THERMODYNAMICS

Lectures Notes
(1)
Dr. Mohamed Elhelw
 THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY

 Thermodynamics can be defined as the

science of energy.
 The name thermodynamics stems from the
Greek words thermo (heat) and dynamis
(power), which is most descriptive of the early
efforts to convert heat into power.

conservation of energy principle.

Application Areas of Thermodynamics
IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

 Any physical quantity can be characterized by

dimensions. The magnitudes assigned to the
dimensions are called units.

Units
1- English System.
2- French System (Metric system).
3- International System (SI System).
 SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES

The System
It’s any region of space or any
quantity of matter that we are
interesting in.

Surroundings: The region outside the

system.
Boundary: The surface that separates
the system from its Surroundings (fixed
or movable).
 Type of System

Close System (control mass system)

m= const
 Type of System

Open System (control volume)

 Type of System

Isolated System
 Type of System

Adiabatic System

Adiabatic
system

mass
 PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM

Properties
It’s any substance characteristics
can be observed or measured
(like: pressure, volume)

It can be classified to:

1- Intensive property
(independent in mass) like temperature.

2- Extensive property
(depend in mass) like volume.
 STATE , EQUILIBRIUM, AND PHASE

 State
It is the point that defined by
various properties. If any
property, change state change.
 Equilibrium
It is implies a state of mechanical,
potential, chemical, and phase
balances.
 Phase
It is defined as a quantity of matter that is
homogenous throughout in chemical composition
and physical structure.
 PROCESSES AND CYCLES

 The Process
When the state of a substance
is changed, then the
substance is said to have
undergone a process .
Types of some processes
Steady-Flow Process

Consider a fluid flowing through an open

system or control volume such as a water
heater.

The term steady implies that there are no changes with time.
Engineering flow devices that operate for long periods of time under
the same conditions are classified as steady-flow devices.
The processes for these devices is called the steady-flow process.
The fluid properties can change from point to point within the
control volume, but at any fixed point the properties remain the same
during the entire process.
The Cycle
PRESSURE