STA630 SUBJECTIVE BY SADIA ALI SADII (MBA)

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Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 )

What is personal interviewing, how it can be conducted and at which places?

Personal Interviewing
A personal interview (i.e. face to face communication) is a two way conversation
initiated by an interviewer to obtain information from a respondent. The differences in
the roles of the interviewer and the respondent are pronounced. They are typically
strangers, and the interviewer generally controls the topics and patterns of discussion.
The consequences of the event are usually insignificant for the respondent. The
respondent is asked to provide information and has little hope of receiving any immediate
or direct benefit from this cooperation.
Personal interviews may take place in a factory, in a homeowner’s doorway, in an
executive’s office, in a shopping mall, or in other settings.

Question No: 35 ( Marks: 3 )

Why preliminary notification is essential in self administered questionnaire?

Response rate of self administered questionnaires is low. preliminary notification is

essential in self administered questionnaire because it will increase the response rate due
to the following reasons.

• Preparing the respondent through advance notice through letter/telephone.

• Notify closer to the questionnaire mailing time.
• Depends upon the infrastructure, nature of study, and the type of respondents.

Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 )

"Because literature survey is a time-consuming exercise, a good in-depth interview

will be sufficient to develop a theoretical framework". Discuss this statement.
The purpose of the literature survey is to ensure that no important variable is ignored that
has in the past been found to have had an impact
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Or
At this juncture, its becomes easy to follow the progression of research from the first
stage of managers sensing the broad problem area. to preliminary data gathering
(including literature survey), to development of theoretical framework based on the
literature review and guided by experience and intuition, to formulation of hypotheses for
testing.

Question No: 35 ( Marks: 3 )

What do we mean by total design effort? And why it is necessary?

The manipulation of one or two techniques independently of all others may do little to
stimulate
response. May be the researcher has to make use of all the possible techniques
simultaneously, so that the response rate could be increased. Such an effort is referred to
as Total Design Effort (TDE).
It is necessary to increase response rate

Question No: 36 ( Marks: 5 )

What is the difference between confidentiality and anonymity?

Confidentiality is a basic requirement in all studies. It means that the researcher agrees to
not reveal the identity of the participant to anyone other than the researcher and his or her
staff. A stronger and even better condition if it can be met is that of anonymity. This
means that the identity of the participant is not known by anyone, including the
researcher. An example of this would be where a researcher had a large group of people
fill out a survey instrument but NOT include their names on the instruments. In this way,
the researcher will have the data but no names.

Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 )

Why are the basic research design issues important to consider before conducting
the study and even as early as at the time of formulating the research question?
BASIC RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT DUE TO FOLLOWING POINTS:

Research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting
and analyzing the needed information. It is a framework or the blueprint that plans the
action for research project. The objectives of the study determined during the early stages
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of the research are included in thee design to ensure that the information collected is
appropriate for solving the problem. The researcher must specify the sources of
information, and the research method or technique (survey or experiment, for example) to
be followed in thee study. Broadly there are six basic research methods for descriptive
and causal research: surveys, experiments, observation, communication analysis (content
analysis), case study, focus group discussion
Question No: 41 ( Marks: 5 )
Describe the two forms of the scientific method, and explain why both are
important.

Types of Research Used in the Scientific Method

There are two basic types of research associated with the scientific method.

1) Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is based on collecting facts and figures.This type research is

common in biology.

2) Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is based on collecting opinions and attitudes.This type research is

common in the social sciences.

Question No: 42 ( Marks: 5 )

If we want high internal validity, we should be willing to settle for lower external
validity and vice versa. Discuss it with reference to lab experiment and field
experiment.
If we want high internal validity, we should be willing to settle for lower external validity
and vice versa. To ensure both type of validity, researchers usually try first to test the
causal relationship in a tightly controlled artificial or lab setting and once the relationship
has been established, they try to test the causal relationship in the field experiment.

Question No: 42 ( Marks: 5 )

What are the different ways of assessing reliability?
Reliability can be assessed in several different ways.
1.The test-retest method of assessing reliability involves giving one group the same test
twice and statistically evaluating the consistency of scores. Because personality tests are
intended to measure stable, enduring personality traits, the test-retest reliability of these
tests should be high.
2.The equivalent measures method of determining reliability involves creating two
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tests that evaluate the same content domains, giving them to the same group, and
statistically comparing the scores of each individual. If the two tests truly are equal in
content, then high reliability will be indicated by very similar scores on both tests.
3.Finally, internal consistency is one of the most used measures of reliability. An
assessment of internal consistency only requires one version of a test and one sample of
people; the test is then broken into two parts, and the consistency of responses on the two
parts is determined. A well-known form of the internal consistency approach, called
coefficient alpha, averages the correlations between all possible splits of a test, and
therefore results in a highly accurate assessment of reliability.

STA630 MID May 2010

Q1. What is Total Design Effort (TDE).... 3 marks.

The manipulation of one or two techniques independently of all others may do little to
stimulate
response. May be the researcher has to make use of all the possible techniques
simultaneously, so thatthe response rate could be increased. Such an effort is referred to
as Total Design Effort (TDE).

Q2. Differentiate between confidentiality and anonymity. 5 marks.

Confidentiality is a basic requirement in all studies. It means that the researcher agrees to
not reveal the identity of the participant to anyone other than the researcher and his or her
staff. A stronger and even better condition if it can be met is that of anonymity. This
means that the identity of the participant is not known by anyone, including the
researcher. An example of this would be where a researcher had a large group of people
fill out a survey instrument but NOT include their names on the instruments. In this way,
the researcher will have the data but no names.

Q3. What is the test/retest reliability method. 5 marks.

Test-retest Reliability:
Test-retest method of determining reliability involves administering the
same scale to the same respondents at two separate times to test for stability. If the
measure is stable over time, the test, administered under the same conditions each time,
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should obtain similar results. For example, suppose a researcher measures job satisfaction
and finds that 64 percent of the population is satisfied with their jobs. If the study is
repeated a few weeks later under similar conditions, and the researcher again finds that
64 percent of the population is satisfied with their jobs, it appears that the measure has
repeatability. The high stability correlation or consistency between the two measures at
time 1 and at time 2 indicates high degree of reliability

Question No: 35 ( Marks: 3 )

What is the primary difference between test/retest and internal consistency?

The primary difference between test/retest and internal consistency estimates of

reliability is that test/retest involves two administrations of the measurement instrument,
whereas the internal consistency method involves only one administration of that
instrument.

Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 )

What is personal interviewing, how it can be conducted and at which places?

Personal Interviewing
A personal interview (i.e. face to face communication) is a two way conversation
initiated by an
interviewer to obtain information from a respondent. The differences in the roles of the
interviewer and the respondent are pronounced. They are typically strangers, and the
interviewer generally controls the topics and patterns of discussion. The consequences of
the event are usually insignificant for the respondent. The respondent is asked to provide
information and has little hope of receiving any immediate or direct benefit from this
cooperation.
Personal interviews may take place in a factory, in a homeowner’s doorway, in an
executive’s office, in a shopping mall, or in other settings.

1. Mail questioners are cost effective but not always. Comment on the statement. 3
marks

Internet survey allow the marketers to reach a large audience (possible a global
one), to personalize the individual messages, and to secure confidential answers quickly
and cost effectively. The computer to computer self administered questionnaires
eliminate the cost of paper, postage, data entry, and other administrative costs. Once an
Internet questionnaire has been developed, the incremental cost of reaching additional
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respondents is marginal. Hence samples can be larger than with interviews or other types
of self-administered questionnaires. But it may not be always effective because mostly
people cannot access internet and have low internet experience.

2.
3. How research question helps to formulate hypothesis? Explain with the of an
example. 5 marks

Tentative answers to the research question help in the identification of variables that
could be used as explanatory factors for building up the argumentation in the
development of propositions relevant to the topic. In our example the factors may be
the prospects of membership of female workers of labor unions, actual membership,
support of their men folk for membership, participation in the general body meetings,
membership of the executive body of labor union, and so on. These very propositions
become the basis of testable hypotheses. Similarly, the inventory of the propositions
is helpful in developing the theoretical framework for the research project. For
example, suppose us hypothesis that men and women will score different marks in
their dissertations. It is easier to test this if we take the hypothesis, namely that their
marks will be similar. This method of trying to prove the opposite of what you want
to show is known as the 'null hypothesis'. Now all we have to do is to see if there are
differences in marks

4. A valid instruments is always reliable but a reliable instrument is not always

valid? Comment on this statement. 5 marks

The validity of a questionnaire relies first and foremost on reliability. If the

questionnaire cannot be shown to be reliable, there is no discussion of validity.
But even reliable instruments may not be valid if they are employed for situations
they were not designed for. A good example of a questionnaire that may have high
reliability, but poor validity is a standardized questionnaire that is used over and over in
hundreds of companies. These instruments are marketed aggressively using promises of
"industry norms" to compare your results with. Validity is not a characteristic of a
particular instrument, attached to it in a way that ensures it will always produce
accurate information no matter where or when it is used. If you want validity, you
have to be able to demonstrate validity in your situation; it is not built into the instrument.

5.
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2) Explain the ex post facto design?

With an ex post facto design, investigators have no control over the variables in
the sense of being able to manipulate them. They can only report what has happened or
what is happening. It is important that the researchers using this design not influence the
variables; to do so introduce bias. The researcher is limited to holding factors constant by
judicious selection of subjects according to strict sampling procedures and by statistical
manipulation of findings. Survey research is an example of such study.

3) What do you understand by the term operationalization and how it is done?

Operationalization is the process of linking the conceptual definition to a specific set of
measurement techniques or procedures. It links the language of theory with the language
of empirical measures. Theory is full of abstract concepts, assumptions, relationships,
definitions, and causality. Empirical measures describe how people concretely measure
specific variables. They refer to specific operations or things people use to indicate the
presence of a construct that exists in observable reality. Operationalization is done by
looking at the behavioral dimensions, facets, or properties denoted by the concept. These
are then translated into observable elements so as to develop an index of measurement of
the concept. Operationally defining a concept involves a series of steps. Here is an
example.
Operational definition: Dimensions and Elements  an example
4) High internal validity or lower external validity?
On first glance, internal and external validity seem to contradict each other: To
get an experimental design you have to control for all interfering variables. That's why
you often conduct your experiment in a laboratory setting. While gaining internal validity
(excluding interfering variables by keeping them constant) you lose ecological or external
validity because you establish an artificial lab setting. On the other hand with
observational research you can't control for interfering variables (low internal validity)
but you can measure in the natural (ecological) environment, at the place where behavior
normally occurs. However, in doing so, you sacrifice internal validity.

Question ( Marks: 3 )

Write six data collection techniques.

1. Experiments
2. Surveys
3. Content Analysis
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4. Using Existing Statistics
5. Field Research
6. Case Study
7. Focus Group Discussion

Question ( Marks: 3 )

What is test/retest. How we can find reliability by test/retest method.

Test-retest Reliability:
Test-retest method of determining reliability involves administering the same
scale to the same respondents at two separate times to test for stability. If the measure is
stable over time, the test, administered under the same conditions each time, should
obtain similar results. For example, suppose a researcher measures job satisfaction and
finds that 64 percent of the population is satisfied with their jobs. If the study is repeated
a few weeks later under similar conditions, and the researcher again finds that 64 percent
of the population is satisfied with their jobs, it appears that the measure has repeatability.
The high stability correlation or consistency between the two measures at time 1 and at
time 2 indicates high degree of reliability. This was at the aggregate level; the same
exercise can be applied at the individual level. When the measuring instrument produces
unpredictable results from one testing to the next, the results are said to be unreliable
because of error in measurement.
There are two problems with measures of test-retest reliability that are common to
all longitudinal studies. Firstly, the first measure may sensitize the respondents to their
participation in a research project and subsequently influence the results of the second
measure. Further if the time between the measures is long, there may be attitude change
or other maturation of the subjects. Thus it is possible for a reliable measure to indicate
low or moderate correlation between the first and the second administration, but this low
correlation may be due an attitude change over time rather than to lack of reliability.

Define job stress and three cause of job stress.

Job stress arises when demands exceed abilities, while job-related strains are
reactions or outcomes resulting from the experience of stress."

Primary causes of job stress

In the NIOSH model, stressful job conditions include the design of tasks, management
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styles, interpersonal relationships, work roles, career concerns and environmental
concerns.
The Design of Tasks. This refers to the activities done in performing the job. Some tasks
that can be particularly stressful are critical decisions (e.g. emergency medical staff or
police officers), excessive complexity and many alternative options (e.g. nursing and
patient care) , boredom and/or repetitiveness (e.g. factory line workers) and excessive
time urgency accompanied by unrealistic expectations.
Management Style. Do you feel you have control over your work? Do you feel you have
a say on how things run, or feel that you are being asked to do something in conflict with
your job function? A lack of participation in decision making by workers, poor
communication and poor family-friendly policies can increase job stress.
Interpersonal Relationships. A lack of supportive relationships with supervisors and co-
workers can increase job stress This may play out in power struggles between workers
and management, discrimination or sexual harassment in the workplace.
Work Roles. Conflicting or uncertain job expectation, having too much responsibility (or
not enough) and having too many "hats to wear".
Career Concerns. A lack of opportunity for growth or advancement can increase job
stress. Changes in the workplace and job insecurtiy are also career concerns that can
increase overall work stress.
Environmental Conditions. Dangerous and unwelcome environments can place
pressure on workers and increase work stress. For example, some work may be exposed
to noisy or polluted environments that may increase work related stress.
Knowing what is causing your work stress can help you to put into place stress
management strategies to deal with work stress.

STA630 SUBJECTIVE BY SADIA ALI SADII (MBA)

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