1

BIOLOGY FIITJEE CHENNAI

CENTRE

Class Learning Improvement Program

(CLIP)Sheet with Practice Questions and
Answers for CBSE NCERT School Unit
Test 2
Subject: Biology

Class 10 Class Learning Improvement

Program (CLIP)Sheet :
Plant Kingdom

1.What are Rhizoids?

Solution:
Rhizoids are slender, unicellular or multi cellular hair-like structures,
which penetrate in the moist soil and absorb water for plants.

2.What features have led to the dominance of vascular plants?

Solution:
The features that have led to the dominance of vascular plants are,
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(i) Development of deep roots capable of penetrating the soil.

(ii) Development of water-proofing material such as cutin on the

aerial surfaces, to reduce water loss through evaporation.

(iii) Development of strong woody material to anchor and support

above the ground structures.

3.Write the important characters of gymnosperms.

Solution:
The important characters of gymnosperms have been listed below

(i) It is a group of vascular plants, which posses naked seeds attached

to the surface of megasporophyll.

(ii) Since the megasporophyll is not folded to form an ovary, there is

no fruit formation.

4.What do you mean by Thallophyta? Name the sub-divisions.


Solution:
Thallophyta includes algae and fungi in the two-kingdom
classification. The body of thallophyta is known as thallus.

A thallus does not have root, stem and leaves.

Chlorophyceae (Green algae)

 Rhodophyceae (Red algae)
 Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)

5.Distinguish between a zygospore and a zoospore.

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Solution:
The difference between zygospore and zoospore are,

Zygospore
(i) Zygospore is a thick-walled
resting spore.
(ii) Zygospore is the product of
sexual reproduction by fusion of
contents of two similar
gametangia.
(iii) It is found in a group of
phycomycetes, zygomycetes fungi
and all order of green algae.
Zoospore
(i) Zoospore is a naked spore
produced within a sporangium.
(ii) Zoospore is motile having one,
two or more flagella.
(iii) It is found in some
phycomycetes fungi and green
brown algae.

6.Write the characteristic features of bryophytes.

Solution:
The characteristic features of bryophytes are as follows

(i) Bryophytes are small, erect plants growing in moist shady places.

(ii) They have no leaf, stem or root-like structures.

(iii) Bryophytes have no vascular tissues.

(iv) Most plants are gametophytes. They develop from haploid spores.
Spores develop into a protonema, which grows into a moss plant.

(v) Female sex organs are archegonia and male organs are antheridia.

7.Describe the habit, habitat and morphology of moss

Solution:
Moss is a good example for a leafy bryophyte. It grows in moist
shady places. The plant has a tiny stem with a number of small leaves.
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True roots are absent but rhizoids fix the plant to the ground and
perform the functions of roots. The plant may be branched or
unbranched. The leaves and stem bear chlorophyll with the help of
which it manufactures food. The adult plant represents the
gametophyte. It bears antheridia and archegonia, which produce
antherozoids and egg. Fertilization takes place inside the archegonium
of the plant. The zygote formed by the fusion of the two gametes
develops into a saprophyte. It grows and consists of three parts,
namely, foot, seta and capsule. In the capsule, spores are produced
and it is covered by a delicate hood, the calyptra. On maturity, spores
are liberated from the capsule. These grow into a moss plant when
they come across suitable conditions. The life cycle shows two
distinct phases.

They are (i) gametophyte generation (haploid) and (ii) sporophytic

generation (diploid).

8.Write a brief note on cyads and conifers.

Solution:
Cycads belong to a group of gymnosperms with an unbranched stem
having a crown of palm-like leaves. It had diocious terminal cones
and motile male gametes, e.g. Cycas.

Conifers belong to gymnosperms. They have monopodial branching,

resin canals, small or pointed leaves frequently borne on dwarf shoots
and unisexual cones never present on the tips of main
branches, e.g. Pinus, Cedrus, Araucaria, Picea, Abies, Juniperus, etc.

9.How do red algae prepare their food?

Solution:
Red algae are marine and mostly occur in oceans. The photosynthetic
pigments are phycoerythrin and phycocyanin along with chlorophyll
and carotenoids. Red algae are photoautotrophic in their mode of
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nutrition. They synthesize food in the presence of chlorophyll in their

chromatophores or chloroplasts.

10.Give the general characters of Liverworts.

Solution:
The general characters of Liverwort are,

(i) Gametophyte is thalloid or foliose and leaf-shaped.

(ii) Rhizoids are unbranched as well as unicellular.

(iii) Vascular tissues are lacking in them.

(iv) Sex organs are embedded in the thallus. Sex organs are developed
on stalked receptacles in Marchantia.

(v) Saprophyte is a parasite on gametophyte.

(vi) Protonema stage is totally absent.

11.To which group does Volvox belong?

Solution:
Volvox belongs to Green algae.

12.Name the plant from which Ephedrine is extracted. What are

its uses? To which group does this plant belong?

Solution:
Ephedrine is a drug obtained from the plant Ephedra. Ephedrine is
used for the treatment of respiratory troubles and asthma. It is a
conifer, gymnosperm.

13.State the characteristics of disciflorae.

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Solution:
The characteristic features of disciflorae are

(i) Sepals are either gamosepalous or polysepalous.

(ii) Hypogynous flowers are with superior ovary.

(iii) Nectariferous disc encloses the base of ovary.

14."Algae and bryophytes are different from each other". Point

out the main differences between them.

Solution:
Algae Bryophytes
Mostly aquatic. Mostly terrestrial, found in damp,
shady places.
Thallus is single-celled to Thallus is made of
branched filaments. parenchymatous cells.
Stomata absent. Stomata present.
Rhizoids absent. Rhizoids present.
Asexual reproduction is present. Asexual reproduction is absent.
No embryo is formed after Embryo is formed after
fertilization. fertilization.

15.Write in brief the structure of spirogyra.

Solution:
The body of the plant is filamentous. Each filament is long and
unbranched. It consists of a number of cylindrical cells placed one
above the other and the filament is covered over by mucilage. The cell
wall is made up of cellulose and pectin.

16.Write a detailed account of Green algae.

Solution:
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There are about 7,000 species of Green algae. Some are unicellular
and flagellated like chlamydomonas, some are unicellular and non-
flagellated like chlorella and some are colonial like volvox. Some are
filamentous like spirogyra and some are unicellular like acetabularia.
They live in both fresh and marine water. Few are terrestrial and
occur on damp surfaces. Few are epiphytic, living on other plants.
Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b and small amounts of
carotenoid pigments are also present in the grana of the chloroplasts.
They store starch in the cellulosic cell wall. They reproduce both
sexually and asexually.

17.What is the role of capsule in the life history of Moss?

Solution:
Capsule of moss is an essential structure of the sporophyte. Spores are
produced in the capsule. When the capsule ripens its dehiscence takes
place and the spores are liberated by wind. The spores develop under
favourable conditions into the protonema.

18.What is Thallus?

Solution:
Thallus is a plant body, which is not differentiated into root, stem and
leaves.

19.Define Haustoria.

Solution:
Haustoria are specialized root like out growths of the parasites in the
host cell, which perform the function of absorbing food from the host.

20.What are Phycobilins?

Solution:
Phycobilins are photosynthetic pigments present in red algae.
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Animal Kingdom

1.What are flame cells?

Solution:
Flame cells are excretory organs of platyhelminthes and related
organisms, which possess flickering cilia or flagella for driving the
absorbed excretory products into a system of ducts.

2.Define germinal layers.

Solution:
Germinal or germ layers are primary layers of cells, which
differentiate in a developing embryo and from which various tissues
and organs of the animal body develop. A maximum of three
germinal layers are found in the embryo. They are the ectoderm,
mesoderm and endoderm. Out of these, mesoderm is the last to
develop in between the ectoderm and endoderm.

3.Explain how birds have adapted themselves to an aerial mode of

life.

Solution:
Birds have evolved from reptiles during the course of evolution. If we
see the shape, structure and appearance of the body of birds we see
that every part, organ and organ system is modified for aerial mode of
life.

(i) The body is boat-shaped and streamlined. This particular shape

helps birds to fly easily. The streamlined body provides least
resistance to the air.

(ii) The forelimbs are modified into wings. The wings help the birds
to fly.
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(iii) The bones are very light, which contain air sacs in them. This
reduces the weight of the body and also makes them strong and
compact.

(iv) The joints in the bones are fixed and sutures are not visible. This
means that bones cannot dislocate while flying.

(v) The heart is large in order to meet the high requirement of oxygen
used during flight.

(vi) The body temperature remains constant.

(vii) The brain is highly developed. The centers of balance and sense
of sight is also well developed.

(viii) Air sacs are present in bones and other parts of the body. These
serve two purposes; they make the body light and also store air for
respiration.

(ix) The breast bone is provided with keel for the attachment of flight
muscles.

(x) Feathers cover the body, keep it warm and are also water-proof.

(xi) Tail feathers are long and fan-like. These act like rudders for
steering during flight.

(xii) The stomach is able to store food grains.

4.Write the difference between ovipary and vivipary.

Solution:
The difference between ovipary and vivipary are as follows
Ovipary Vivipary
(i) A phenomenon of laying (i) A phenomenon of producing
eggs. young ones.
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(ii) Development of eggs is (ii) Development of eggs is inside the

outside the body. The eggs are body. The eggs are provided with
full of yolk. little or no yolk.

5.Members of which phylum are known as "the segmented

worms"? Name the excretory units of these organisms. Write
about their body symmetry and mode of respiration.

Solution:
The members of phylum annelida are known as "the segmented
worms". Their bodies are metamerically segmented.
The excretory units of these invertebrates are coiled tubules called
nephridia.
Examples: Nereis, Hirudinaria, Pheretima, etc.

Body Symmetry
Segmented worms have typical metameric segmentation. The term
annelida was coined by Lamarck.
Their bodies consist of segments called somites and ring-like grooves
known as annuli. They are bilaterally symmetrical.

Respiration
Respiration in annelids occurs through the skin. In some species, gills
are present. The skin and the respiratory organs are richly supplied
with blood vessels. It is permeable. The exchange of gases takes place
in the skin. In annelids the oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is
given out while breathing.

6.Distinguish between exoskeleton and endoskeleton.

Solution:
The difference between exoskeleton and endoskeleton are as follows

Exoskeleton Endoskeleton
(i) It is a hard protective covering (i) It is formed within the body of
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present over the body of many vertebrates.

animals.
(ii) It is formed by the deposition
of hard protective material on the
surface of the body.
(iii) In arthropods like crab,
prawn, etc. the exoskeleton is in
the form of a chitinous cuticle.
(iv) It helps in protection and also (iv) It helps in movement.
in quick movement.
(ii) It is formed of hard bones and
cartilage.
(iii) It forms a frame work for the
body. It provides shape to the
body. It protects delicate organs
within the body.

7.What is the basis of classification of animals?

Solution:
Animals are classified on the basis of, body symmetry, notochord,
embryonic layers and the organization of the body.

(i) Notochord
It is a rod-like structure found in chordates. Non-chordates do not
have it.

(ii) Symmetry
It is the plan of arrangement of body parts. There are three types; they
are asymmetric, radially symmetric and bilaterally symmetrical.

(iii) Asymmetric
The body of asymmetrical animals cannot be divided into two equal
parts from any place.
E.g. Amoeba.

(iv) Radially symmetric

The body of radially symmetric animals can be divided into two equal
parts through any plane in line with the oral and aboral axis of the
body. E.g.echinodermata.

(v) Bilaterally symmetrical

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The body of some animals can be divided into two equal parts by one
plane along the long axis of the body. E.g. Fish.
(vi) Coelom
The coelom is the fluid-filled body cavity, found in animals, which is
lined by cells derived from mesodermal tissue in the embryo and
which provides for free, lubricated motion of the viscera. Animals
having coelom are called coelomates. The animals, which lack
coelom are acoelomates.E.g. Amoeba.

(vii) Organization
Animals have cellular grade of organization. Their bodies are made
up of cells. Sponges have retained cellular grade of organization.
Amoeba is unicellular or non-cellular. Some animals are single celled
while others are multi cellular. Others have tissues, organs and organ
system. Metazoa are all multi cellular.

(viii) Embryonic layers

Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm give rise to different organs in
the body. These are called germinal layers. Some are diploblastic, e.g.
sponges and cnidaria. But others are triloblastic having three germ
layers.

8.Define the following

(a) Nephridium, (b) Hirudin and (c) Peristomium.

Solution:
(a) Nephridium
These are delicate, coiled, excretory units of annelids. They collect
waste matter from the body cavity and discharge the same into the
alimentary canal or outside the body.

(b) Hirudin
It is an anticoagulant substance secreted by Hirudinaria when it bites
some animal to suck its blood. Hirudin prevents clotting of blood.

(c) Peristomium
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In earthworm and other annelids, peristomium is the first segment of

the body. It is a region or segment that surrounds the mouth.

9.What is coelom?

Solution:
The coelom is a hollow, true body cavity containing organs, which is
lined by mesodermal tissues. The coelom allows greater body
flexibility and the body organs are better compartmentalized. The
coelom also acts as a shock absorber, protecting internal organs from
external shocks in soft-bodied animals and even in those with an
internal skeleton.

10.What enables bony fishes to stay afloat at a particular depth

without expending energy in swimming?

Solution:
Bony fishes stay afloat at a particular depth without expending energy
in swimming because their finned tail help in lateral movements.
Paired lateral pelvic and pectoral fins function as breaks and balance
during swimming. The swim bladder is a buoyancy regulator. These
characteristics enable a bony fish to stay at a particular depth without
using energy for swimming.

11.Which animal is popularly called nature’s ploughman?

Solution:
Earthworm is popularly called nature’s ploughman, because it brings
subsoil over the surface and creates fine burrows for aeration.

12.Give reasons why a snail and an octopus are classified under

the same phylum?

Solution:
Snail and octopus are classified under the phylum mollusca because
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both have mantle. Foot and shell are present in both animals. The
snail has external shell while the octopus has an internal shell.
13.Name the fish that possesses both lungs and gills.

Solution:
Dipnoi is the fish that possesses both lungs and gills.

14.Classify the following into their respective phylum: Scorpion,

Hydra, Starfish, Unio.

Solution:
Scorpion - Arthropod

Hydra - Coelenterate

Starfish - Echinoderm

Unio – Molluscs.

15.Write the differences between horse and sea horse.

Solution:
The differences between horse and sea horse are

Horse Sea horse

It belongs to phylum chordata,
sub-phylum vertebrata and class
mammalia.
Body is covered with hairs.
Muscular diaphragm is present.
Brood pouch is absent.
Limbs – two pairs and they are
pentadactyl.
It belongs to phylum chordata,
sub-phylum vertebrata and class
pisces.
Body is covered with scales.
Muscular diaphragm is absent.
Brood pouch is present in males.
Dorsal fin, pectoral fin and tail fin
are present.

16.Distinguish between flat worms and round worms.

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Solution:
The differences between flat worms and round worms are,

Flat worms Round worms

Mostly parasitic but some are free Mostly endoparasites but some are
living. free living.
Body dorso-ventrally flattened, Body bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic. elongated.
Acoelomate worms. Pseudo-coelomate worms.
They are included in They are included in
Platyhelminthes. Aschelminthes.

17.Which type of symmetry is advantageous for sessile animals?

Solution:
Radial symmetry is advantageous for sessile animals as it allows them
to gather food from all sides. The animals may develop appendages
all around the mouth to capture and push the prey into it.

18.Why are echinoderms considered closer to chordates than any

other phylums?

Solution:
Echinoderms, like chordates, are deuterostomes where the anal region
develops earlier than the mouth part. Its larvae are also closer to the
protochordata. Hence, echinoderms are considered closer to chordates
than any other phylum.

19.Which phylum has the following characteristics?

(a) Plant like fixed, without tissues, body-bearing pores.

(b) Un segmented soft bodies, having a calcareous shell ventral

foot and mantle.
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(c) A cellular and microscopic.

(d) Body segmented, joined appendages, compound eyes.

Solution:
(a) Plant like fixed, without tissues, body-bearing pores. - Porifera

(b) Unsegmented soft bodies, having a calcareous shell ventral foot

and mantle. - Mollusca

(c) Acellular and microscopic. - Protozoa

(d) Body segmented, joined appendages, compound eyes. –

Arthropoda.

20.Distinguish between Agnatha and Gnathostomata.

Solution:
Agnatha
Jaws are absent.
Paired appendages absent.
Notochord persistent.
Single median nostril present.
Gnathostomata
Jaws are present.
Paired appendages present.
Notochord replaced by vertebral
column.
Nostrils are paired.

Structural Organisation in Animals

1.Write a note on gaseous exchange in cockroach.

Solution:
Cockroach has a system of trachea. Hence, tracheal respiration occurs
in these animals. It is a complicated system of air tubes. They divide
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and form tracheoles. Tracheoles are connected to the spiracles located

in the segments of thorax and the abdomen. The body cells are filled
with fluid, which come in direct communication with the air. Thus,
gaseous exchange takes place.
2.What is nerve ring?

Solution:
The nervous system is exhibited by ganglia arranged segment-wise on
the ventral nerve cord in earthworms. A ganglion is a mass of nerve
cells. The nerve cord in the anterior region bifurcates laterally
encircling the oesophagus and uniting dorsally in the form of a nerve
ring. The nerve ring along with cerebral ganglia represents the brain.

3.Write a note on blood vascular system of cockroach.

Solution:
Blood vascular system of cockroach is of the open type. The blood
vessels are poorly developed and open into spaces rather than the
capillaries. All the visceral organs are in the blood, which is also
called haemolymph. Haemolymph consists of colourless plasma and
many corpuscles called haemocytes. Respiratory pigments are absent
in the blood. The blood flow is maintained by the elongated tube with
muscular wall lying in the mid dorsal segment of the thorax and
abdomen region. The heart of a cockroach consists of thirteen funnel-
shaped chambers, which are arranged segment ally. Each chamber
shows one heart-like structure. At the lateral sides of each chamber,
two pores or ostia are present one on each side. The ostium is guided
by a valve to allow blood flow only in one direction.

4.Describe the digestive system of cockroach.

Solution:
In cockroach, the alimentary canal is present in the body cavity.

It is divided into three parts, (i) fore gut, (ii) mid gut and (iii) hind gut.
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The mouth opens into a short tubular pharynx. It passes and bends
into a narrow tubular passage called oesophagus. The oesophagus
opens into a sac-like crop. The crop is followed by the gizzard. It has
an outer thick layer of circular muscles and a thick inner cuticle
forming six chitinous plates called teeth. The gizzard helps in
grinding hard food particles. The entire fore gut is lined by a cuticle.
The mid gut is a narrow tube of uniform diameter without an inner
lining of cuticle. A ring of blind caeca called hepatic caeca is present
at the junction of the mid gut and hind gut. There is a ring of about
150 thin yellowish malphagian tubules. Malphagian tubules help in
excretion of nitrogenous waste material . The hind gut is broader than
the mid gut. It is lined internally by a cuticle. It opens by the anus.
Digestive juices are produced by the wall of the mesenteron and
hepatic caeca as well as by a pair of large salivary glands. These
salivary glands open into the pharynx.

5.What is the difference between male and female cockroach?

Solution:
The difference between male and female cockroach are as follows

Male cockroach Female cockroach

(i) The abdomen is long and
narrow.
(ii) Anal styles are present.
(iii) Nine abdominal segments are
visible.
(i) The abdomen is short and
broad.
(ii) Anal style is absent.
(iii) Seven abdominal segments
are visible.

6.In the following animals, cockroach, earthworm, frog, rat,

where is haemocoel seen?

Solution:
The haemocoel is seen in the body cavity of cockroach.
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7.What is phallomeres?

Solution:
The phallomeres are the chitinous plates situated around the male
genital pore in the cockroach.

8.Name two proteins found in striated muscles?

Solution:
Actin and myosin

9.How do we call the conduction of nerve impulse along the

myelinated nerve fibre?

Solution:
The conduction of nerve impulse along the myelinated nerve fibre is
called is called Saltatory conduction.

10.From which germ layers do the following organs differentiate:-

(a) Kidney (b) Urinary bladder

Solution:
(a) Kidney-mesoderm (b) urinary bladder:- endoderm

11.What are cell junctions?

Solution:
Cell junctions are the structures which hold the adjacent cells of a
tissue together, when thy are separated widely by extracellular
material.

12.What is contractibility of muscle fibres?

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Solution:
The contractibility is the property of shortening (contraction) of
muscle fibres and their return to relaxed state (relaxation) based on
relative position of different intracellular filaments.

13.Which type of epithelium is seen lining the proximal

convoluted tubule of the kidney?

Solution:
Brush borderd epithelium (cubical epithelium).

14.Define glands?

Solution:
Glands are secretory structures formed of epithelial tissue.

15.What are endocrine glands?

Solution:
They are ductless glands which secrete hormones directly into the
blood stream.

16.Name two anticoagulants present in the blood of man?

Solution:
Heparin and antithrombin.

17.Name the type of mouth part found in cockroach?

Solution:
Biting and chewing type.

18.What is hemolymph?
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Solution:
Heamolymph is the blood of cockroach made of colourless plasma
and corpuscles called heamocytes.

19.Distinguish between myosin and actin filaments.

Solution:
Myosin filaments
a) It is found only in A -band
b) It’s thickness is 100Aº
c) Cross bridges are present
Actin filaments
a) It is found I-band and and
also project in A-band
b) It is thinner than myosin
filament and is 50°A thick
c) cross bridges are absent

20.Where are bipolar nerve cells present in human body?

Solution:
The bipolar cells are found in retina and in the spinal ganglion.

21.Write a note on gaseous exchange of cockroach?

Solution:
The cockroach has a system of trachea. Hence tracheal respiration
takes place in these animals. The stracheas are complicated system of
air tubules. They divide to form tracheoles. Tracheoles are connected
to the spiracles. They are located in thorax and abdomen. The body
cells or the fluid comes in direct contact with the air.

22.What are leucocytes? Mention their different kinds?

Solution:
Leucocytes are known as White blood cells (WBC) They are oval/
rounded or irregular in shape. They posses nucleibut are devoid of
heamoglobin. They are of two kinds (a)granulocytes and (b)
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agranulocytes. Granulocytes posses varying nucleus and have lobed

nuclei. They are of three kinds (a) Basophils (b) acidophils and
neutrophils Agranulocytes are of two types (a) Monocytes and
lymphocytes. They are non-granular and have one nuclei in individual
cell.
Functions:- (i) Monocytes :- engulf bacteria (ii) Lymphocytes :- Non-
phagocytic but help in healing process. (iii) Basophils:- They release
heparin and histamine into the blood (iv) Acidophils:- They are
essential to dissolve the clot (v) Neutrophils:- They are phagocytic in
nature.