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Transmits one of M possible waveforms Say we use Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) as our
Each symbol modulation.
corresponds to a message mi, i = 1, 2, …, M We need M = 4 waveforms, with 4 different phase angles:
can represents k bits of information, where M = 2k sin(2πf0t) Bits-to-Waveforms
is associated with a waveform si(t), of duration T seconds 01
T = Ts is called the symbol time or symbol duration (Gray-coded)
11 00
To send message mi: cos(2πf0t)
transmit waveform si(t), 0 < t ≤ T
receiver guesses which of M possible messages was sent
10
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QPSK Receiver (Generalized) QPSK Example for Digital Image
2
sin(!0 t ) Consider a vector, v, taken from a digital color image with 8
T quantization levels (3 bits) for R, G and B:
01 Dotted lines ⇔ receiver decision
s1 boundaries (for equally likely messages in [5 7 4 … 4 0 3 5 … 6 2 1 0 … 5]
additive white noise)
2 bits/symbol
Data stream
x x 2 dodd(t) t
cos(!0 t ) Example 0 1T 2T 3T
E T
Throughput: Rb = 2/T bps deven(t) t
0 1T 2T 3T
x
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MPSK: Optimum Receiver for AWGN
8-ary PSK (Assume equally likely, equal energy signals)
T I
M = 8 ⇒ 8 waveforms, 45° out of phase x !
0
2
Signal Space Diagram (2-dim.) sin(!0 t ) Choose si
T I-Q r(t) "1 ( t ) = 2 cos(!0 t ) θ = tan-1(Q/I) s^i
x T w/nearest θi
x Receiver
3 bits/symbol x T Q
x !
0
x x 2
cos(!0 t )
E T " 2 ( t ) = 2 sin(!0 t )
T
x x ψ2(t)
x r
I: Projection of r(t) onto ψ1 axis Q
Q: Projection of r(t) onto ψ2 axis θ
!1 ( t )
Throughput: Rb = 3/T bps 0 I
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1.E-04 M=8
M=16
the same transmission bandwidth
1.E-05 M=32
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Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
- Motivation - (Binary) DPSK
Consider a BPSK system in which the transmitter local oscillator Concept: Differentially encode the information bits, prior to
and the receiver local oscillator are out of phase by angle θ. transmission; differentially decode the received bits
Tx Rcvr m2 = 0 → no change in phase of the sinusoid, relative to the previous
burst
2 sin(!0 t ) 2 sin(!0 t )
T T
m1 = 1 → 180° change in phase of the sinusoid, relative to the
previous burst
! E E X θ
X X 2 cos(!0 t ) Tx phase angle θi = θi-1 + θi where θi denotes the i-th
T
X information bit: Δθi = θi – θi-1 = θi
Note: Differential schemes always require the transmission of
Note that some phase offset between the tx and the rcvr is
one additional reference bit prior to transmitting the data.
always present, and usually necessitates a PLL at the rcvr
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Consider the bit stream Phase information is only relative to that of the previous
pulse ⇒ no need to generate phase reference at the
0 1 1 0 1 receiver (No PLL required).
BPSK
0
-1.5 to induced dependence of errors from bit-to-bit.
0 1 2 3 4 5
t, s
However, DPSK eliminates degradation due to phase offsets
DPSK between the transmitter and the receiver.
1.5
0
Note that we have only discussed Binary DPSK; Quarternary
-1.5
DPSK (QDPSK) is also commonly used, with similar
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 encoding and decoding at the tx and the rcvr.
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M-ary Frequency Shift Keying: MFSK Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)
1
0.9
T
x ! 0.8
0 0.7
Choose
s^i
2 cos(2!f 0t ) 0.6
r(t)
G(f)/E
T largest 0.5
T 0.4
x ! 0.3
0
0.2
2
cos(2" ( f 0 + !f )t ) 0.1
T
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
fTs
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PSD: NRZ Signaling, BPSK
(dB Scale, with Bandwidth Definitions) Communications Link: the Channel
-8
-10
Capacity increases with bandwidth (W) and signal-to-
-12
-14 noise ratio (SNR or S/N)
-16
WB,16 dB
-18
-20
-22 WN-N Info C = W log(1 + S/N)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
fTs
Bandwidth,
SNR
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QPSK Variations, cont. QPSK Variations, cont.
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0
MSK, dB QAM: send one coordinate on in-phase carrier, one on quadrature
QPSK, dB carrier ψ2(t)
-10
-20
3A
G(f) -30
-40 Throughput: A
-50
Rb = 4/T -3A -A A 3A ψ1(t)
-60
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-A
f/Rb, Hz/bps
-3A
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation
(OFDM) Motivation for Pulse Shaping
Channel Transfer Function
Choose N orthogonal tones to be used as sub-carriers: Sin(f) H(f) Sout(f)
2E
si ( t ) = cos(2"(f 0 + !f ) t ) i = 1, 2, …, N; f
T Δf = i/(T) f f
sin(t) Narrow relative to Signal sin(t)
Demux the user data (serial-to-parallel conversion)
Put each sub-stream of data onto a different sub-carrier,
t t
where the sub-carriers are the orthogonal tones described 0 T 0 T
above f1 f2 … fN Band-limiting the signal in the frequency domain leads to time
Example where
x x x domain spreading of the signal
each sub-carrier
x x x x … x x
is modulated Result: Intersymbol Interference, due to signal in one time-
x x x
with QPSK slot overlapping into the next time slot(s).
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ISI 2 2
Pb AWGN Pb Gaussian Pulse: H G (f ) = e "! f
where α = .5887/B, and B is the 3-dB bandwidth of the filter
Eb/N0, dB Eb/N0, dB
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Power Efficiency Comparison for Digital Relative Complexity
Modulation Techniques in AWGN of Modulation Techniques [Ref: Oetting]
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