observe

(research/
Data collection)
reflect
act CYCLE 1
(critical reflexibility)
(implementation)

plan
(strategic
action plan)
observe

act reflect CYCLE 2

plan

observe

act reflect

plan CYCLE 3
Action Research Cycle Etc.
 OBSERVATION OF
INTERACTIONS

DOCUMENT
INTERVIEW
ANALYSIS

TRIANGULATION
 Action Research
Data Collection Techniques
(The Three E’s)

Experiencing Enquiring Examining

(By observing) (By asking) (By using records)

Participant Observation Informal Interview Archival documents

(Active participant)
Structural formal Journals
Interview
Passive Observer Helps
Questionnaires
Audio and
Attitude Scales Videotapes

Standardized Tests Artifacts

Fieldnotes
 High

3 2

Transformational Democratic
People Emphasis

4 1

Laissez faire Autocratic

Low High

Task Emphasis