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THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT TO HEART RATES OF

Osphronemous Goramy

Name : Nahdlini Salma Sabila


Student ID : B1B017002
Entourage : VI
Group :1
Assistant : Nisa Baiti

PRACTICAL REPORT OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY II

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION


JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2019
I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Gouramy (Oshpronemous goramy) is an Indonesian native fish. This fish is


one of the important freshwater fishery commodities seen from its large demand
and relatively high price and is one of the high sources of protein, therefore it is
not surprising that carp become one of the leading commodities in the freshwater
fisheries sector. It is known that male fish growth is faster than female fish, males
aged 10-12 months can reach an average weight of 250 gr / head, while females
are only 200 gr / head. This means the growth of male gouramy is 20% faster than
female gouramy. Thus, that only producing male gouramy can increase
production from enlargement of carp (Sunandar, 2005).
Facing its environmental temperature, homeothermic animals carry out
temperature regulation (thermoregulation), their body temperature is constant
even though the temperature of the environment fluctuates. Temperature changes
have a major influence on various physiological processes. The effect itself is for
example the effect of temperature on oxygen consumption. Oxygen consumption
in organisms is influenced by two factors, namely internal factors and external
factors. Internal factors include species, stage, weight, activity, gender, and
reproduction. The external factors that influence are salinity, dissolved oxygen
concentration, temperature, light, feeding status, and carbon dioxide (Karim,
2007).
Important factors in aquatic ecosystems. Increasing the temperature of the
water can cause the lives of fish and other aquatic animals to be disturbed. Water
has several unique thermal properties so that changes in temperature in water run
slower than air. Temperature is less volatile even in water than in air, but
temperature is the main limiting factor, therefore aquatic organisms often have a
narrow tolerance. Measurement of heart rate and duration of heart contraction can
be used as a reference to how far the organism experiences adaptation in the face
of unfavorable conditions in its environment (Radiopoetra, 1977).
B. Purpose

The objective of this laboratory activity is to analyze the compounds that can
pass through the filter as a illustration of mammalian kidney filtration function.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS

A. Material

The materials that used in this practice are biuret solutions, benedict
solutions, lugol solutions, 1% of protein solutions, 1% of amylum solutions, 1%
of glucose solutions, aquadest, and Sartorius filter paper.
The tools that used in this practice are reaction tube, erlenmeyer tube, syringe,
and funnel.

B. Methods

The method used in this practical activity are :


1. 1 mL of solution (protein, glucose, starch and aquadest) is added to the 4
reaction tubes that were prepared.
2. Each tube is labeled according to the contents of the test solution.
3. 1 mL Biuret solution is added to the tube containing a protein solution and
aquadest.
4. 1 mL of Benedict's solution is added to the test tube containing glucose. The
test tube is placed into boiling water (100oC) for 5 minutes then shaken,
observed and the alteration is written.
5. One drop of lugol solution is added to the test tube containing amylum,
observed and alteration is written.
6. 2 mL test solutions (protein, glucose, amylum, and aquadest) is filtered with
filter paper into 4 reaction tube that were prepared.
7. Steps 2-5 is repeated. The alteration is observed and written.
8. The result is put on the table.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Table 3.1. Filtration Test Data Using Filter Paper


The intensity of the color The intensity of color
Solution
(before filtration) (after filtration)
Protein - +
Glucose ++ +++
Amylum + ++
Aquadest + +++

Details:
- = No changing
+ = Low color changing
++ = Medium color changing
+++ = Strong color changing
B. Discussion

Based on the result in group 1 entourage VI, the protein solution showed no
color changing before the filtration and showed low color changing after the
filtration. The glucose protein showed medium color changing before the filtration
and showed strong color changing after the filtration. The amylum solution
showed low color changing before the filtration and showed medium color
changing after the filtration. The aquadest showed low color changing before the
filtration and showed strong color changing after the filtration. The indicator
solution in this lab uses a solution of biuret, lugol and benedict which is used to
test the test solution. The result is in accordance to Fessenden (1982), that
benedict is used to test the presence of glucose, if there is glucose in a substrate it
will change color. Benedict mixed with the test solution from blue to brick red
after heating to make them react. Lugols are used to indicate the presence of
starch on the substrate so that it will cause a thick purple (blackish). Biuret
solution is used to indicate the presence of protein in a substrate. The color of a
substrate containing protein will change from the mixed color of the biuret and the
test solution which is initially light blue to dark blue.
Kidneys are organs of excretion in vertebrates shaped like peanuts. As part of
the urinary system, kidney function filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood
and throw it together with water in the form of urine. Mammalian kidney are units
called nephrons with filtration function. Therefore, kidney function mammalian
blood filter to keep it clean of waste that occurs in the body's metabolism. The
kidneys filter the blood of mammals generally as much as 25% of the cardiac
output, so a lot of blood fluid to be cleaned every day. Nevertheless urine
produced by the kidneys generally only 1% of the fluid filtered by the kidneys
(Djuhanda, 1988).
Kidney nephrons are composed by the glomerulus and renal tubules receive
blood supply from the renal artery. The glomerulus is part of the kidney nephrons
to place blood filtration, while the renal tubular reabsorption function to
compounds that are still useful for the body and the secretion of substances that
are not useful to the body. Glomerular filtration in its function as a place to have
the barriers that allow certain compounds pass through and prevent other
compounds through (Ganong, 1995).
According to Kimball (1994), the mechanism of action of the kidney includes
filtration, reabsorption, and augmentation. Filtration, blood that contains a lot of
metabolic waste substances into the kidneys through the kidney arteries (renal
arteries). Body fluids come out of the arteries and enter the malpighi body. The
glomerular membrane and the Bowman capsule are permeable to water and small
solutes so they can filter large molecules. The filtrate (filtrate) from the
glomerulus and Bowman capsule is called glomerular filtrate or primary urine. In
primary urine there is still water, glucose, amino acids, and mineral salts.
Reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule. Almost all sugars, vitamins, amino
acids, ions, and water are reabsorbed. The substances that are still useful are put
back into the blood vessels that are around the tubules. The result of reabsorption
is tubular or secondary urine filtrate. Secondary urine contains water, salt, urea,
and bile pigments that give color and smell to the urine. Augmentation, in the
distal tubule, some residual substances such as uric acid, hydrogen ions, ammonia,
creatine, and some drugs are added to the secondary urine so that the body is free
from harmful substances. Secondary urine that has been added to various
substances is called urine. Urine is channeled through the collectivus tubule to the
kidney cavity, from the kidney cavity, the urine goes to the bladder through the
renal tract (ureter).
In this practicum we were using biuret and benedict. Biuret reagent is used to
test the protein content. A material containing proteins then react with biuret will
produce a purple color, while Benedict is a reagent that is used to test the glucose
content in the material, the reaction products produces a brick red color. Lugol are
reagents used to test the content of carbohydrate or starch. A material containing
carbohydrates or starch then react with Lugol will produce the color black.
Urinary system involves many parts of the body, namely a pair of kidneys, a pair
of ureters, seminal vesicles, urethra, and nephron. The kidneys are a pair of
urinary tract organ located in the upper retroperitoneal cavity. The shape
resembles a nut with the concave side facing medially. These sides are hilum renal
structures namely the blood vessels, the lymphatic system, the nervous system,
and the ureter to the kidney and left (Tsimiholdimos et al., 2011).
According to Knikou (2008), acute renal failure can occur as a result of
impaired renal circulation, for example in shock, decreased cardiac output
directed to the brain and heart damage in the kidneys. Renal failure can also
caused by glomerolous severe nephritis, blockage of the urinary tract by a kidney
stone. When kidney failure occurs in a few hours, the kidney tubules will be
permanently damaged. In urine secreted standstill (occurring urinary) or reduced
in a very small amount (oligura), there is a change in the acid-base balance and
the weight of the final product is not excreted by the body's metabolism. Chronic
renal failure is the result of damage to the nephrons permanent by any kidney
disease severe, evidence of kidney failure seen what when about 75% of the
nephrons defunct (Samuel & Swynghedaw, 2008). In diabetes insipidus anti-
diuretic hormone is not shaped by hipotalamuspituitari complex and consequently
water is not reabsorbed in the collecting ducts, and patients secrete much
concentrated amount of urine. Abnormalities of the content of the urine that
contained glucose, ketone bodies, bile salts, bile pigments, proteins, blood, and
some drugs.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pathophysiology process with the etiology
vary, resulting in a decrease in function progressive kidneys, and in general end
with kidney failure. Furthermore, Renal failure is a clinical condition
characterized by decreased kidney function irreversible, to a degree requires
kidney replacement therapy still, in the form of dialysis or kidney transplant
(Ndraha et al., 2018). Another kidney disease is kidney stone, according to
Nirumand et al. (2018), Kidney stones, the formation of stones in the kidneys, is
one of the oldest known and widespread diseases in the urinary tract system with a
relapse rate of 50% in 5–10 years. It is the third most common disorder among
urinary diseases. The etiology of this disorder is multifactorial and is related to
genetics, diet, and low activity. The mechanisms related to the development of
kidney stones are not completely understood. Generally, it is believed that
urolithiasis, the process of stone formation in the urinary tract, causes crystal
aggregation, nucleation, and growth of insoluble particles. The stones may cause
various symptoms, including pain, obstruction, infection, and hemorrhage,
through the passage of stones in the urinary tract system.
IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the result can be concluded that kidney has several process to produce
urine from the body there are filtration, reabsorption and augmentation also the
compounds filtered by the kidneys are protein, starch and glucose, while aquadest
escape in the kidney filtration function.
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