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Lectures Notes
(1)
Dr. Mohamed Elhelw
THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY
Units
1- English System.
2- French System (Metric system).
3- International System (SI System).
SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES
The System
It’s any region of space or any
quantity of matter that we are
interesting in.
Isolated System
Type of System
Adiabatic System
Adiabatic
system
mass
PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
Properties
It’s any substance characteristics
can be observed or measured
(like: pressure, volume)
1- Intensive property
(independent in mass) like temperature.
2- Extensive property
(depend in mass) like volume.
STATE , EQUILIBRIUM, AND PHASE
State
It is the point that defined by
various properties. If any
property, change state change.
Equilibrium
It is implies a state of mechanical,
potential, chemical, and phase
balances.
Phase
It is defined as a quantity of matter that is
homogenous throughout in chemical composition
and physical structure.
PROCESSES AND CYCLES
The Process
When the state of a substance
is changed, then the
substance is said to have
undergone a process .
Types of some processes
Steady-Flow Process
The term steady implies that there are no changes with time.
Engineering flow devices that operate for long periods of time under
the same conditions are classified as steady-flow devices.
The processes for these devices is called the steady-flow process.
The fluid properties can change from point to point within the
control volume, but at any fixed point the properties remain the same
during the entire process.
The Cycle
PRESSURE