Transport of water in plants

1. ___________________________ is the loss of ________________________ from a living plant due to ______________________.

2. In a typical plant, about 90% of transpiration takes place through the _________________. It also takes place through the
____________________.

3. Importance of trasnpiration:

a)

b)

4. Structure of leaf

5. Process of transpiration

i) Water is absorbed by the ________ from the soil and transported through the xylem vessels to the ______________ cells of the
leaves.

ii) The surfaces of the mesophyll cells are covered by a _______________________________.

iii) Heat from the Sun causes water on the external surface of the mesophyll cells to ______________, thus saturating the air spaces
in the mesophyll with _____________________.

iv) Outside the stomata, the air in the atmosphere is drier. This means the concentration of water vapour in the atmosphere is
_____________ than the concentration of water vapour in the air spaces.

v) Hence, water vapour in the air spaces ___________ and the water vapour diffuses from the plant cells through the ____________.
The movement of air carries water vapour away from the stoma.

vi) The loss of water from a mesophyll cell makes the cell ___________________ as compared to an _______________ cell.

vii) Water from the adjacent cell diffuses into mesophyll cells by_________________. In the same way, water continues to diffuse
into adjacent cells from ____________________________. Eventually, water is drawn from the _________________ in the veins.
viii) A pulling force is thus created for pulling water up the xylem vessels due to the evaporation of water from the mesophyll cells.
This pull is called the ____________________________.

The external conditions that affect the rate of transpiration

Movement of water through the roots

1. The _____________________ provide a large surface area for _______________________________________________.

2. The cytoplasm of root hair cells are ________________________ compared to the surrounding soil water.

3. Water _______________ a root cell via ____________________. When this occurs, the cell becomes __________________
compared to __________________ cells.

4. Water then diffuses into the adjacent cell. In this way, water moves inwards to the ______________. In the cortex, water flows
through the __________________, _____________________, and ______________________ of the parenchyma cells in the cortex
until it reaches the ____________________________.

5. When it reaches the endodermis, the water moves through the _____________________ and ___________________ of the
endodermal cells instead of the _________________________ . This is because the endodermal cell has a special feature called
__________________________ (______________________ to water) which line its sides, water movement through the cell is
______________________.

6. Thus, water moves through the cytoplasm and the vacuole of the endodermal cells to the xylem vessels.

7. The ____________________________________________ that exists across the cortex create a pushing force that results in the
____________________________________________. At the same time, _____________ from the soil are actively secreted into
_______________ and this causes __________________________ to increase. Water flows continuously into the xylem.

8. This generates pressure known as ___________________________ that results in the upward push of water and mineral ions into
the xylem of the stem.