ± 10.2% (second game) regarding the final shots in every rally,
was lower in the Olympics than in simulated matches with the current scoring system in
the study by Chen et al. (2011) with Taiwanese players, who registered an average of
61.5% unforced errors. This difference may be due to in our study participants were the
best players in the world and their quality was reflected in a lower percentage of
unforced errors per game.

In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the total match duration, rally time,
rest time between points, number or points played, shots per rally and shot frequency
were greater in MS than in WS. However, women showed a higher work density and
percentage of time played. No differences were found between the first and the second
game in any of the variables analyzed. At the end of each rally, the smash, the net and
the drop were the most frequent shots, both in MS and WS. Significant The comparison
by gender shows that men used the smashes and drives more frequently and women
showed more unforced errors and drops. These significant differences observed between
men's and women's singles can help players, coaches and federations to manage types of
workouts or competition schedules more specifically adapted to reality.

The present results, based on the analysis of the Beijing Olympic matches, suggest that
coaches need to apply a differentiated approach in training men and women individual
elite badminton players. Future studies that analyze variables of high-level matches of
badminton in the events of men's doubles, women's and mixed doubles, will also help to
improve the understanding of matches, and their specific needs for training and
competition.

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